 I have a small activity for you in the beginning, so before we just start on the actual part of visual design and for that I wanted to show you particular instance. During this year's Miss Universe pageant, there was a major showdown which happened. I do not know how many of you are aware but I will give you the context of it. The announcer was supposed to say the winners in a order of 3, 2 and 1 like they have it in Oscars and he actually did that to the best of his ability but there was a goof up and the goof up was that he announced number 3 and number 2 and then he did not see anything else. So he thought that is number 1, he said number 2 is number 1 which was I think Philippines and the crown was given and everything happened and later in a second he realized that he was mistaken. So he actually apologized and then said here is a mistake actually she is number 2 and number 1 is someone else. So then the crown was taken out and then given to the newly announced Miss Universe which was really embarrassing for the organizers as well as everyone. However, most of the visual designers in the world attributed this kind of a blender to the visual design of the card which was handed over to this announcer and this is the card. So what I have done now is I have some copies of the card, give it to you, you have a look at it and on the back side so this is activity which is called think-pair-share. So at the think level you have to think individually what are the mistakes in that and try to circle them on your own card. First and foremost write your roll number somewhere on the corner and then try to figure out what are the mistakes. After like 5 minutes let us do a share where you compare your neighbor's comments with your comments and the third step where we have shared that time use the back side of the card to redesign a card which you feel should have been better if this blender was to be avoided. So got the activity so let's do that. Just a suggestion we are not supposed to comment on the text part. The text is something given we cannot do that. The designer has no say on the text part but what designer has to say is how to arrange the text. So try to see what you can make best out of this particular arrangement. So now probably you can, excuse me, you can shift to him so that you have a pair. Try to see if you have a pair everywhere. So there are three in that third row. Hi. One of you can come and join him here. Yeah, you are three of you. So one of you can come and join him here. Now there are perfect pairs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Okay. Sit here. Now that will be a pair, right? Can you start sharing and share what you found out the problems in the sheet as opposed to what your partner found out. So whatever problem you have found just circle it and okay. Anything what you found? You did not get the point. So this is the card, okay. Can you explain him? Hey, do you have a microphone so that anyone who has missed out, you do not have a microphone here. Okay, fine. Are there some similarities in what you found and what your partner found or are they quite different, different or same? Okay. So how many people by the way, let us do that at the share level. Oh, you are creating the design now? Okay. The third part, okay. Anything? Miss Universe can be at the top. Its font size is good. Then the first runner up and then the second runner up. Okay. So you wanted, not the Oscars way, you wanted like winner, first runner up, second runner up. Okay. Maybe that they wanted the suspense to be built up. The sequence should be first Miss Universe 2015 that we are on the top. Then second one is first runner up, Columbia. I think Columbia has been mentioned a little bit on top side. It should be on the center of the line here. Third one is second runner up. Yeah, more or less same sir, actually. It's about like country should be, it should be down actually, instead of up. What should it be? Down. Philippines like how they are written in the Miss Universe 2015, Philippines in the down. Okay. So they mean that the title should be on the top followed by the country, right? And any other observation? Same, same as a, same. How many people feel the same? Okay. You feel the reverse. Okay. Why? Is it fine? The order I feel is fine because in such big competitions you always get the, try to maintain the suspense, right? So all I wanted to say that if they should be justified because as we said, as we saw that he, Steve Harvey was right handed. So he probably would have hold it like this, held it like this. And he could have seen only US and Columbia and forgot. This is totally, can be seen as the heading of the show that is the final. He might have missed it like this. So if the other was left handed, he would have stood it like this. So his analogy was that he holds the card like this. Then he doesn't see Philippines at all. So he just sees, okay, this is Miss Universe 2015 show going on and he reads rest of the thing on the card. Only when he holds it like this he realizes he made a mistake. I would say that all the three should be justified in the center. So it doesn't matter if you are left handed or right handed. Okay. So whether he is a left handed or a right handed doesn't matter. And for people like me who we hold it in the center, probably you don't know. Okay, by the way, remember this is, normally people talk about user-centric design and keeping user in mind while you design. By the way, the context of this particular design was worldwide of a stretcher and the person who was the user was a very, very trained and a renowned and illiterate man or something. It's not that he had never done this kind of a show. So all such things were taken into consideration. Probably he will know that the card has to be hold in this manner or something. All that must have been thought of by designers. Still this thing happened and so now actually based on these suggestions, use the back side of this thing and actually draw whatever you thought of. And then I'll show you what designers worldwide have also tried. Probably it can match what you are saying already. Let's see. You need another page? Actually you want to add some text? Probably, okay, you try that. That's also fine. Okay, so he