 Are we live? Is this thing on? Are we being broadcast on Zyutubes? We would like to be broadcast on Zyutubes and we wait and we wait and we wait Until I get the cue That the show can go This is TWIS this week in science episode number 616 so much sibilants recorded on Wednesday April 26th to 2017 lamb bags for babies I'm dr. Kiki and this is this week in science tonight We are going to fill your heads with a drunk crayfish hungry caterpillars and lamb bags, but first Disclaimer disclaimer disclaimer Don't give up. I understand believe me. I get it somehow nothing makes sense But so what so what if not all the puzzle pieces fit the way you want them to? So what if the data set seemed a bit screwy and the timelines totally topsy-turvy and counterintuitive? So what if the conclusions you've come to conform to no prevailing theory? If you've done things the right way allowed the right method to motivate the motive inquiry Followed facts as they were found recorded results as they were revealed then chances are you've got it Right and if you're wrong well, that's okay, too But don't give up because regardless of how things began they've at least led you to more This week in science Coming up next I Good science to you Justin Blair and Every one out there welcome to this week's episode of this week in science Thank you for tuning in once again, or if this is your first time tuning in Welcome welcome welcome welcome one and all We have a show that's about to begin all sorts of fun science news before we jump into that though Everyone remember we have about a month to go a little over a month, but for we head to Philadelphia That's right. This week in science is going in to be going to be in Philly at a science event called the Young Innovators Fair It's bring it bring it together a whole bunch of people for the youth Interested in science you can find that information at young innovators fair dot com The youths the youths. I hear they are the future That they are let them learn science on this week's show I have got stories about you know, one of the weirdest animals not tardigrades naked mole rats I've got supernovas well one of them. That's four of them We'll talk about that in just a little bit and some nutritional tea leaves, but I'm not gonna make you drink tea It's more like when you swirl it around and go. Oh bad Portents That's what I've got Justin, what do you have? I have homo hobbit heredity a hankering for gut microbes and how running Made a better brain. I Don't like running Maybe I would run more if I knew that it would make my brain healthier Hmm, we'll get into that and Blair. What is in the animal corner? I have inebriated invertebrates I have whispering whales and I have Plastic eating caterpillars. I don't know My illiteration kind of petered out there They all sound interesting to me. I am thrilled All right, you know last week this last weekend it was Earth Day I was doing the least earthy thing possible on Earth Day I was hanging out with a bunch of battling robots, which was very fun wasn't much smell of smoking rubber and Burning batteries and oil and those things very very earth-friendly, but very fun There was also a thing going on called the March for Science Yeah, and if you recall we talked about it last week and I said we're gonna have a new segment on the show and Every week I will take Something from one of our listeners. You have to mail them to me email me or tweet or Facebook me But you have to send them to me somehow And I'll take it psychic waves of hoping that Kiki says it Won't get it there. Yeah So in the spirit of the March for Science and kind of trying to keep that interest and flow going This segment is called This weekend what has science done for you? lately and This was submitted from listener Mike Hampton Mike Hampton says you can have your TV your computers your internet your Electricity etc. How about the most obscure or taken for granted technology? Like the greatest influence of science in the past 20 years has been pay it the pump when buying gas Oh, yeah, that's a good one. I love being able to do that Just think of all the countless hours that are saved every single day By not having to go into the convenience store to pay for your gas Which should never take more than 20 seconds and having to inevitably always stand there for five plus minutes stuck behind three other People who are buying cigarettes and scratch off lottery tickets at the register. Yeah, yeah First-world problems and all that it's a basic technology that everyone takes for granted and no one ever thinks about but no one Would want to go back to not having it Yeah, like I don't remember the last time I went to a bank to get money out so that I could spend it in Day that that swiping card thing is pretty awesome pretty Very awesome and his very specific example of the pay at the register pay it not not at the register in the convenience store But pay at the pump It is fantastic. Thank you science for magnetic strips that allow this information to be passed Electron to electron. It's very exciting in my campton. Thank you for sending in this This item for what science has done for us lately for this week on this week in science If you're interested you can email me at Kirsten at thisweekinscience.com K-I-R-S-T-E-N at thisweekinscience.com And I'm just gonna start a grab bag and start one a week one a week you guys so send them in Moving on to the science March recap. Did either of you Get involved in the science March I know you work on Saturday's Blair and Justin you do very often as well I was teaching teenagers how to be science educators So it seemed kind of lame to not do that to March in the March for science So I stuck with my plans. I think you've got a fair assessment there. Yeah, that works So anyway thousands of people came out I don't know exactly how many thousands but around the world there were marches Around the world big cities around the world small cities There were scientists of course outdoors in Antarctica because when you're in Antarctica You're probably a science and so let's go outside into the ice and snow and March for science with my science and Antarctica but the interesting thing that came out of this is that along with many posts of scientists and supporters of science and Reasoning there were After the fact being very excited about their experiences or just the fact that the March happened in the first place There are a lot of people who were trying to criticize it and survive all scientists are out there now William Happer he's a climate change skeptic and a Princeton University physicist. He was interviewed by Fox News you know and he focused on Climate change and he says well most of them don't know any science. It's sort of a religious belief for them and then of course CNN put Happer against Nye in a televised interview and Nye said you're doing a disservice by having one climate change skeptic and not 97 or 98 scientists or engineers who are concerned about climate change so Thanks for that great point Bill Nye, but this the United States definitely was not the only place that this happened There was also there were scientists in Mexico City graduate students protesting cuts to the National Council of Science and Technology The there are tensions however between the academies of science and medicine and engineering and this National Council of Science and Technology and Which is the country's principal granting agency like the NSF here in the NIH So there's a lot of tensions Generally, and I think the the big fear here I mean there is a point to what Happer said about people just being science enthusiasts and not really learning about the science themselves and so You know, we don't expect people to understand all the nitty-gritty details about climate science or you know, whatever Quantum physics at a certain point if you're interested and curious about it, you can go on and learn more It's good to be engaged. It's good to be curious and never to take what you read at face value Right, but it is also important to know what the scientific process when done properly looks like how to vet your sources how to Find out who has funded studies and how to find out if studies have been replicated Because if you use that information even without knowing some of the nitty-gritty of the science you can find