 we recently looked at the sun from this book and now today we will look at mercury through Pluto and of course this book was written in 1980 it still thinks Pluto is indeed a planet but it does leave room for perhaps being a double planet so we will see that mercury these with this little drawing there we have some nice illustrations let's see what it says revolution revolution which is one day is actually 88 Earth days I misread that or misunderstood so ticks 59 of our days to equal one day on mercury mercury takes 88 Earth days to go around the sun and some other interesting facts about here is really interesting so mercury this is what the sunrise would look like or a day would look like on mercury the mercury the mercury day day takes 59 Earth days it would take 22 days just to reach mid-morning and there would be a roughly 200 centigrade temperature difference increase I think I'll use a pencil get my ugly hand out of there it's just noon 44 days after the the beginning of the sunrise and mercury's rocky hind as big as the moon twice as iron rich as any other planet mercury's almost as dense as earth and that makes it its gravity makes its gravity about a third of that of earth though its mass is only 118th of what earth's is this is what a asteroid impact would look like on mercury here is how a scar is a cratered face as a meteoroid slams down here's a as a say an autograph I've never heard it call that call that of a meteor dagus crater stretches its rays from a 45 kilometer wide bit when ejected material settled to the surface here don't match the moons for mercury's gravity is twice as strong so debris doesn't fly as far as the impact shoots in bands such this so you guys can see it is still moving outward as the pit reaches its final size right there and down here we have ray mark rays mark where the ribs landed as the crater collapses in time sorry if that's kind of occasion of what oscillations would occur within the of mercury if a crater a meteorite hit surface waves make their way around the crust in compression waves a nice artist's drawing and I like I like that these are all apparently crafted art pieces throughout this book in in the 80s because because the computer graphics and I think there's almost more beauty to it rather there's a lot more details to it computer really can't create I don't think here it says from some spots on mercury we could see the sun rise twice because I guess because as it's going around the sun it's rotating so slowly that it to the sun at some point and so the sun would do what the resin venus look to do from earth just go and then make a loop at venus's upper clouds of poisonous sulfuric acid swirl in a pattern of yellowish mists set of beautiful drawings venus traces a is closer to a perfect circle than any other and yet it moves in odd ways tation is retrograde or backward so the sun rises in the west and sets in the east that spin is so slow that four earth months go by between only one venus sunrise and the neck didn't know that mercury and venus both have very long days are speeding up or venus slowing down in their rotations here three blankets of cloud to keep it warm earth knows no clouds like these their droplets are sulfuric acid their snowflakes still mysterious sunlight filtering through them may add to the intense surface let's see so we have layers here 68 kilometers 55 kilometers 50 kilometers 48 350 kilometers an hour spread the heat fairly making a lot of mistakes sorry guys 300 up 350 kilometers and they spread the heat fairly around the planet fairly and evenly down the surface winds at about four kilometers an hour you'd move slowly to from venus's surface the carbon dioxide atmosphere is 91 times denser than earth that's very very dense pretty close in size you guys can see that we got the short life awaits a soviet venera spacecraft one of eight that soft landed on venus's brutal surface in 1970s and early 80s even the hardest lasted for only just two hours and temperatures high enough to melt lead and pressure 90 times that of earth but four craft took pictures of the star terrain surrounding their landing sites and this panorama looks down at the spacecraft space towards venus's horizon actually a pretty cool landscape it's all red it's got that margin dent but a very dense very energetic atmosphere of venus perhaps earth to down sulfur that sounds pretty terrible increase increase in wind speed with the increase in altitude venus knows only one or day moves in the same direction cloud patterns unseen by visible light leap into view at these colored ultraviolet photos from an orbiting pioneer spacecraft particularly interested in the names of things i like to know what they physically like richard fineman you could call a bird the same bird five different names that still won't really tell you anything about it it's mating habits its migration locations i suppose that was a nice segway that was a not half bad segway falls within the region of tolerance called the ecosphere in this safety zone which extends roughly from the orbit of venus to that of mars the temperature doesn't get too hot or too cold presses down on her troposphere here is the troposphere stratosphere when we see those feathered clouds in the mesosphere the thermosphere where we see the auroras and the exosphere all those three make up the ionosphere i guess it acts as our shield against the solar wind creating a region called the magnetosphere the wind carries deadly electrically charged as it streams outward from the sun some particles are trapped in the van allen radiation belt board of like donuts circle the earth if any of you guys have a tv this just made me realize this that streams youtube you can stream a sort of live space station circling this same view right around here this was a um they believed this is how the plate tectonic says over the last two flash flood what life on earth would uh resemble 150 million years ago saw lush vegetation in many forms of reptiles really cool hurricane gladus low seven astronauts swirls over the gulf of mexico i can't can't really make out any length of mexico it is but got a very weird elevated or elevated above the above the rest of the clouds like that it's like the inner circle is higher up than the rest but i guess in a way that makes that wouldn't surprise me i guess it's counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere i suppose that general direction of the trade winds and this looks like it might be able to shed some light on that and it's about 99% the energy needed to heat the land oceans and atmosphere three important factors creating the weather and climate ozone concentrated into 35 kilometers above earth absorbs most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays those that get through tan or sunburn us so it's actually those invisible