wants to add some more text because he feels that this is not adequate to communicate. Okay, okay. Yeah, done. Done. Can you show that from there? I have two entries almost identical. Anyone who has not done this? Yeah. Okay. If they have written elimination in the text itself, right, but it's a result card. That's what you wanted to do. Probably they want to say that the other two are eliminated and now the one which is remaining is Miss Universe. So not that only a round after round there are eliminations, even the finals are elimination in a way because you get only one winner. So others are eliminated automatically. Okay. We have a couple of them. We have a table actually, someone has submitted. So that it is pretty clear that you read my rows and don't get confused about, I have similar looking. This is slightly different. What's different here? We have a patch for the winner to distinguish from the rest. Yeah, please come. But most of them are otherwise same. But interestingly, what everyone has tried to do is put a line across from the name to the text, right? So that there is no confusion about arrangement. This is Miss Universe is on the top, then first runner up and second runner up, right? And this is bit messy, but let us see what other designers had to say. So first of all, what you see here is a TV grab of what was handed over to Steve. Steve was the anchor that day. One thing which I can immediately comment on is most of you have used only the upper portion of the card, leaving half of it blank, which is not a very good idea, especially when you have this much of a size of a card, they make sure that the font size is so big that even in the dimest light possible, because they may dim the light at the time of final announcement and all that. So visibility becomes an issue. So all this 14 point Helvetica will be a nightmare for people to read. Anyway, so this was what he had got and I have actually created a dummy out of what I saw on TV. So you have different font size here, but let us see what people had done. So this was by someone called Marco and what is that actually, you can see the color is already gone. So try to use gray for the first and second runner up and the winner was black and bold and all that, right? And like you said, he had added the word winner there, so it is clear, there is no confusion about it. Okay, here is one more by Sy, Sy that gradation of gray, like light gray, dark gray and black, so that it is ascending order is clear and Miss Universe has a special color. This was like the one with just the text, what you have submitted most of you. The one in between, not this one, but the one here. So you say the second runner up, write something and you have written instruction, read second runner up, runner up and winner. So in case you are confused, just follow the instructions. So something like that, this was one of them where countries are written in bold so that they can out loud. There was one more where they gave a special treatment for Miss Universe and I will tell you that normally they are not printed on one single piece of card. They print on papers, cut those papers, the strips of the names of the country and they are pasted in front of them. That is why most of you have commented on the old design that there is too much gap between the line which is there and the text which is up. It is because they have actually cut this word USA from a piece of paper and pasted it there. That happens live. So it is not a pre-printed card two days back that they can create and just show it there. Probably they are, but they are not fixed this much, but they have to at least pretend that they are not fixed and they do it like that. So this is why they have to keep space for the paper to be pasted inside. So somebody has done this and in fact he commented that why these cards whenever they are used in this kind of shows are black and white on one side. You have color on the other side, typically you see all these reality show cards. They have the logo and everything printed on this side so that the audience can see. But the reader has only black and white print on the other side. Why so? He said why not have Miss Universe printed in color and all that. There is some logic there. This was interesting. He actually printed an arrow, okay read right first and then go down. So no confusions here how to read it. So start from left, go right, then come down. I tried making one myself by adding numbers just in case this will help. So I saw everything and then I decided to design one for myself and I said okay three is Miss Universe and two is because this jargon I was finding very confusing. Second runner up and first runner up. So instead of that I thought just three to one is fine. In fact someone gave based on this someone gave a suggestion that why not use the athletics podium saying that okay this is third, this is second and this was so very clear who is what. The point was that when we have such kind of problems in order to design something or communicate visually let us call it like that. Then we see that there are so many different aspects of that and what I am going to do now is to discuss some of them so that we can understand the visual communication skill part in this course of communication skills, okay. So what I am going to talk about in the next two sessions which are more than 75 minutes or something right 90 minutes. So these are two people who have inspired me to bring up this lecture in the way it is. So there are various aspects of visual communication which determine the communication. And people ask me this question quite common that what are the components which should be taken care of is it font is it color is it what is that. So there is no pinpointed answer to that yes if you fix fonts then you are fine it is not like that it is a combination of things and that is how it creates the communication what you want to say. So I am going to cover range of things but I am going to also talk about how you can facilitate better visual communication. If you follow a certain process of planning first and then executing it rather than executing it and then reworking on the plan part which happens in most of the cases. Have you seen this case study by