 Hello, in this presentation we will discuss the accounting equation. At the end of this, we will be able to name the accounting equation, explain the components of the accounting equation, and explain the balancing concept related to transactions. The double entry accounting system can be recorded in a few different ways, at least three different ways. It's useful to understand these three different ways, the first way the one we will be concentrating on here will be in the format of the accounting equation, assets equal liabilities plus owner's equity, or just equity. I have to name the equity section equity only because it will differ depending on the type of entity. Sole proprietors will have owner's equity, partnerships will have partnership equity, and corporations will have stockholders' equity. But note that the concept of equity will be the same for any type of entity when we are thinking of it as a whole in total. It's useful to know the accounting equation is the double entry accounting system, and to understand that it could be expressed in different ways, both the accounting equation as well as the double entry accounting system, meaning the accounting equation can also basically be seen as the balance sheet equation, meaning if somebody says that the balance sheet is in balance, they are in essence saying that the accounting equation is in balance because the balance sheet components are assets equal liabilities plus equity. Therefore, if the balance sheet is thought or said to be in balance, then the accounting equation by definition is in balance. And it's useful to understand this as accountants because we need to understand when we are talking to different people what they're saying. If they're talking in terms of the accounting equation, we need to understand that if they're talking in terms of the balance sheet, we need to understand that both in terms of our clients when we're talking to our clients or we're talking to people within the business or within the accounting department, different areas will express the double entry accounting system in different ways. People in finance often will be discussing it in terms of the balance sheet. We can also express the double entry accounting system in terms of debits and credits. And when we're working in the accounting department, this will be the most common format or one of the most in common formats because the debits and credits will be the building blocks. So when we present the financial statements, say to management or say to external users, investors, or creditors, then we're going to present it in terms of plus and minus format. And all the discussion then will be in terms of a plus and minus format. But when we build the financial statements, when we're talking to people in the accounting department and auditors, we need to know that the same kind of concepts, the same kind of balancing concepts, the same concepts related to the double entry accounting system will be represented in terms of debits and credits. We're going to use these debits and credits in order to then construct something that will be in a plus and minus format, will be in the format of the accounting equation. Now you might be asking, why would we then do that if we have something of an accounting equation that works? Why would we then go to a debit and credit system, which is more complicated and less people understand? Well, it's more complicated in some ways, it's easier in other ways. And the reason is that it is going to be easier in some ways to actually record the transactions once we understand the definitions of debits and credits, understanding the definitions of debits and credits being something that's not as easy to do, we have to memorize and understand what that means. Once it's been learned, however, it's a better tool for constructing and compiling the data, which then we can easily convert or fairly easily convert to a plus and minus system so that we do not have to explain the concept of debits and credits to the users of the financial statements, to management, to external users, to investors, to the IRS, whoever is going to use the data, we're going to convert it back to the accounting equation. The accounting equation, as we saw, is assets equal liabilities plus equity. Remember that equity could be owner's equity, it could be partnership equity, it could be corporate equity, it could be stockholders' equity, depending on whether we are a sole proprietor, partnership, or corporation respectively. The assets are going to be things that the company has that they will use in the future in order to achieve the goals of the company, the goals being to generate revenue. So we're always thinking about the accounting transactions in terms of that goal achieving revenue. Our most common asset that the first thing you want to think of is of course cash. Cash is our most common asset or the first one that should come to mind, the first one that will be on the balance sheet. And even cash, our goal of the organization, remember cash is not revenue and therefore the goal of the corporation or the business is not to just compile cash, the goal of the business is to generate revenue. Any cash that this business has should be accumulated in order to achieve a future goal of revenue generation. If it's not achieving that future goal, if we have more cash than we need and there's no future goal that we have to expend that cash in order to help generate revenue, we should take it out of the company and actually give it to the owners, the stockholders or the owner of the sole proprietor or the partners. Otherwise if it's within the company, we should be using it in order to help us to generate revenue. Land is another example of assets, something we're going to consume and use for a long period of time. Things like auto or property plant and equipment are going to be forms of assets, things that we have not yet consumed, we're going to consume them over time in the future to help generate revenue. Ink or supplies are going to be a format of assets. We should be putting the supplies basically on the books as an asset and then expensing them as we use them in accordance with the matching principle. We have not yet used all the ink that's piled up in the corner. So technically in an accrual method, we should then be recording it as an asset until we consume it in the future in order to help generate revenue. Things like computers and phones and whatnot, those are also going to be formats of assets, not the phone bill or not the computer usage but the actual computers themselves and the phones that long live things, things we're going to use for an extended period of time technically should be on the books as assets. Now note that there is going to be a usually some kind of constraint in terms of how much the dollar amount is, meaning if the phone, we're going to use it for multiple years, however the cost of the phone is relatively small in comparison to the revenue generation of the company. We may just expense it even though we're going to be using it for a long period of time because that'll be the easier or faster thing to do. So typically there is going to be some kind of threshold in terms of dollar amount, however theoretically