out when something is a consensus absolutely and So let's move into the science Science science everybody. Oh Astro cook is in the chat room here is saying that his his friend a scientist in Riga Latvia Marched as well with her eight-year-old daughter as and others That's oh and the climate March is this Saturday as well So it'll be interesting to see what happens if people come out again. Yes. Keep marching everybody, right? Don't stop moving. It's like yeah, it's like if you stop moving your body starts to break down You're like a great white shark. That's right Our political system starts to break down if we stop moving and just take it for granted, right? okay, so let's talk about moving and shaking and growing little babies for science Yeah, well in this particular case, you know, you might look at this study or What was done here and kind of go? What were they doing? What was going on here and you might have read a headline about it, but I you know, and I I Sensationalized a bit about lamb bags as we Lamb skin or no, it's okay. It is an artificial womb Come again. Yeah, an artificial womb meant to gestate Premature lambs at this point in time And potentially if the design goes through many many more iterations and a lot of testing Maybe it could be used to gestate very premature babies human babies outside of the human womb in the future and so What what this study did and really really oh Trulio It is a it's a lamb bag I'm telling you right now They had a it's a plastic. I don't know what the exact material, but it's a plastic ish bag and this This bag contained a a young lamb and They were able to attach a blood supply all sterile blood supply in and out with an Oxygenator that worked at just the right pressure for the arteries and capillaries that are involved they used an amniotic fluid with the right kinds of levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide and nutrients and they were able to Gestate these little baby lambs For at least four weeks within the bag and they grew and some of the lambs Some of the lambs they grew in size and they started to fill the bag. They started to grow hair wool And they were healthy by they and the paper that was published in nature communications actually Goes through the process of them iterating to improve on their design So they talk about how they started with a design that wasn't quite right and they weren't getting quite the right pressures and levels of Required nutrients for the lambs in the first experiments and then they kept iterating and now they have something that They believe it could support the growth of a lamb much longer than four weeks But that was all that their animal Animal research protocols allowed for this particular study and then did the did the did they Open the bags and these animals were Alive and I've been running around. Well, they weren't running around. I mean, they were still very young So there's some premature so they still needed extra care to grow to a point where they could stand up and stuff like that Yes, exactly but basically the idea the idea here is that by Working with a lay a species like the lamb the sheep This is a species that physiologically is very similar to humans and in that similarity If we can get a lamb fully supported as it develops, it's very possible that we could also Develop a system to support human offspring And so this is we're talking premature babies and so Rescue not This is not an alternative. Yeah, this is not the matrix because that's all I could think about when I was looking at those baby lamb pictures Or the act the clone Yeah, so this isn't this isn't like start with a couple of cells put them, you know Stem cells throw them into a bag with the right soup and then let them grow and suddenly you'll have your baby come You know, baby in a bag That's not even Close anywhere in the car. It's just not a bad This is premature Baby life support, right? So this is my question and they basically got it to a point They were able to develop these sheep these baby sheep to a point where their lung function could operate on its own which in premature infants cardiovascular and Respiratory function are the things that you really need Them to be working on their own for a premature infant to be, you know To not need the hospital support anymore and to be able to go home, right? so my question is about the plastic bag because I would be very interested to know if There would be plans to do some sort of testing on Baby lambs that were actually able to grow to maturity If there would be any concern about the leaching of plastics because I think about a warm environment an environment What thoughts of liquid and gas exchange happening growth? I'd be concerned about some sort of plastic leaching Yeah, I do not know. It's not I don't I do not know the exact material This is the bag is made from and that's a good That's a good point too. I mean I would have to be the right types of plastics You wouldn't want the PCBs whatever they are the estrogen But I think even with all that that is the least of your concerns At the at the point where you're trying to to rescue a premature But what I'm saying is if you're gonna do it do it, right? Of course close play, so Absolutely, but I'm just I'm just mentioning the fact that there's a concern about plastics and extended plastic exposure on Any organism? Yeah, it doesn't say if I mean you could probably do a search for bio bag because in the paper That's what they're calling it. They're calling it the bio bag design and they say it was developed a single-use completely closed system that minimizes Amniotic fluid volumes and can be customized to more closely replicate the size and shape of the uterus The bio bag consists of a polyethylene film that is translucent sonalucent and flexible to permit monitoring monitoring scanning and manipulation of the fetus as necessary Uh-huh Interesting, but I do not know it doesn't say what bio bag was Made of so that's yeah polyethylene polyethylene good enough Good enough for artificial womb work Yeah, and then jumping from babies in bags, let's go to supernovas in space Because supernovas in space they're super exciting and what do we know about supernovae? They're explosive they make gold That's those are two big things Yep, big explosions of stars of a particular size and because they are stars of a particular size Exploding the explosions always happen with the same amount of luminosity which makes them what we call a standard candle Right this type 1a supernova Enables us to measure the expansion of the universe and so this is something that many scientists from Hubble onward have Been using to measure how quickly our universe is Expanding where's it going? How fast are different parts of the universe expanding away at different? velocities these are questions that we want to answer and so one really wonderful Discovery just happened a Swedish team of astronomers Well, they're led by the Swedes use the NASA European Space Agency Hubble Space Telescope to take pictures of a very special type 1a supernova, and it's a supernova that was lensed by a galaxy in such a way that And we talked last week also about Gravitational lensing and how light the path of light is shifted because of the bending of space it bends the path of light That's how you think of a supernova. It's just a point source of Explosive light that could be used but in this particular case the galaxy And if you can see in this image I'm showing the galaxy at the center that's lensing the supernova has broken the light path into four so that there are actually four separate images of The same supernova these aren't different supernova. It's one supernova, but because of the way the galaxy is bending light It diffracted it and there are four separate and Lensed images of different brightnesses That's really cool. It's very cool because what we know is that if it's this is from A type 1a supernova Then the amount of light coming from it should be exactly the same No matter where there it's measured within this image, but the amount of light is different because of the shifting of The path of the light so what this allows researchers to do and this is like, you know, it's Really, we're not probably not going to find very many of these kinds of images in space But what it's going to allow the