the way this was submitted by one I think 14 year old Indian boy to the US government saying that if you change your official font from Times Roman to something called Garamond you will save like 400 million dollars here because whatever printing you do government printing whatever is done the ink used would be less. So he calculated the mathematics for that and then came up with this theory obviously it was trashed immediately because and you can see the reason why why could that be not acceptable. You see the difference in two fonts what is the difference readability is compromised right. You print to read so if even if whatever amount of ink you save is not going to help if it is not readable at all so just changing the font is the font is being chosen after a lot of part behind it and readability was never compromised the first attribute or the function of printing is to make it readable if that is not happening then there is no point in saving ink and printing something which is not readable. Similarly what is there in design so excellent data completely correct data very valid experiment you have got some beautiful results but when it is shown nobody understands anything because the way it is presented it is pretty confusing there is no alignment to the chunks which are shown there and becomes a chaos similarly color whatever text you have written on that however good it is useless because of the choice of colors choice of images some choice of forms in that in fact the theory of whether you should use white background and black text or black background and white text also plays a very important role which I will cover later on. So therefore what I wanted to stress upon is we have to start the plan phase directly getting into the impress phase of any presentation and this is I am saying after looking at so many examples that whenever a presentation is been created the first thing lot of people do is go to the presentation tool whatever is being chosen search for templates whatever are available and then spend lot of time in the front slide whatever creativity can be put in there and what graphics and what font and all that and then just start slide by slide and then you realize though this is not covering something so add a slide and keep adding slides and you have suppose you have marked it like referencing is done internally that will also go for a toss because you have kept adding slides here and there. So you will finally end up with a lot of mess and you have to keep on shuffling between the slides at the end see instead of that if it is done in a way that you plan first then you execute that plan using some tool and finally at the time of impress you improvise on how well you can communicate that verbal thing comes in this by the way I am restricting visual communication right now to presentations so we can apply some of these two documents also but right now I am talking about presentations. So the technique I as a example I am going to use in this particular class is going to be about brainstorming and for the planning phase we are going to use a technique for brainstorming and that is called creating affinity so we are going to do that activity after some time then from that brainstorming we can analyze whatever we have brainstorm whatever content has come up then organize it in a way that is useful for us and then go to the outline part of presentation where that can be converted to a present so that is execute level is where you actually touch the computer till then you have not touched the computer and finally when you have the impress part you look into what should be the color scheme what should be the typography what kind of fonts to be used and color and transitions and all sorts of things can be applied at that point and finally practice before you present so this is that is why it is written in all caps and everything which I have seen most of them doing just like five minutes before they are browsing through the slides hurriedly what is the seminar is going to happen so that is something which has to be avoided all the time if you can just practice earlier on it just shows off when you present it ok we are going to focus on the plan stage in today's session and the reason why I am stressing on this is because most of the people try the other way around this is start with impress they ok start with color scheme point and all that and then come to execute and the example is of the legendary filmmaker so I come from fine arts and filmmaking background so most of my examples may come from that domain so you have to excuse me for that but I thought they were relevant so Satyajit Ray had this ability to note down each and every detail about the film he was making in the form of text and everything whatever he could and he was an excellent artist himself so he could draw and note down everything so the character was etched out on the paper itself before even the shooting you to start and when the shooting started so that is the plan phase he spent a lot of time on that detailing when it came to execute stage whether the film was being shot he used to be there to monitor each and every minute detail whether the beard is correct or not according to his requirement and he will go there and he can do the makeup part also because he was the artist will go there and do the makeup himself if he is not satisfied and finally you get some work class things like those are endorsed by even the Academy of the World so this is how people do that and if we want to plan the presentations it's not that it's not that it will be always okay so like I said already there will be some images which will be directly coming from the entertainment domain what we have analyzed this was actually one of the presentation slide from Microsoft Research summer school at Bangalore and Professor Kentaro who was the the then head of Microsoft Research presented this interesting analogy to all of us and what he said was typical talk is is a story of a film and how so let's see so what's the story of a film typically it starts with boy meeting a girl and girl is ignoring so boy tries to probe further and boy plots some plan to get the girl the plot will work and then happiness ever after is the typical story let's