there shouldn't be a threshold because we're going to use that phone into the future. We have it now in order to help us generate revenue into the future. So in reality in practice there typically is some kind of cost benefit analysis in terms of how much we're going to capitalize something for, how much it costs and therefore how much we're going to capitalize it for in theory. Anything that we're going to consume over an extended period of time should be an asset liabilities then are going to be things that liabilities then are going to be things that we are going to have to owe in the future for something that happened in the past. So common examples would be something like a loan or accounts payable. When we're starting off there should be there's often less liabilities than we will have assets for. The liabilities being a loan is going to be a common first liability us owing the bank for usually cash received in the past, the past transaction requiring a future payment. Vendors are going to be an indication of accounts payable. That's going to be our most common account. That's going to be similar to a loan but it's kind of like a short term loan. You can compare it to something like a credit card transaction. If we were to purchase something on a credit card we would have to owe something in the future probably 30 to 60 days we would end up paying that and that's similar to an accounts payable something that we owe in the future in order for some transaction that happened within the past. Then we have the equity section which is often the most confusing section. If we're thinking about a sole proprietor we're thinking about one we could think about just one owner is what is represented by the equity section meaning it's kind of what is owed to the owner. So if we have the assets on the left hand side and we think of the business as a separate entity a separate piece of paper that piece of paper must pay everything they owe or contribute it or someone has claim to everything that that piece of paper owes either a third party in terms of loans or accounts payable or the owner has claims to these assets. So note what we will do is we will value all these assets in terms of dollars and then we will then contribute who has claim to those assets to either a third party vendor or the owner. Remember that the owner in this case is a sole proprietor but if we had partners we'd have to break it out into the partners two or more partners if it was a corporation we would have shareholders and we would have to break this out into the shareholders. Also note that we can see this accounting equation in a different format. This is the format you really want to look at when we're considering financial accounting always think of this format but if you're thinking about finance or we're just considering what this equity section means we could reformat this mathematically as assets minus liabilities equals equity by just subtracting liabilities from both sides which would then emphasize the fact the idea that the equity section represents the book value of the company the amount the owner would receive if they had for example sold all the assets and they have received the exact amount of cash that the assets were on the books for paid off the liabilities then they would theoretically have that amount of cash left over that's what the equity section is it's the value of the company owners owning the company then being attributed that value those assets minus those liabilities we can think of a few transactions just to emphasize what the transactions are doing because when we consider transactions financial transactions the activity that the accounting department will be recording over time we will be recording this data or we can think of the recording of this data in terms of the balancing concept of the accounting equation for example if a company received cash because the owner invested cash we're going to record this in terms of the accounting equation we're going to say that assets are going to go up because cash is an assets and there and then we're going to say that the equity section is going to go up because the owner is owed back that cash so the owner put cash into the into the business cash is going to go up and of course who who is the business owing that cash to the owner the person that put the money into the business to hopefully help to stimulate revenue generation within the future it's also possible to have three accounts that will be affected or impacted by the accounting equation for example we could think of a transaction where we purchase a car we put a down payment on the car where we would have the asset property plant and equipment going up long-lived assets we would then have cash and other assets decreasing and we would then have possibly a financing of part of the car meaning we owe money a liability a loan of some kind going up the assets in this case the net effect of the assets would equal the loan meaning the amount of the car minus the amount paid would equal of course the loan that we took out in order to purchase the car so many of the transactions that we will be working with when we first start out recording transactions we'll just have two things happening two pieces two accounts within the accounting equations will be affected most of the time however it's very possible and later on we will have transactions which will have more than just two components however it every transaction will have the rule of the balancing concept in that every transaction will remain assets equal in liabilities plus equity we could think of another transaction where we purchase for example computer ink and we purchased that not for cash meaning cash is not involved in this transaction at all we have instead a liability increasing so in this case an asset is still going up assets still affected however cash is not the asset being affected the the supplies account will be going up and we'll have an increase on the other side of the accounting equation in terms of a liability that liability being accounts payable therefore we see in this case in this example if we were to see those transactions and add up those transactions pictorially we would say okay we still have some cash hopefully left over we've got a car in terms of assets we've got ink and note we would have a dollar amount attributed to those we're not going to say that we have one car when we talk about the accounting equation we're going to say we have so many dollars worth of car nests we were using dollars as the majoring tool same with the ink here and those dollar amounts attributed to the assets would be the same as equal to who they owe them to in this case the third party for the loan that was taken out and to what is owed to the vendor the difference then is the amount that would be owed to the owner the book value of the company in this case looking like a sole proprietor in the case of a partnership two or more owners would be allocated the assets minus the liabilities and the case of a corporation stockholders equity would be this section we are now able to name the accounting equation explain the components of the accounting equation and explain the balancing concepts related to transactions.