researchers to do is To without making assumptions About the expansion of the universe without making any kind of like well We know what the we're guessing what the cosmological constant is This is another thing that we I think we talked about on the show like a month or two ago Maybe it was back in January or February researchers started to question The cosmological constant and the measure the the value that we have for the cosmological constant at this point in time which is the constant of Light and the expansion of the universe so Basically this is all going to allow researchers to test The value of the cosmological constant In a very very specific way as if they didn't know what it was right So it's sort of like a control like ah, it's a kind of way that should come up with the same number We've been using if we look at it and and dissect it. So let's do that and Instead of back engineering universe with it. We'll just see where I guess it is back Backlit back lensing Yeah, that's cool. Yeah so it's another cool possibly really accurate way to Get at this value without making assumptions, but to actually directly measure it Yeah That's pretty neat. We like direct measurements in science Because we know what assumptions make us Assumers All right, this is this week in science Justin, what do you get Homo flora? Ciensis aka The Hobbits small humanoid cave creatures found fossilized on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003 three and a half feet tall brains three sizes too small one might think for the stone tools that they used and Such a story. This has been we've been covering this pretty much the whole time twisters been around right or police I've been part of it They were they were there were competing ideas when this first broke About what exactly this creature was a diseased modern human a result of island dwarfism or Island dwarfism not of a modern human but of a homo erectus the direct Ancestor of humans or maybe just perhaps it's in own species. It's entirely own species, right? But it definitely was not aliens At first there was the impression that the hobbits have been hanging out on the island as recently as 12,000 years ago putting them in direct in certain contact with modern humans for thousands of years That date has since been pushed back 54,000 years ago When they went extinct, which means if there was a modern human contact It was likely brief and disastrous for the hobbit folks. It's about the same time modern humans were showing up in the area As more fossils were found at and near the site picture became clear and the mystery deepened Wrist and shoulder morphologies all wrong for human Jaws not quite right for homo erectus Some fossils were found as old as 700,000 years ago Too old to vote not they weren't found that long ago, but they were found to be that'll that's much too old for it to have been human and these older finds Were a bit smaller and stature which is a very poor fit for island dwarfism scenarios One by one hypothesis We're put down until finally we were left with no still not aliens But a very good idea of what homo floresiensis is not Now the Australian National University have taken all the ill-fitting Puzzled pieces and put them together rather neatly Study leader dr. Debbie are you states? We looked at whether homo floresiensis could be descended from homo erectus We found that if you try to link them on the family tree, you get a very unsupported result All the tests say it doesn't fit. It's just not a viable theory The analyses show that on the family tree homo floresiensis was likely a sister species of homo habilis It means the two shared a common ancestor homo habilis one of the earliest known species really I think the earliest one that they put the homo in front of of human in Africa is like in a 1.7 million Year-ish ago range from when that started so homo habilis so Ape-like and primitive it almost got plutoed out of homo for being Austria Lopithecus this ish that floor Flora floresiensis Floresiensis could have branched off earlier in the timeline more than 1.75 million years ago and also Evolved into tool using hominid might mean that tool use began Well, habilis which would be Confirming some evidence of meat rendering tools dating back a million years before the time of homo This then gives us another set of mysteries to solve right leaving open the possibility that the Hobbit evolved in Africa and wandered out or That the common ancestor of Hobbits and homo habilis itself left Africa and evolved into the Hobbit at some point Somewhere yet undiscovered with the recent pre announcement that the recently discovered homo nalati Might be as young as 200,000 years old This is gonna be a story for probably next week or two weeks from now They've announced that they think it's 200 to 300 thousand years old this home on the leddie But they haven't offered a paper yet That would mean that during the age of modern humans There would also have been Homo erectus neanderthals denisovians nalati Hobbit florensis possibly even though still needing some further confirmation and Finds the red deer cave people making at some point during our humanity of modern humans There would be a total of seven human populations sharing the planet at one time all Advanced enough to be using tools It's amazing It really is amazing to think that there were possibly so many separate species or subspecies on the planet and That that they were all using tools that they were all that smart But I think I remember there was a study that you you reported on like Fairly recently within the last six months or so talking about Tool use kind of going back further in time it with within at least one of these So so the pithecus Has there was there's been debate they had tools did they really use it as it was it is it this is it? and and There's they found tools stone tools that look like they were for cleaving me that were much too old to be homo habilis, right? And so this is and the idea now that we have something that was you know Of of the Australopithecus split off that is using spears, right and in Indonesia Really says perhaps the tool use that That spring off did spring out or did start up much much much earlier than then we we've we believe before and fits those Datasets that are still a little bit controversial about the three and a half million year old tools that are being found Yeah, and Blair's sitting over there going well if you look at modern primates and their tool use and all of our studies with Birds and other animals that are using tools This is not surprising Is that whenever nature and you know evolution has found a new adaptation that is somehow advantageous that has not been used before a new niche is found essentially and Different species try to take advantage of it. There's this huge adaptive radiation, right? There's a bunch of organisms that show up that are trying to use the same space and use the same adaptation or Something similar and then it gets whittled down to just a few that are really successful This happens time and time again, and so this if anything else just proves to me more than More than other things that we've seen that humans and human like organisms are just like any other branch of the evolutionary tree Yeah, and I mean there is the point to be made as well that if you're not looking for tools because you don't think That tools could have been used that you think they were too primitive to have had that cognitive capability Then maybe you wouldn't recognize the rocks the markings the you know, the the Bones of animals that have been used and adapted to become tools. Maybe they wouldn't necessarily have been recognized at one point And I also I can't I can't help but bring up the point to that erosion the Whenever any of these groups seem to have at some point encountered the modern human It it meant their end and and I don't know maybe Maybe we weren't cutthroat and violent back then we are today, but maybe we weren't back then Maybe we're just disease ridden and that's why We couldn't be our jaws were too weak, you know, right? Isn't that the study that the reason we have a strong jaw and a strong hand? It's for punching You know, but we can't take a punch. That's the other side of it Did some of these other some of these other humans could have really taken a punch much