 Dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments are effective methods for reducing the recalcitrant nature of biomass. These treatments break down the complex structures of cellulose, emicellulose, and lignin, making them easier to digest by enzymes. Additionally, they increase the porosity of the biomass, allowing for greater accessibility to enzymes. This article was authored by Pu Yunchiao, Hu Fan, Huang Fang, and others.