 Hello, good morning to all of you and I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Tree College, University of Allahabad and we are talking about learning and learning theories of behaviorism in which today I am going to discuss a very prominent behavior psychologist, B.F. Skinner, okay and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and do subscribe my channel and this lecture will be very useful for various examinations because B.F. Skinner is the most prominent behaviorist. So, let's start. First of all, we talked about who? We talked about Thorndyke, EL Thorndyke's theory of learning. What did he say, that Adhigam ka siddhant ki aayi. In the same way, we have to talk about Pavlov and Skinner. Okay, no problem. First of all, we will talk about Pavlov. So, Skinner was a behaviorist. So, Skinner's theory is operant conditioning. That means there are two types of conditioning, classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Among which, Skinner is considered to be the birthplace of operant conditioning. He told us about operant conditioning. So, before that, we thought that we should first talk about B.F. Skinner because he has a lot to know about him. Because he has a lot of work, he has a lot of influence on psychology. So, exclusively for Skinner, I am making this video. So, who was Skinner? He was attracted to psychology through the work of the Russian physiologist Ivan Tablov on condition reflexes. Articles on behaviorism by Bertrand Russell and the ideas of John B. Watson, the father of behaviorism. I mean, how Skinner was attracted to psychology. He did not study psychology. He was a literature student. But Ivan Tablov talked about the condition reflexes. Bertrand Russell was writing articles on behaviorism. And John B. Watson, who later brought the conditioning of Thondike's connectionism and Pavlov's conditioning into behaviorism. He rejected not just the introspection method and the elaborate psychoanalytic theories of Friedman Jung, but any psychological explanation based on mental states or internal representation such as beliefs, desires, memories, and plans. I mean, when we rejected the introspection method in B.F. Skinner, when I talked about methods of educational psychology, I explained introspection in that video. So, the introspection method, he said, is not right. Then he also discarded psychoanalytic theories, which was about Friedman Jung. And not just that. As all the behaviorists say, that no internal representation, belief, desire, memories, plans, perception is not necessary to explain your behavior. So, he rejected all the introspection methods of mental states and psychoanalytic theories. Then Skinner argued that the goal of a science of psychology was to predict and control an organism's behavior from its current stimulus situation and its history of reinforcement. Skinner's idea was that the science of psychology, what should be its goal, to predict and control an organism's behavior. That is, we should be able to predict and control the behavior of a person's life. That is, we should be able to control the behavior of the person and the future of the person. From its current stimulus situation and its history of reinforcement, we should be able to predict and control the behavior of the person, and we should be able to predict and control the behavior of the organism according to its history. That is the goal of the science of psychology. He was ranked by the American Psychological Association as the 20th Century Most Imminent Psychologist. My A.P.A. ranked him as the most imminent psychologist of the 20th century, B.F. Skinner. Best known for. We need to know where and from what extent Skinner Sahab is related to. So, operant conditioning, I think a lot of people, I mean, everyone knows about operant. B.F. Skinner is the origin of operant conditioning. Apart from this, what we know least, the schedules of reinforcement, which he mentioned in his operant conditioning theory, was Skinner Box. Skinner Box was an apparatus on which he experimented in his theory, in his practical, in his experiment. But he also goes into the form of a club that we generally don't know. Skinner Box is also a club. We think that yes, he is an apparatus. Cumulative Recorder. They are also making it when they were doing their experiment. Cumulative Recorder is also a behavioral psychology in the form of a club. Even in psychology, it is still used. Radical Behaviorism. It is a behaviorist, but it is a radical behaviorist. They are also making it as a teaching machine. Teaching machine. From psychology, they are going into technology later. There is a story behind it, that his daughter was a little older to study, she was in a class to write, then she saw her studies, she saw her studies, it should not be like that, there is no role of reinforcement in teaching. Then they bring the teaching machine and talk about programmed instruction. So, there are so many concepts for which Skinner wants to go. So, what is operant conditioning? He found, we will talk about operant conditioning separately in the next video. He found that behavior did not depend upon the preceding stimulus, as Watson and Pavlov maintained. What did Watson and Pavlov say in Pavlov? What does classical conditioning mean? In classical conditioning, what does it mean? That the first stimulus is given, then the organism responds. So, they say, no. It is not necessary that the first stimulus is given, then we respond. They say that human beings are so complex, they