 will be in German. Unfortunately we do not have a live translation. If someone would like to hear the talk in English please make sure to visit the live stream because there we do have a translation and it would be the best option for you to find a nice place in the Sun for the live stream because otherwise it's a little bit loud inside here. So yeah this talk will be in German. I do not know how it works for you, but I would really like to hear this talk in front of the camp. Who of you has fled during the construction because he did not have the right knot in his hand or because something went wrong again? Yes, I definitely have to join. I have already seen some of you have ropes with you. I wish you all the best for the next talk, the knot once once, a lot of fun, it can be knotted with and I want you to give us a big applause for our speaker cube. Yes, amazing that I can do that here. Then everyone who came can do it. Good, yes, I am the cube. I will tell you a little bit about knots. First of all, we have the obligatory legal slide. Now, my experience afterwards is that it is difficult to learn visually with knots. So from a diagram or a photo to learn how to do it correctly and also check that it is correct afterwards. That means I would really recommend you if you just want to climb afterwards or something like that. Just get a hands-on training from someone who can also show you that you have turned this rope once or something like that. That is definitely meaningful. Otherwise, please don't complain. Of course, I am not a certified alpinist or anything like that. I will just explain that from my perspective. Exactly, for the people who want to learn a little bit in detail, I will make a workshop next time. I think I have set up the time and the place today, but I will still set it up. And otherwise, I will run the whole camp with a bit of rope. You can come to me and say, hey, show me these knots again. I like to do that. You can give me a bio or a mate. I am looking forward to the cube. Exactly. Now, that with the knots is such a thing. There are different areas of application from which people have learned these knots. And of course, I only know one of these areas of application. I have been a child since 2002 and since 2012 as a person in a youth association in Switzerland. And that is the environment in which I came in contact with knots and got excited about it. Down there you can see a little bit of what that means. With up to 40, up to our highest number, 60 children at some place, you build two days ago about 15 meters high in the mast and then put platforms on it and then pull up a tent. And that looks like this. And on top of that, the children can also look down. That means these knots that I want to show you now are less special abseil knots. So those that will help you when climbing or when sailing or something like that, but more exactly tent construction and a little bit of rope tension, rope bridges, so-called. And generally a few useful tips. Yes, that's how the tent was back in 2012 from the other side of the river, from which it stood. And now I would like to get to it. First of all, a little bit of ranting. Namely, that with knots is such a thing. Because there are always different disciplines that sometimes come at the same time to such a knot, about all knots are known under three different names. Namely, in German. Then you still have two in English. That means I will never use the name of knots anywhere in this talk. And if I use one and the other, because it makes no sense. The problem is, there are problems with the organic chemistry. That's about the same problem. You have right-handedness, you have left-handedness. And there are no real solutions for it yet. There is no single nomenclature for knots. There are sometimes even names that are used for two different knots, which is much worse. And that's why I'm not going to start with the names. Exactly. The first solution or the common solution for the problem is, of course, that you have a successor where they are simply all numbered. That's Clifford Ashley's book of knots. That's generally used as the gold standard reference for the book in which all knots are used. The problem is that Clifford Ashley of course did not describe knots, but uses of knots. That means that one problem is solved, namely that you have one name, the several knots, but you still have several numbers for the knots. You sometimes have a very often used knot, the mastwarp, which has four different numbers, because it is once plugged, once slipped, once thrown, and then you can still use it on a rope. And of course, the number is very little about what it is exactly for a knot. Therefore, if I also leave the A-bock number, Ashley book of knot numbers, I'm sorry. Knocking on literature is of course also bad, because certain errors then slip in and are then continued to be used, especially pre-internet knot literature has sometimes developed evolutionarily from other literature, and I've already seen some of them. You didn't want to look at them. Many knot literature, especially for beginners, for one-handed books and sail-hand books, give a little amount of information for which rope-like knots are useful and what is dangerous with knots, what you should pay attention to. I get stuck in this talk so relatively often on something like this and say where the dangerous things are with knots. If you think that Ashley book of knots has made it better, it came out in 1944. In 1944, we didn't have a synthetic