better than we can so I don't know Yeah, yeah, but it's so fascinating. We are down to one species That we know of We've incorporated them. We are the Borg Right, but we could be we could be missing like like you pointed out in the past, you know This is a lot of morphology involved What what? What we need what we need is DNA And we might find as looking back has been being discovered over and over again. It's not direct lineages It's the braided stream of things overlapping and recombining and going back out again While we say that there was or I'm saying that there might have been seven humans on the planet There could have been plenty of other hybrids if you count Denysovian human hybrid. Well, is that another human that could have started off that like This is how the evolution going back likely was that's why there's overlapping characteristics the home in a lot he is a really strange one It's got characteristics. Some of which are similar kind of to Florence is a Florence senses and and a lot of a lot of homo erectus is obviously there too like in skulls So there's there's a lot of Crossing these DNA streams. So be fascinating and interesting We've got to keep looking we've got to get some DNA to throw into the mix to some of these populations So we can really see what's going on. Yeah But I think it's time to see what's going on in In Blair's animal corner I have the solution to our plastic problem Yeah Wax worms or as I know them Bird food. Yeah candy bars for birds. Yeah Turns out they have an interesting trick up their sleeve. They are known in Europe as a pest in beehives Because they actually are parasites in bee colonies They lay their eggs inside hives. So when their adults their wax mods and then their larvae or wax worms They the wax mods lay their eggs inside beehives and then the worms hatch inside the beehives and grow on the beeswax That's why they're called wax worms a Chance discovery by an amateur beekeeper in Europe Happened when she was removing these pests from the beehive She was plucking these little worms off of the honeycombs throwing them in a plastic shopping bag a Little bit later. She looked down and There were holes in the plastic bag She got in touch with some people from the Institute of Oh, sorry the University of Cambridge Cambridge's Department of Biochemistry because she herself was a scientist from the Institute of Biomedicine and biotechnology of Cantabria Spain she got in touch with these guys at University of Cambridge and Wanted to help kind of put forward a new study on these wax worms They put a hundred wax worms in a plastic bag from a UK supermarket. This is a lot of the plastic that we find in oceans and Just filling our dumps And holes started to appear after about 40 minutes and after 12 hours There was a reduction in plastic mass of about 92 milligrams from one bag now to put that in context of I think a couple years ago No last year we found a bacteria that biodegraded some plastics And they ate away at plastic at a rate of point one three milligrams a day and this is 92 milligrams in just 12 hours So this is a quick degrading of this plastic and The first thing that I thought who was So they're probably just chewing on it and munching it into teeny tiny pieces and turning it into microplastics And it's probably bio accumulating in their bodies. So it's not actually helping anything, right? That's kind of what I assumed But it turns out That is not what was happening the They think it's it's a combination of the beeswax The adaptations they have for eating the beeswax because beeswax is really kind of stiff and thick and almost like the plastic of nature in a lot of ways and So they think that there's an enzyme in these worms that helps them break down the beeswax that could be used to break down the plastic so The the wax is a polymer and So the the plastic itself is a polymer, right? And so they they looked they did spectroscopic analysis to see the chemical bonds in the plastic And they were actually breaking the chemical bonds in the plastic for breaking They were actually breaking down this plastic the they transformed the polyethylene plastic into ethylene glycol and So this wasn't just chewing it into teeny tiny pieces They were actually breaking apart and degrading the plastic my favorite thing about this too It's one of the ways they made sure that they weren't just biting It wasn't just a biting motion that was doing this is that they actually They they squished they squished a bunch of work wax worms And then they spread it on plastic and it still broke it down. So it's some sort of enzyme Inside the wax worms. So, okay wax worms or wax worm paste On the polyethylene bag Just found a juice for us. We're gonna get mass produced on a massive scale and wait, what's that? Oh, and then they're gonna squish us and use this paste. Okay, hang on, right? So to put this in a little bit more context The polyethylene plastic is about 40% of total plastic produced in Europe at least and 38% of Plastic is discarded in landfills and we use about a trillion plastic bags worldwide every year still So there's still a lot of plastic out there. We're still creating a lot of plastic the hope is to implement this finding into some way to Take this enzyme and use it as an actual cleaning solution for oceans rivers and the environment So they're trying to identify the molecular process isolate the enzyme and make it some sort of Cleaning solution. They're not trying to propagate these parasitic worms because remember we're trying to save the bees So that's probably not a good idea They're trying to take something from the worms to be able to get rid of the plastic I do want to say though. I think it's really important to mention This does not mean we now have cart blanche to use plastic This is a great opportunity to clean up the plastic that already exists We still need to stop making more plastic But we do need to make more worms so so how does it I or We Parasites to bees and we need bees we we already are stressing out bees on other things. We don't want to further stress out bees We gotta formulate the enzyme I'm just thinking we'll be having these wax mods wax worms to just let them go They'd probably be in giant industrial worm farms, right? But how do you stop them from every once in a while turning into a moth and getting out of an air duct? Right Worming their way out and I Giant ball of worms came rolling through the city eating all of the plastic in sight Car while they're at it. Yeah, so This this could be an opportunity to clean up some of the mess we have made thus far But we still need to reduce our plastic but I think this is very exciting because up to this point we haven't seen a whole lot of options for actually For real getting rid of plastic. We've seen ways to break it down into tinier pieces But not to completely get rid of it. So This is great news and moving on to drunk invertebrates The other story I brought is a little more light hearted talks about getting crayfish drunk Why if you're a scientist, let's go get a crayfish drunk and see what happens Had some crayfish it for another experiment in the tank Then one of the house parties got a little out of your hand So turn out to be experiment on what happens we pour a lot of alcohol around a crayfish So University of Maryland and I do believe at some point when we were in Baltimore I was talking to someone from University of Maryland that works with crayfish So this is very interesting that another study about crayfish came out of University of Maryland They were looking at Social Social context in inebriation, let me explain Don't do you get as drunk on the same amount of alcohol if you are a loner versus if you are very popular Turns out according to this new study. There may be a difference So past social experience might shape the neuro behavioral effects of acute alcohol exposure So scientists from the University of Maryland Took crayfish who had previously been housed together put them in separate tanks And they put them in tanks of dilute alcohol ranging from point zero one to one moles per liter And then they filmed the animals They initially began walking aggressively on stiff straight legs So angry drunks, I suppose then they started tail flipping as they became more intoxicated so maybe they got kind of silly and