try to distill this information further and see what we get so what is this this is actually a setup you introduce characters you you set it up properly there you know where is it happening and all that then you start the conflict part that it's not working and all that and there is a plot which is a kind of a false climate because the boy will get the first jitter and then there is some action because the boy has a plot which will work and then there is a climax and all that right so if we try to translate this in a real life problem like a typical seminar report or a paper for that matter so this is how it will probably look like you'll have introduction you'll have some problem and observation you'll have related work which will lead you to the post solution you'll analyze it and the results will show that they work and therefore you can talk about future work and what is the discussion about and then go ahead and why and false climax is a term where it is used that it takes you to the to the point of the clash so it can be both ways so even if it so it is called climax and so this can be a climax actually and but I wanted to have this as a finale so I just try to show that so in short what happens is a typical top outline can make into a good story and people really love stories people will never hate whatever you're telling but if it has been worn that format only then it will and most of the stories or the presentations fail because they they don't have this storyline going in the background they start arbitrarily and related work will get into introduction and results will get into discussion and all sorts of things will happen where they don't the users or the the people who are attending fail to understand where are we right now in thing what phase of the story are we right now so they get confused about characters variables and all the forces which are there in that story and that's when the presentations tend to fail most of the time so let us get back to the plant stage what we were planning to and okay so we have this six topics randomly I have selected from whatever I could see around most of them I have tried with the CSE counterparts of the same course so I know that they work now let us split ourselves into at least four groups probably if not six groups there will be like two small groups how many people 20 22 right so let's have like a group of four for each topic right and just keep on going so the first moment and navigation these four people and we will go ahead so you guys can pair up with either them or them and you can also pair up with them so they are sitting quite here so you can just shift here and this can be the second group that can be the fourth group that can be the fifth group and there is a six group so you can have three group of three probably so then there are equal number than no four and two okay so this is group one by one so just what I need to do is to give you these sheets by there is going to be a lot of activity in this particular session okay so you can pass on to the groups behind so it's one per group so you can write the group name on on that sheet so that will be about movement and navigation the first one you guys write to write about movement and navigation write as big as possible so that you can see it and food quality and internet and connectivity okay and building and other infrastructure energy audit this group and waste management is the sixth group okay so everyone has the group names now what okay okay this was for the CSE part okay so now we are at the ideation stage and I'm going to pull out another paper for all of you what you have to do now is I'll give you some posted stickers whatever ideas come to your mind by the way I'll again go back to this thing because this mistake was done by CSE guys okay this these topics are with reference to IIT campus only so don't go out and global waste management problem and all that is not expected in this class we are only talking about IIT Bombay so that is why the group of four will help because if someone is either real fresher on the campus probably the others can help one second is there could be the topic inherently may talk about problems as such in sense the first thing which hits you when you see internet network so immediately hit okay problems with internet and connectivity on campus so it need not be only about problems it can also be about facilities available versus facility not available or quality of facility available versus non-available anything the point is that you have to just start jotting down whatever comes to your mind in these these particular topics what you have and start putting it on so just pass it on to some of your members and they should start writing on these papers and keep pasting them on the sheets okay what should we write so the the point is that at the end of these sessions we have to have a presentation on one of these topics by the group so you can talk about the pros and cons both you can talk about additional things which could be done which are not present anything but you have to actually try to see if you can cumulatively come up with a presentation on this maybe of six legs not more than that like we have those six bullets introduction and all that similar problem probably you can take the theme for the presentation but you have to brainstorm for whatever ideas you can come up with and the rule for brainstorming is that don't be judgmental at this point and just distribute among four of you and you can typically try to keep it single color for a group so all you have to do is whatever topic comes to your mind right on the post it and put it up on that big paper right now don't worry about a part it can be pasted anywhere we'll do that arrangement as second stage where I will tell you to think about whether there is connectivity between these two topics on right now whatever comes to your mind just keep it on that yeah that these are the only two guidance don't be judgmental keep writing on the note so you have what is the topic of this movement also write that first of all somewhere you write that big size what is the topic okay so movement and navigation so they have couple of topics here what is this about good quality okay menu and