rope yet. That means that Ashley book of knots describes knots exclusively in hand-fute and large shipwork. It didn't exist at the time. I think the first synthetic ropes were just the wrong strings from which the paracord was developed later. But you can't make any wrong knots because they pull too much together. Where we are already going to sail. There are a lot of natural materials that you can see here. There are a lot of synthetic materials. The difference in size and everything is that natural materials almost all pull together under moisture and are usually woven or turned to sail and have a rough surface. This is very useful for some applications. But if you have knots from which you want to hold, you don't use synthetic ropes. And the rope construction is of course also important. We have woven ropes. We have turned ropes. But in this talk I'm only going to deal with core-mantle ropes. So ropes like these two below have a very elastic core in the middle and a mantle on the outside that is very smooth. Of course, some knots that are less well based on friction but if a knot is held in these ropes you can be pretty sure that it holds everywhere else. The default is also that these ropes come with a breakage number how many kilonewtons they can hold. You just know where you are. Here I am in my camp where I bring a few kids ropes and knots. You can see some ropes around and so on. That's what I'm doing. We don't have any fear that the knots will come soon. These are just a few slides. In total, we're talking about two domains in that sense. You have knots to connect two ropes together. Running line means a rope that runs through somewhere. And you have knots that connect an object with a rope or two objects together. Two objects together are called binding knots and a rope on a knot is usually a string in the English hitch. No matter, the English nomenclature is a bit more complicated. Actually, there are three domains that you can connect if you want to connect a person to it. But we already have the experts in the camp here. I don't have to explain that. You will also find symbols in the slides on the bottom right. The first symbol means that a knot can be connected under load. That means it doesn't have to be connected and then it pulls out again and then the third symbol means that it is a knot that is based on friction and can be used to stop in a situation for example if you want to leave something under control or if you want to get up somewhere. The third symbol means specifically that this knot reduces the load of the rope to very little. Small little holes. And that of course reduces the load of the rope. That means if a rope reaches it will probably reach the knot. And that's why there are certain knots that have been tested with such load tests that the load of the rope almost doesn't reduce. Yes, so we would have that. The first knot that I want to show you is this thing. You know that for sure if you have already knotted a rope you make a half stroke in one direction and then in the other. Great. Held. That's one knot that is called Samarita. Square knot is called square knot You shouldn't use it as a rope tie. You should only use it to tie objects. The thing has some very difficult problems. First, if there is a bit of slack on the rope these two loops slip together. That means if the rope is exposed to shock load that always slips again and again the ends slip out. The second problem is that the knot doesn't hold when the ropes have two different dimensions. No chance. When you pull the yellow rope it slips out of the blue loop. The third problem is this knot looks almost like the real square knot, but that's the so-called granny, the grandmother. That's very gross. Many people always wonder why their shoelaces go up. They make a square knot with the last loop instead of a rope tie so that you can pull it up. If you don't twist the second half of the rope then the blue ends go up and down that's wrong. This knot goes up. It looks gross and wrong but many people don't notice that. If you don't know that it can go up then you are wrong. You can look at it. Now you think so that I can't make the wrong turn I make the knot in a different way. I make a loop with one loop and loop the other loop through the loop and through the loop again. Then you get this knot. But you can make a mistake by not making the first knot. The two ends are on different sides of the knot. That's the so-called deep or thief. Apparently he has the name because he looks like this with a saw saw and if the square knot is on it then you know that someone played with the rope and did it again. If you don't look at it if it's a thief or a square knot the problem is that he doesn't hold it. You can imagine that he moves a little and rolls off the ends. It's really gross. And you can combine both mistakes. If you have the yellow loop then you have to open it and loop through with the other rope. That doesn't happen in reality. But yes, for this reason I don't recommend using these knots except to bind them together. Because it's a bad idea the probability that you make a mistake is very big and there are better knots that hold better. For example this one here. It's called Weber knot. It also has a few other names. Schiebsbend It's in English. It's very easy. You make a loop and the other rope comes through and then it bends itself. You have to be careful that the two ends are on the same side of the knot. But otherwise this knot holds wonderfully and is even a little removable. It's