loosey-goosey and Finally, they lost control rolled over on their backs just like an incapacitated human An extremely incapacitated human yes So the effects took hold much faster at higher concentrations as we would expect they got drunker faster when they were given more alcohol and The intoxicated animals started Enthusiastically tail flipping after 20 minutes in the strongest alcohol But animals that were bathed in the most dilute alcohol took almost two hours to feel the effects So these are all the social crayfish However, when they tested the effects of most concentrated alcohol and crayfish that had been in isolation for a whole week prior to their quote drinking spree the animals were less Sensitive to the alcohol taking 28 minutes to become inebriated and begin their tail flipping behavior So somehow yeah, they're social context their previous Interactions with other crayfish Has changed something in the way they respond to alcohol to look further They looked at neurons that control the crayfish's drunken behavior So they inserted fine silver wires Into the sensory nerves or near the sensory nerves that excite the lateral giant Neuron which controls the tail flipping behavior tail flipping. Yeah, basically you can't do this to drunk college students But you can do it to crayfish. There you go So they found that the neural circuit was more sensitive In both the isolated and gregarious crayfish when they were inebriated But the effects of the alcohol became apparent more swiftly in the social crayfish is intern neuron So let me so this actually affected them at the neuronal level neuronal level, but it's the dropping of inhibition And when you're being socially interactive and you've lost your inhibitions Your social interactions are a little more tail flippy But if you've been just sort of living alone and your inhibitions are down What are you gonna like walk around the house in in In the underwear that has the If you're drinking alone and you have one glass of wine too many you're probably just gonna fall asleep But if you have if you're drinking with a bunch of friends and you have one glass too many You're gonna get real loud and maybe start dancing All right, let's put some music on around it And that's the tail flipping the human version of tail flipping Yeah, so they actually measured a difference in the effects of alcohol on individual neurons in the isolated and communal crayfish So They think that this is something that could probably Be extrapolated to mammals But obviously crayfish and mammals and even furthermore crayfish and humans Are very different Their neurons are very different But we also have a lot in common So the hypothesis moving forward So now they know social experience can change the sensitivity to acute alcohol and crayfish The hypothesis is That inebriated people could potentially have different responses to alcohol depending on their prior Social experience. Yeah, and if we go if we take social experience versus isolation to Kind of it's extreme. What you're doing is if we're talking about and we are talking about neuronal habituation In a social situation you become habituated to others in your presence Right, you know, so you're used to that and you're used to the stuff that they're doing around you You're habituated to others behaviors But if you are isolated You're only aware of your own behaviors and when you come out of isolation You might jump at shadows a little bit. So you are going to it's you are going to be More sensitive to social interactions and be paying more attention To what is happening around you from a survival perspective until you become habituated to the idea or the stimulation coming in Uh and realize that it's not going to kill you right Absolutely, and so where it's fun to joke about drunken crayfish and even drunken college humans Uh, it's important also to mention that the researchers Are actually looking at this stuff in the hope that one day they could use crayfish and this experiment to move further on And develop better treatments and preventative measures to support human suffering from alcohol abuse Which is really the the hardcore reason for studying this kind of stuff Yeah, absolutely And if we can figure something out in a crayfish We'll have sober crayfish Hooray That does it for this first half of this week in science We are going to take a quick break and we'll be back in just a couple of moments with more stories. We've got a A bunch of naked mole rats running around and Justin's got gut bacteria And I think we've got some very quiet whales We'll be back in just a few moments with more this week in science Hey everybody, I hope you're really enjoying the show and you keep on listening because there's so much more science to come Thank you so much for listening to the show. We do appreciate you watching or listening whatever however you Get your twists every week. We're glad you do get your twist. Tell your friends about it. Please tell your friends about us And also if you are in the philadelphia area mark your calendars for june 10th and 11th for the young innovators fair You can find information at young innovators fair dot com And twist is going to be there both days of the weekend Talking science and broadcasting. 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Share the link everybody. Are you on facebook? Right now share that link. Are you are you watching right now? Listening right now Just take a moment while we're taking a moment to talk Take a moment and share twists It would really be helpful because you know what we are nothing without you or nothing without our audience and Gaining a larger audience will only help us grow and become so much more fun and exciting Right fun and exciting science for everyone We thank you for your ongoing support. We really could not do this without you Thank you And we're back with more of this week in science Welcome back everybody What do you have Justin? Oh, am I supposed to be now with because it's this part of the show. I bring another story. You are what you eat Or so the old saying goes the idea being that what you put into your body is the basis for the building blocks of your health Good or bad And the statement seems to imply That you are implicit in this decision right Your choice what you eat Now a new saying by neuroscientists a new study anyways hinting that food choices May be much more about what is going on In your gut. Oh man, they're telling me what to eat Yeah that gut bacteria speak to the brain and can control food choices In the open access journal plos biology Researchers identified two species of bacteria that have an impact on a fly's food fancy Make no mistake. This is microbes giving commands to the brain and the brain then giving commands to the fly And the fly doing the thing that it was told to do via the brain from The gut bacteria micro floral mind control if you will The investigation was led by carlos rubiero and colleagues from chimp alimand center for the unknown in lisbon portugal and monash university australia experiments conducted using the fruit fly Drosophilia melanogaster a model organism allowed scientists to dissect the complex interaction of diet microbes And its effect on food preference. Okay, so The scientists initially showed that flies when they were deprived of certain amino acids Showed decreased fertility and increased preference for protein rich food Team found that the removal of any single essential amino acid was sufficient for the fly's appetite Uh to increase for this protein rich food, right? Okay, so it's the amino acids, right? That's what's doing it Well, furthermore the scientists tested the impact on food choices of five different species of bacteria that are naturally present in the guts of fruit flies in the wild Which is how many they have we have humans have hundreds and hundreds and hundreds and hundreds They have five Okay, the results of this Exceeded the scientist's expectations. They were just playing around with they got a couple of these bacterias see what happened Two specific bacterial species Could abolish the increased appetite for protein and flies that were lacking essential amino acids. Oh Oh my goodness That means that means that they weren't getting all the nutrients they needed Because it wasn't the amino acids that were triggering this