wastage tracking kitchen maintenance hygiene no plastic cups okay so what I'm going to do is now I'm going to later on share this with other group your chart will be given to other group so they will add some more sticky on that if they can think of okay anything energy audit and usage sources analysis methods conduct energy summit awareness projects okay this still sounds like as a global problem what will be more relevant to IIT Bombay campus as such this is about it okay have energy summit every year okay no I'm saying this is amount of usage on campus okay and analysis of energy wasted on campus fine so go deeper than try to okay waste management so canteen waste plastic waste biodegradable waste water management okay then we have bio production recycling okay so they are there rows on columns and rows okay you already started and rows yes these guys seem to be most easy chilled out conditions because they have put it at least on random say building another infrastructure so better equipment and classroom good transportation road who separate laboratory for each field okay availability of sack library okay this is great in fact just to tell you interesting anecdote when this topic was given to one of the groups in CSE they were somewhere in the middle could all the groups but not that group and when they just forwarded to each other and they realized this group had listed out all the buildings on the campus as the title said building an infrastructure okay here are the buildings vector managers in crescent department of CSE department of that and I said this was bit too much anyway okay so you guys can can go for one step deeper than what you have written right now so you have written about this I think the goodies to be given out in this class should be posted sticker probably lot of people are aspiring for getting it okay the organizing part of what you have just thrown out on paper so one of the technique is called chunking so what what it does is that it allows you to to group the content which is just randomly spread all over the place in a cohesive manner so that you can make buckets where you can put all the content here so just to show an example if I tell you to remember these number of alphabets and tell me after some time what are the techniques that you can apply to do that again this is a thing pair share activity so if I tell you to tell me these alphabets which are just randomly put up there so what technique can be used okay so so associate the occurrence of the alphabet according to the number so 1 to 26 and say that it is a G becomes 7 or whatever then 7 and 13 and all that okay so comma separated values and then you real okay vowels and consonants can be separated and you can you can also count the numbers say okay 3e then 2 y then all that okay anything else if I okay this is a great question so am I expecting sequence again or I can be okay with any sequence I am okay with any sequence okay what is the probability of getting the correct answer in any one of these methods it with the comma separated values probably it is it is quite high even in this but you have to basically struggle to keep of this so make pictograms like G for goat and then n for nuclear bomb and so you just remember the pictures in a rope probably you will end up with a big story yeah I actually just said that in reaction to that but you picked up properly so so make smaller words and try to remember them because now I have lifted this regulation that I don't want the correct order you can put it in any order so there could be various techniques and I wanted to do that as think they are in a big classroom we do it as a think they are activity again but now that it's a small class we can just do a loud thinking option okay so there could be various ways right so you can have that numbers but it may not be very interesting to remember them and you have to basically do a lot of homework to create those comma separated values and all that but how about creating the small words and there will be some very arbitrary words there could be some camel and then there is no reference to what we are trying to say okay there could be ice man hence lingering and all that but what if we make mechanical engineering out of it it's more easy to remember right so you can't remember ice man hence lingering or camel and reaching engine mini can it's very difficult because they are out of context for you but if I say make mechanical engineering out of these alphabets you will never forget those alphabets you tell me anytime you will just write down and say these are the alphabets you ask for it happens that only with context you can remember things very nicely so if you put context then the recall value and the retention value of any content you give is very high and that is missing sometimes in the presentations what I see because they are completely into the context but they fail to communicate that context to the person who is listening to them so they start off whether because they are immersed in that seminar for last two months probably or at least two nights before that and then they come up and suddenly stand in front of and start speaking the person listening to you may not be in that context person may be attending already four seminars before you have completely different subjects so it takes time for that person to assimilate and by the time you have gone much deeper into your context so it's important to have that context part before you actually thing else so let us try to make instead of making these kind of out of whatever you have on the paper try make this kind of work which will make you easily understandable so that you can recall them anytime now try to pick up those post-its and put it up on different position by titling them into a group and then segregate them into different parts of the presentation so try to do that now with all the post-its what you have try to pick them up and put them into a different order so which will be more cohesive for you to present try to do that with whatever post-its you have and see if you have to debate about whether the position of this post-it is valid at this point or it can be put up into something if you find that there is a topic which is relevant in two things