are so simplistic, that if you give stimulus, then we will respond. Instead, Skinner found that behaviors were dependent on what happens after the response. In fact, they say, what does behavior depend on? After the response, that means after the response, you get a threatening or rewarding effect. This depends on behavior. Behavior depends on this, not on the stimulus, but on which the organism responds. Skinner called this operant behavior. He associated this with operant behavior. Because the organism is operating, that means it is working on which environment. That is why operant conditioning and Pavlov's conditioning are classical conditioning. The behavior is followed by a consequence. What is the outcome after the response? And the nature of the consequence modifies the organism's tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. And the consequence, that is the consequence of the response, that is the consequence of the consequence, that is the consequence of the consequence, that is the consequence of the consequence. The consequence of the consequence modifies the organism's tendency to repeat the behavior in the future. So, what is the whole theme on reinforcement? So, they have told us about the schedule of reinforcement when we will go to the operating conditioning. Fixed ratio, fixed interval, this is how we do it. Yes. Then it consists of an arrangement determined when to reinforce behavior. By scheduling the arrangement, you can modify the behavior. You can give shape to the behavior. You can give desired shape to the behavior that you want. So, we will have to decide when to give reinforcement. Then Skinnerbox was a chamber that contained a bar and key that an animal could press in order to receive food, water or some other forms of reinforcement. Skinnerbox was a chamber that made a bar or a lever in order to get some reward like food or water or any other type of reinforcement or Skinnerbox. Cumulative recorder allowed experimenters not merely to record of individual events but to acquire a record of animal behavior. Cumulative recorder only told us to record how many times the individual did it. But, it was kept in cumulation that the graph is going up or down. So, we will understand how the individual is behaving. Then, Radical Behaviorism. Why is he called Radical Behaviorist? He is saying that all human behavior public and private is explained in its terms of its functional relations with environmental events. In other words, they have the most emphasis on environment and they are called Radical Behaviorists. Then, Teaching Machines. Mainly a program which was a system of combined teaching and test items He said that we have to keep some material in front of the student and then he will respond to it and we will give it reinforcement. So, for that, there should be a machinery. So, he made a teaching machine for that because there were no computers then. So, he made a program in which he could present the teaching and test items in front of the student. What is Programming Instruction? I have made a video on it. You can watch it from there. Learning in many areas is best accomplished by small incremental steps with immediate reinforcement. He is saying that in many areas how can we achieve the best when we teach in small steps and immediately give it back. The Behavior of Organisms There are a lot of books written by many books. The first book is written in 1932. Behavior of Organism It is written in 1948. It is a very good novel and novel on life in a utopian community modeled on his own principles of social engineering. Then science and human behavior is written in 1953, verbal behavior in 1977 and the analysis of behavior in 1971. After that, there is a technology of teaching which is written in the teaching machine of Programming Instruction. It is written in 1967. When we talked about behaviorism, I told you that the behavior of an individual is not determined by free will but by the environment. That is why beyond freedom and dignity is our behavior. Then they get a lot of ideas in the form of known terms. There are a lot of ideas about behaviorism and a lot of ideas about behaviorism. That's why it is called Cognitivism. The book is written for them on Answers for my Critiques and the biographies of my life in 1976. The Shaping of a Behaviorist How did he shape the book? In 1989, a matter of consequences in 1983 and even before his death, to study and write literature, these are recent issues in the analysis of behavior. How much literature did he shape? What is the concluding remark by B. E. F. Skinner? His identification of the importance of reinforcement remains a critical discovery. The most important thing in his theory is reinforcement. Punar Balanand, Dhanatmakh, Hiranatmakh, when to give, how much to give and how you can make any organization's desired behavior as you want. He believed that positive reinforcement was a great tool for shaping behavior and ideas still valued in numerous cities including educational institutions. Even today, we try to reinforce the desired behavior by giving positive reinforcement in our classrooms. Skinner's beliefs are still being promoted by the B. E. F. Skinner foundation which is headed by his daughter now. Even now, B. E. F. Skinner promotes behaviorism and its principles. So, this is a background of our in-conditioning to teach. We should know that we will talk about in-conditioning. So, I thank you Slide and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. Done from my side.