this food desire It was the bacteria Recognizing somehow the loss of the amino acid and saying hey Go eat this because without them they didn't know to do it with the right biker biome that fruit flies were able to face The unfavorable nutritional situations says santos Didn't the fruit fly there are five main bacterial species. Well, I recovered this uh, so So then the question is how is it that the bacteria act on the brain to alter appetite? Their first hypothesis was that the bacteria might be providing the flies with the missing essential amino acids themselves Because bacteria could do that. Yeah, they so they tested this and They didn't find that It was not supported in the experiments Instead the gut bacteria according to santos seem to induce some metabolic change that acts directly on the brain and the body Which mimics a state of protein? cd cd Study shows it's my satiety. It's not only study shows not only Like gut bacteria act on the brain to alter what the fly wanted to eat But also that they might be doing so through a unknown mechanism Mmm Unknown mechanisms in the cool that means more study necessary Our study needs to be done But you know, it's one of those things that I don't know how many times just even on this show We've talked about it or anecdotally Uh, you know, this is why dogs eat cat poop when you take them for a walk It's because there's some anamino acid in there that they can't Right. Why why people why people eat eat dirt Right. Yeah, like all of these we have all these exams that we've talked about before but now it turns out it's it may not be I mean this may this is the signaling perhaps part of the signaling mechanism to the brain that tells it that it's missing The amino acid, uh, but now How does it do it? What are the bacteria specifically signal? Well, we've been talking a lot about this gut brain access recently and they're they're We have spoken about compounds that are part of the pathway part of the communication pathway that Get in there and stimulate nerves and the gut that then talk to the brain. So It's very possible. There's there is something like that going on don't know which What compound it might be though? That's interesting. We've talked quite a bit too about how there's Whole portions of this animal brain that we humans walk around with that is controlling our activities That that not everything is a conscious choice that we're deciding that we're hungry because of course it's the brain telling us that We're hungry through a bunch of mechanisms, but the idea that there is something that Is informing the brain and that the brain then commands us to eat something. This is this is uh It's all part of the same body mind combination thing But uh, it is really weird to think that your gut microbes have that kind of power over you That's why we still we open the refrigerator even though we know what's inside of it and we stand there and we stare at it for so long because Your bacteria have to figure out what's in there I don't know why I picture the most Leaping up I want to I want to see I can't see I can't move the catch up. Move the catch up. What's back there? Yeah, that's what we want. Yeah Jesus got a little mold on it, but leave it on there. Please. That's what we want Look exactly exactly Oh, so let's move on from The bacteria that tell us what to eat to naked mole rats Naked mole rats are really weird, right? They don't get cancer Yeah, they're basically invincible. They don't mind acid They don't mind acid They uh, don't they have like uh, yeah because they don't get cancers They also have a pretty decent longevity. Yeah, right there. They live for a really long time researchers are like What is going on with the naked mole rat, you know, and so recently Researchers are like, yeah, you know, let's just give him one more twist. Let's deprive them of oxygen Okay Now if you put a mouse into A tank where you can suck out all the air a mouse will die after like 45 seconds like dead Dead dead no more pushing up the daisies. Yes. No resuscitation That's not happening If you stick a naked mole rat Into a tank and suck out all the oxygen And they pass out because you know, there's no oxygen in there But they can be revived After even 18 minutes without oxygen Their bodies survive up to 18 minutes with no oxygen. You want to know what they do? They switch their metabolism Their metabolism switches from a glucose based to fructose based metabolism So are they active during this period or they passed out? No, they pass out They do pass out there. It's not like, oh, we're just walking around like it doesn't matter, but The cellular metabolism the rat the cellular respiration that occurs for which you need oxygen where oxygen is transferred for carbon dioxide You know, our bodies basically use a glucose metabolism to do that And you know mice do that we do that glucose metabolism if you are in Cell biology you're going to learn the Krebs cycle and you're going to learn about glucose metabolism This is like a very basic advanced high school college subject well these mole rats They win the air deprive of oxygen They use fructose instead of glucose So this is interesting. I thought it was going to be a breath holding scenario Like when elephant seals can dive for an hour and not take a breath But nope, right And I thought it was going to be like they could just really go without oxygen for a long time Still keep plucking along because you figure they're a little burrowing under grandi thing There must be cave-ins occasionally and then they're like, oh, okay. I have 18 minutes to find another air pocket, you know Yeah, yeah, so they they found high levels of a fructose transporter Glute five glute glut five All throughout the animals bodies and the researchers A co-author gary lewin of the max del brook center for molecular medicine in germany said Together this allows the naked mole rat to use fructose as fuel instead of glucose when there's no oxygen And so now Knowing that we know we are related to naked mole rats the researchers are trying to figure out whether or not this is something that could be uh If this if there's a metabolic switch that could be used to up regulate these glucose Uh, not glucose, but the glute five fructose transporters Uh that maybe could help people during stroke or heart attack when our bodies and brains are deprived of oxygen So if there was something that could be injected or some way to allow our bodies to metabolize fructose instead of glucose then um, that could go a long way towards Reducing harm from those devastating events So kiki Yes Why can the mole rat do this? What function could it possibly serve? Because they pass out like just I was saying they're not finding a new air source during that time No, they're not they're not finding a new air source, but they're not dying Yeah, it does it I don't know So is it possible that if we turn down the oxygen concentration? They'd kind of toggled a half and half Possibly I and maybe because like Justin said they're underground in uh, and they're burrowing maybe because of Their metabolism they end up or because of where they're going air Right, you know rises out and so oxygen maybe escapes and maybe they do end up in low oxygen Pockets every once in a while when they're burrowing Um, yeah, maybe it allows it allows them to live in possibly lower oxygen environments We got to witness it because of an extreme event, but yeah, I think I agree with you blare I think it's probably something that uh works on a a Uh a less deprived oxygen or low like a low oxygen environment which Allows them perhaps to hopefully to continue to function and do their burrowing and things, you know If you're sleeping down there too with a bunch of other mole rats, maybe Maybe oxygen gets up It's used up a little quicker than uh, and anticipated sometime Yeah, so, um, I mean during it's Interesting that using fructose, you mean you don't have the steps of glycolysis that require oxygen So you don't then you don't need the oxygen during those periods of time and and oxygen itself Is uh a free radical right it causes radical or not It is a radical that causes damage to ourselves Maybe this is tied in also somehow with the uh With their other health the other health standards that these mole rats enjoy Yeah Maybe it could be used to combat aging in