not as good as the square knot that you can put it on and put it on with your finger. But you can slide it like that. And if the rope is pulled together then it holds pretty well. And if there is a big difference in the ropes you can also loop around twice with the thinner rope around the thicker rope and of course also the fisher or spear stitch. You simply make a small knot around the one rope and a small knot around the other rope and pull it together. Then you see the lower left. That's the simple spear stitch. The lower right is the double one for if you want to be sure that these knots don't go up. That works even better. It has been checked on train machines with these knots on the lower right if you know how it works and if you don't want to tighten a rope by pulling it together. Then we come to a little story. Namely these knots here you want to bind two ropes and simply make a normal knot with both of them. It was known as European Death Knot. European Death Knot. Now you ask yourself what you should do if there is a double spear stitch. The double spear stitch is like a rope on these two ropes. If you are climbing down a wall and you want the rope to be pulled down because you don't want to have your rope up there because you are going down a thousand meters, you do something and then you sit down and turn over. But that's a bit of a thing with these knots because it doesn't have the name for a long time. If you leave it for a long time then it's not a problem. The thing is that with dynamic ropes which have a stretch to catch the roots it can be that it starts to roll and rolls and rolls more and more towards the rope and if it rolls down then it's done. Exactly. An alternative would be this one. It's an eight follow through. I'll show you a knot later where I'll show you how this kind of eight works. This one is also relatively worth it. Only the people thought haha, I just modify it and make the knot with the two strings but with an eight because the eight knot is a very popular climbing knot. The people thought that the eight works the same way but the problem is that the thing rolls more and more. Then there are already some people who have come to grausomum life. The only way to prevent this is to make two knots that should hold the roll in some ways. It was also tested by some people. The other one is you make these double knots like the one from the double spiral stitch or you make a knot that is a relatively young development that was invented to solve this problem. You make one knot around the rope, two knots around the other and another knot around the rope. Pull together and that's the problem. But good. It's actually relatively specific to climbing. Exactly. Where we are already at climbing the most popular approach knot for climbing gods is this eight knot and because it is a very efficient knot and because you can also load it with a ring that means in this loop that is there you can also do something else with the knot that you used before namely the pole stick that can end very grumpy. You can see that instead of going directly through the loop with the loop that you built you go around one more time and from the other side eight knots. If you want to do it with an object where you can't hang around, you make the knot with one rope around and then go back. Exactly. But if you want to do something with two ropes on an object for example, a pole and you want it to hold the object really nicely so a string that is pulled that doesn't move too much then there is the so-called mast throw or clove hitch. Those are two loops that are turned in the other direction pushed over each other and it holds very nicely but only if you burden both strings. Otherwise you have to cut the one string at the other string with a half stroke or something like that. But I don't recommend that because for that there is another knot namely the wall. That is you only do a round around the object that's why you don't need a string because with the mast throw you have two whole loops around. The string that runs away here in my hand and then push it around like this. It then clumps nicely on the object on all the thin things like a steel rod or something like that, it doesn't hold but on trees from such a certain diameter it holds it very reliably. Exactly. If you have already made a knot somewhere you would like to tighten a string next to it you notice the pictures are taken out because of IT problems some pictures were made very late thanks Hannah. For this if you want to make this trucker's hitch also called Furman's knot or Spanner you take a string on the other side you have to imagine it and then you make a small turn put it on the string and pull a loop through it's like this when you make a knot often with one stroke but with several turns you can make other loops instead of this loop but it can be opened and that's the Swiss Youth Association style to make this knot. If you have this loop you can pass it through the rest of the string and through the loop again now you have a string so you can put a string through it and then you can hold the string on tension and if you put all the strings together then this knot doesn't move and you can cut it off with the other hand by making a four and the loose string and pull through and then the string takes over the string and then you make another loop and then you can let it go and hold it roll up the string and hang it in the loop looks nice and it's not on the way and if you can do it well with children