ultraviolet rays that cause us to get sunburned just the andes in south america here deflect air currents and resulting swirls of wind can affect weather hundreds of miles away more sunlight reaches earth near the equator than at the poles all air warmed air warmed at the equator rises and flows towards the poles where it cools rises up cools towards the poles and then descends working its way back the cells losing descends creating three cells of moving air in the northern hemisphere and three cells in the atmosphere the southern hemisphere the cells control air circulation pattern that form the prevailing winds the trade winds in the hadley cells that's these right here work like that polar easterlies in the polar cells deflection in the feral cells causes the prevailing westerlies it's pretty cool solar rays deflected reflected from snow ice and clouds affect the amount of heat that stays atmosphere absorb as well as reflect solar energy carried from erupting volcanoes to the upper atmosphere can cool earth by reflecting some of the incoming solar heat their pollution can cause global changes in our climate fossil fuels like coal and oil release carbon dioxide and other chemical particles they may form a blanket in the atmosphere trapping surface heat infrared rays that normally would radiate back into space this greenhouse effect can raise the overall temperatures of the atmosphere oceans store and transport the gulf stream flows far north keeping the climate of europe moderate can see newfoundland i got some family there talked it in the ocean for maybe you know it was literally ice cold instant freezing the desert winds raise dust and blow it long distances over the subtropics this dust sometimes blocks solar rays causing temperatures to fall temporarily falls or something still going to do an episode on it because i actually got some requests to do some geology and and some early ancient ice age pre 10 000 bc civilizations and i think those two line up they overlap because there might have been a meteor impact north and canada or russia area that generated so much heat melted all the ice caps on the ice in two or three weeks i think i heard from an graham hank was equivalent to about i think i don't i forget the exact number but i remember it was unfathomably a long long time and they were saying the amount of water that actually rushed over north america alone they used drones to spot the gouges of the actual geological evidence they say that it was equivalent to like a thousand or maybe five thousand years or or maybe maybe not that long maybe it's like 200 200 years but still the amount of the amount of water that goes over the Niagara Falls and 200 years is a lot and they say that amount that same amount rushed our face of north america in a period of days maybe weeks do my research for you guys if you're interested and i think a couple of you are so i will absolutely do it but i guess i'll do it a little faster if i if i get any feedback from you guys from this video north america huts and bay canadian shield asia sea of coast now i said i didn't care about names but we live here so and yeah i know some of these places deepest place on earth is 11 kilometers deep below sea level that's very the pacific ocean containing 46 percent of earth's water look at these these ridges fracture zones this is pretty cool called the i guess they're called fracture zones i've actually i don't think i've ever noticed that before it just wasn't a nose rising above the waters so merge volcanoes are known as seamounts it's a it was a very nostalgic little trip right there port of canada has a song that uses the voiceover from one of the scientific videos these 70s-ish that they actually got their name from national film boards in a grid so this is a more on top view of earth this is a obviously bottom view in here is asm arctica or his opposite i guess actually over 90 of earth's total volume of ice is in antarctica many small ridges from the mid oceanic ridge 64 000 kilometers earth's longest feature i guess that's what that is i guess they consider it all one structure in peninsula the red sea gulf i think that's enough of that i'm gonna get to mars Elon musk reporting this the day before the falcon heavy launches so i guess he's actually gonna send his tesla to mars which is i don't i don't care who you are but that is cool that is really really cool sending a tails but i think he was actually doing like a voyager a voyager kind of mission where he sends it space here's a nice little lesson neeptides the forces forces the sun's forces pretty much partied is even the forces out so the sun pulling that way interstellar i thought was um a bit much probably should have less of a peak peaky wave so all right i did not realize they were gonna do our moon but i hope i don't run out of space here we have that's a cool way to look at the uh so it you know what i never actually knew that is that really what it does in orbits wait a minute no it does okay i was thinking that meant that it orbits the poles but of course it doesn't it orbits this way the equator yeah that would that really threw me off there for a second of the moons here maren core has one sixth the gravity of earth this is representative of a i guess this would be a that'd be a solar eclipse gravitational attraction revolve as a double planet look at them as unequal ends of a weightlifter's barbell and because earth's mass is 81 times greater center of gravity of the earth moon barbell lies about 1700 kilometers the earth's surface it's called the bary center the pivotal point the pivot point not earth's geographic center follows the smooth orbital line it's the thick blue line as the barbell spins around its center it's a eccentric center of gravity both earth and moon trace wobbly orbital paths through space 50 minutes later each night rise and set at the same time as it waxes larger towards gibbous which is in the east as it here we go the far side of the moon sometimes the dark first seen in photographs taken by unmanned space vehicles reveals a surface heavily pitted with craters which makes sense there would be more heavily because earth would probably prevent the inside facing earth split rock dwarfs us astronaut harrison schmitt east of mar there serenit serenit serenitus serenitus and this near side schmitt holds a nomen which was taken in 1972 oh it was actually the final Apollo mission mission okay serenitus serenitus i still laugh when i say it i don't know why it's because i'm embarrassed i guess that's where they took that picture we're just drink quality bay there is the iconic all right guys it looks like i am completely out of film and i have been filming for a while so we won't get to mars but i'll either do a stand alone mars episode or we'll just lump it in with the asteroid belt and the gas giants