humans I don't know More fructose for people. I don't know Yeah better help through high fructose diet That's not where this goes High fructose corn syrup you say No, no, no, no No But what is good for the human body What is Exercise Yeah, we know this. Yeah Uh, it's also it turns out though that it's good for the brain and in some ways may even Help explain our very evolution as an intelligent species All those all those humans we were talking about earlier running around ran around and Largely the same way on two feet And this is researchers at New Mexico Highlands University. They found that the foot's impact during walking Sends pressure waves through the arteries that significantly modify and can increase the supply of blood to the brain Until recently the blood supply to the brain Also known as the cerebral blood flow a k a cbf was thought to be involuntarily regulated by the body And relatively unaffected by changes in the blood pressure caused by exercise or exertion Uh, the research team and others previously found that the foot's impact during running which is between four to five g forces Caused significant impact related retrograde back flow waves through the arteries that sync with the heart rate And stride rate to dynamically regulate blood circulation to the brain Uh, we kind of run Somewhere along the rate of the beats of the heart It's kind of it's an in sync thing our 120 beats per minute Heart rate is also about how many steps we're taking by running in that minute. It's an odd sort of a Seems to sort of the stride and heart rate seemed to coalesce kind of nicely there Uh, what was sort of uh, interesting here though is the new data now strongly suggests that brain blood flow is very dynamic And depends directly on cyclic aortic pressures that interact with retrograde pressure pulses from foot impacts meaning that running Even has more of effect than walking whereas when they tested uh, bicyclists for instance, there was no impact on The uh, cerebral blood flow So it's not just exercise just pedaling moving the legs didn't do it. It was it's the actual impact of feet on the ground It's interesting as that is This is this is to me like kind of explains how one of the elements that went into the human Intelligence which we also have tracked we've talked about this before the morphology of the Base of the skull becoming larger and larger to allow more blood flow to the brain And if we're bipedally Running around this whole time right all over from from africa throughout europe Down into indonesia humans running after everything And and this is causing more and more blood to want to be flowed or directed towards the brain As we make these foot impacts over millions of years. It makes sense Okay, they want more blood coming this way Uh, make the opening a little bigger let more blood flow. This is like sort of a natural progression Yeah, I wonder I mean it seems it seems very interesting I mean running and walking in the foot uh, the way that the pressures would the physical pressures would of impact would Would work even just compared to the muscles moving from just moving the legs Like if you are lying on your back and moving your legs and not having the impact it wouldn't be the same um And there is the the case of the muscle pump right where our our veins Don't actively pump blood. They're They're flexible and they're kind of reservoirs and um, we have you know our little Valves in the veins so that as blood goes up It doesn't go back down again and then one reason people pass out when they're standing with their legs locked Is because blood pools in their feet and they're not moving their muscles And so the muscle pump isn't pumping blood back up So if you're standing, yes blare you and I at our standing desks It's good to move around so we don't just pass out. Um, I'm the worst at standing my knees locked But i'm just thinking about the impact the actual physical impact and the shock wave that would Go back up the body. I mean you feel it in your bones, but we never really think about how that impacts The blood return as well. And so that's it. That's a very interesting point to bring up Yeah, and more so than more so than just exercise itself like in the bicycling It's not just the cardiovascular system is going and therefore, you know, the blood flow is increasing to the brain It's the actual physical Hard impact of feet hitting the ground that that seems to be doing it in this and also I just want to point out That though I am not standing during the show the reason I'm not passing out is because I'm doing kegels throughout the entire The entire episode. Yeah, good for you Oh my goodness Okay, so moving on from walking and running and what's good for your brain How about what is just good for us right science is full of these proclamations while a science reporting Full of headlines and proclamations of you can drink coffee now. Don't eat steak Do this don't do that That wine is good red wine is bad right and so it's The one nutrition is one of the areas that has I mean exercise is one Kind of complicated area, but we know mostly if you get moving That's good for you, right? and with eating eating is Basically good for you, but then we're trying to figure out the rules to how do we Make our bodies the most efficient. What works the best for our bodies to keep them healthiest the longest right and so This week there were a bunch of studies that I thought kind of all came together Highlighting problems in reporting science and also In the way that science is actually being done and so I mentioned at the beginning of the show kind of like Nutritional tea leaves and I think these kind of Are things that we should really be looking at and that we try to bring to the show on occasion to Highlight, you know, okay, we love science, but you know, it's not all It's not really well understood all the time And it's not really done really well in the all the time and so this past week there were several studies and articles that were were published and To start there was a cohort study that looked for a link or links Which was the problem between sugar or diet soda drinks and stroke and dementia And you know, we've heard bad things about drinking soda And then there are people who tell us that the chemicals that are used For diet drinks as sugar replacements are, you know, also terrible, but you know, what what is really good or bad for us What's really going to affect us? And so this study started out great with a really strong cohort of around 5 000 individuals But then like over the course of the study, they just kept breaking them up into these smaller and smaller groups And so basically Reducing their sample size by breaking them up and then they didn't just Look for the they didn't statistically analyze For specific questions. It was as if they were P mining they're going data mining for a significant p-value and they found a significant p-value saying that diet soda Increases your risk of stroke and dementia and that's how it's being reported all over the place that diet soda Is bad for you diet soda increases your risk, but the reality is It's a correlation nothing cause it positive and and this is a study that is um Like I said, they're not following proper statistical analysis methods because every time you do Another statistical analysis on the same data set That's basically a late lined up around the same question. You increase your risk of a false positive The more tests you do the larger chance that you're going to get a wrong answer Especially because p-value people talk about p-value all the time. Oh 0.05 percent probability blah blah blah all this stuff, right 0.05 p-value means that there's a five percent chance That your result is a lie It's five percent is pretty big and so Uh, you want to do statistical analyses in a way to really reduce the possibility of that Statistical lie, right? And so I just want to number one this study About artificially sweetened drink consumption It's overselling some of these results and there are You know things need to be looked at a little bit more and so maybe there's No reason to get rid of your diet drinks just yet Um, and again, like there was bringing up one study It was one study one cohort study not a meta analysis not an analysis of many studies just one um Yeah How would we like