then you pull too much until it's tight and then you can run over it as a string bridge twice and you can see that the string is still bent around so it has a grip for the feet and on top you have a string to hold it that would be with this knot what we still have is a clamp knot if you have the problem you want to have a knot on a string that you can push you want to have several positions you can do this knot basically to pull the string around pull the string through pull it through again when the string is bent in the configuration on the bottom right hold it as soon as you have the blue string on the yellow one hold it reliably but if you don't have any load on it you can push it so it's used as an independent brake so you have a brake module or another device that takes over the main brake load and this knot as a security knot because when you let it go the load goes nicely through the yellow string to the blue string the knot is tight and then you hold it that means when you let it go you don't fall on the stone floor that's pretty pleasant another knot where you just have to push through it should have the same properties but it should only be loaded in the direction down left because there are a lot of blows it goes in the other direction to the knot it's a bit faster to push it has the same load properties exactly funny thing C3Gelb tweeted this picture so hey make yourself a bottle holder then you don't always have to have the bottle in your pocket you can use it on your belt I made experience that if you try to do it with a hammer bottle you'd rather take a clamp knot instead of going around on the other side someone has shown me another knot that goes with a hammer but I would prefer to use a thinner rod than something like that then you can also carry your hammer or your beer around but props for that are recommended to use your double fisherman to make the loop if you want a clamp knot that only needs one string because the poosic and the clamp both need a string there's the so called rolling hitch it's a mast throw a thicker string but with two strikes on the load it holds enough to relax the tent with the right strings it goes on itself that means the diameter can be one to one and it still holds and then you can just move the string around this clamp knot you don't have to hit yourself with this metal plate and if you're very paranoid there's the Blake it's a very cool knot five times around to wrap the string around the string to go through the load direction and through the first two strings and then you make a little stopper knot although it's not necessary this knot holds very reliable it only needs one string it needs a bit more string but it's very reliable it also holds strings where the diameter difference is very small exactly and what I would give you now is how to roll up the string I have already seen a lot of grausams where you notice how to roll up the string if it doesn't matter it's a little twist if you do that with some climbing string it's very useful but it's very practical put it in your hand roll around then you put the string to the other end and then you have a loop then you pack it so you have both ends and the beginning of the loop in your hand and then take the loop to roll it in the first turn you should bend so that it doesn't go up then you bend the string and slide it through then you can hang it on it happy material boss if you bring it back or also happy yourself if you can carry it around without a bigger turn cool what time is it? ok cool here are my picture references and now I would like to ask you some questions if it's time later we can do some other notes but I would like to know there will be a Saal Engel it's to my right to your left there are microphones if you want to ask please give me a hand and I won't ask you any questions do you have any questions from the audience? back there I don't know the Saal Engel method that you showed is also good for storage because I would imagine that the loop just pulls through that you put through at the end and then it turns on you mean that the loop that you pulled through that it flows out again that is normally not if the rope doesn't have the radius so you want to go back in a straight shape that shouldn't be a problem otherwise you can develop these turns further up on the big loop and then the loop is more like pulling through and then you can shorten it and it doesn't flow back there hello it's been a while that I made a saw back then you said it's not suitable for climbing why not? I'll tell you if you know what you're doing it's suitable because it's used as a rope you have a rope and you want to do it without using a carabiner because you want to have it for something else that's why you don't use the 8th knot anymore because there are several configurations that are not known which one is the best for the rope and which one is the best for the rope and the problem is that when people do the rope to rope load and then hook something to the rope because they don't have any oars then you have rope load and then you open this stick and your main rope point is no longer there that's why you use the 8th knot then I see another question where do you find the workshop? that's another good question I have to explain I wrote a camp with someone from the Haber Village team and there were some trees but I have to explain more there's a wiki page I'll update it we have more questions then thank you and I want to give a big applause for this important teacher thank you