just copy that post-it and keep it in both that's also valid so and that is how now we have to do we will not do this part because you have already done it in the class here the affinity diagram what you have created but what we will do now is to convert this or to capture this in a different mode called mind map so what basically you are creating then most of them are creating a row and column type of a thing which is good but it just gives that hint of hierarchy every time so utmost is the most important problem and followed by or something so if you come up with a bigger problem later on then you still have a chance to replace the post-it but that is not the idea to have those hierarchical things right now it is everything at a flat level so there is no hierarchy right that's why I mentioned to couple of groups that you can just draw some big blobs around and try to show them but one of the representation is like this which is called mind maps by the way this technique is very commonly used nowadays in order to capture content most of the students nowadays practice mind map even to take notes so you are in a class and you want to say instead of writing linear things you just keep drawing those blobs and try to do that one interesting thing which I personally I use is this thing which is a combination of something mind map plus a concept map and why is that so because technically these two are different but when you label the connections that is one of the best feature of concept map so mind map doesn't have actually these labels for the connections I personally use that a lot that's why I like this type of a mind map having the but mind maps also allows me to go beyond these standard squares and triangles and it allows me to draw arbitrary shape so being an artist I enjoy that better than anything else so what we will now do is try to create those post-its over a period of time till the next lecture actually and you have an entire mid-same week in between so the lecture after this I think it is the 22nd 2nd of March so before that I think we will put up on Moodle a link to upload but what you have to do is you have to create a mind map or a concept map from this posted so before you move probably you want to take a picture of that and one of you should store it with you you can take the map also but ideally first of all before it gets deleted or whatever post it on Moodle I'll put up a link now and on that you can just post it first of all as a group there will be only six entries by the way it's not a individual entry you have to give one per group and you can just label it as the name of the group so you can say waste management dot jpeg whatever so that it is having no confusion and what you have to do is use any one of these free mind mapping tools to create the mind of of this affinity diagram what you have created and upload it so before 29th of February you should do that I'll get a chance to analyze them on first and we'll meet on second when we will discuss some of them and then we'll go further to the next phase of execute and impress part so that will be the plan for next session is there any question we still have more minutes to discuss so you're saying like we should include the context before starting presenting something so the terms in that context will be most of the people won't be knowing that terms so they may start questioning from right there going on okay so did you all get the question what he got he was asking so when you say establish the context before you explain so the questions might start right then and before I explain the entire thing and he's actually coming from a very particular standpoint of seminar presentation because when you start a seminar and if you start spending time on the context and the reviewer start saying I was a ticket to him but I'll come to me come take your time so what to do in such a situation is that right okay but this was a common question in even CSE when we discussed this so chunking and brainstorming helps a lot in in this phase especially because establishing context doesn't mean that you have to spend a lot of time on the introduction part itself you have to be very sharp in in presenting what you're doing at the same time you shouldn't lose out any connection which is important but not covered so that takes a lot of time and typically if you go don't go by the plan phase thoroughly then you end up with four slides on introduction itself which nobody wants to see because when the reviewers start looking at the next slide okay those slide okay intro chaltra intro continued intro continued so then they get jittery and they start asking everybody take a calm cup there are 10 minutes we feel that we have to tell everything because the context is important for us but how sharp we get into that point is very important and some very interesting techniques can be done for that for example if we introduce a term we can explain it there but hyperlink it with some paper or a reference or something and keep it there available for us if a question pops up on that link is already there click on that and go to that and explain if required but most of the time we spend another slide on the term and all that so then we have to talk about it for next 3-4 minutes then we have another term and we keep on doing that till we finish all our terms which are to be used in that particular seminar or presentation and that actually bugs the reviewers who are listening to you on that this is one of the techniques but we'll come back on this because this is this is a very very important and pertaining issue which which has to be addressed and how to deal with that I will try to post something on poodle also for this and we will discuss this in the next class this is a good point one of the one of the ways is to do the brainstorm part well because that gives you a chance to filter out what is important what what comes out earlier and then what has to be eliminated also from so it doesn't mean that everything what is present has to be presented in the initial slides or introduction it's not that case and that is I think one of the mistakes then most of the time anything else or we can just call it today for now thank you very much I'll see you on second