add reports of diet sodas making you like gain weight before? Right and so and so but this is part and so Yeah, and part of the other maybe diet sodas make you gain weight But that's not necessarily a direct cause of dementia Maybe of stroke but not necessarily of stroke either and they didn't control for Uh, what people were drinking and why so Whether or not they were drinking diet drinks because they were already Overweight and and that's and that's actually that's the where I was going to get to this the other side is that Yeah, chances are more people who are drinking diet anything eating diet anything and I bet you can find that same value with like light sour cream Right like it's probably the same group was like i'm probably going to have a heart attack or dementia If I don't watch my diet, so i'm going to get the light and diet version of everything I was doing before I got to this condition A second study, yeah Yeah, a second study Was also interesting. This one is about saturated fat, right? We've all been told Saturated fat is bad. You should be limiting your fat from animal sources and eating more vegetable fat fats You want fats with the linoleic acids? You want the corn oil canola oil? You want the vegetable fats? You do not want saturated fats right Well, there's been a lot of evidence recently that uh, this is Really not very true And there are a couple of things this week that I thought were interesting this one study Brings back data from 60 year old dusty cardboard boxes that were found in the attic of a scientist pack rat Love it the researcher was doing a study did a study that was published that Kind of supported his hypothesis not really that He was hypothesizing that vegetable oils were better for you than saturated fats and things weren't quite that Basically there's this wonderful article in scientific american where Sharon bagley is writing writes about this about this issue and the scientist It's very possible that he wasn't getting the result that he wanted His hypothesis was potentially wrong And so he took all of the data from his study and put it in his attic And this Happens sometimes when scientists get too attached to their ideas Scientists get too attached to their ideas and they shelve things. They don't get a result That's worth publishing in their mind. And so all the data disappears. However, the study of a A scientist doctor now data archaeologist of sorts. He's gone through and and looked at all of this data and basically it Supports the idea that saturated fats just fine and actually vegetable oil Is one of the things that is bad for you People were having we're dying earlier on the vegetable oil diets than they were on the saturated fat diets So it's not necessarily that saturated fat is good for you It's just that it's not bad for you and vegetable oil might not be good for you And then there this comes as doctors are arguing that is put a an opinion piece in the an editorial in the british medical journal arguing that the evidence Of this kind of stuff supports a rethinking of our stance on dietary saturated fats and that Meta analyses and very strong data suggest that what we've been telling everyone for years Is really more a result of scientists cherry picking their data and following a hypothesis that they wanted certain answers for not Actually following the evidence And then finally there's an analysis of a few papers by a prominent nutritional psychology researcher We've reported on his stuff before you know things like You eat more it will eat less if you choose a smaller plate if you put fruit in a bowl on the counter instead of candy That'll lead you to Eating more fruit and less candy changing your diet. Anyway He There's there have been a few inconsistencies that might actually lead to a deeper review of some 40 odd papers That have been cited over 3 000 times That basically could tear apart the the field of research He works in and his entire body of work and it was all sparked by a blog post that he made On his blog trying to get grad students Just to inspire them to look for opportunities But instead in the process he revealed questionable research practices Yeah, you know how I mentioned cherry picking and data mining earlier Well, people looked at his blog post and went really that's how you do your science Because that's not right And so they went back and the researcher wouldn't release his data to them at the time because it was not the It was not anonymized and so subjects Information would be too available. So at the time he did not give it up He has since made it available to people But the researchers are using new statistical tools that allow them to Use the statistics And results of the statistical analyses in various papers just to kind of check for inconsistencies and they have found Of the papers that they that they that they found that they looked at Significant inconsistencies and they've looked and they've published on that. It's not peer reviewed study yet It's published on peer j and there is another Several papers that they're currently looking at that this guy's basically things are weird And this guy's now under scrutiny But the question comes up is to you know The question came up as to whether or not this particular researcher whether he's actually naive 20 years into his career About how to actually do proper statistical analyses How to actually Look at your data for doing statistical tests and this is a big question Are grad students being taught enough statistics? Yeah, probably not. I mean doctors like there's a whole whole thing about like the false positive, right? Where somebody says, um, you know, you have this disease and he's like, well, what's the false positives? Well, this is Only only one out of a hundred are false positives. So it's 99 true, right? Well, wait a sec. So what you're telling me is that if everybody took this test 1% would show a false positive. Yes. Well, how many people have this actual disease? Oh, it's one in a thousand. Okay So if a thousand people took this A hundred of them would would show that they had the disease Well, actually only one of them had it. So really you're telling me there's a 10% chance that I have this disease Because that's what the 1% false positive would actually mean in that scenario Statistics is mind-bogglingly confusing if you don't have a firm grasp of them Um, but I imagine this is what something like peer review Is for actually this is a great point to bring up. This is not what peer review is for I mean peer reviewers can on the surface go check and okay, your p values things line up as significant and Kind of say okay, you seem to be doing appropriate tests For this but many peer reviewers are they have limited time and it's they're not given all the data to do an actual reanalysis of the data for the paper They're just reading the paper to make sure everything makes sense So I've been wondering for a long time about blinding data analysis So instead of blinding to who has the variable and all this kind of stuff that then later you can look for what you were hoping to find If you kind of just sent your data off to an unknown person And they ran the statistics on your data They would be unbiased And they would be able to send you back kind of This unbiased Statistical analysis right I've wondered about that for a long time if this is something that we should be outsourcing to check on ourselves as scientists Yeah, I mean there's a point now. I mean it's I Looking at the where publishing is going and how publishing is changing. There are lots of questions coming up People want to know that the science is good and they want to know that it's not going to be retracted The researchers don't want their stuff to be retracted right and so Yes, maybe if we had external statistical advisors But that's going to take more money Right, you know, where's the money going to come from maybe instead of paying the journals For all the overhead of the publishing costs that we used to pay them, you know, right now It's what 35 dollars for a non-subscriber to a journal to download a paper right maybe that 35 dollars instead of paying for just access to that paper which No, like only people at the journal were paid for and it should was a grant for the research originally Maybe that should pay for The statistics like maybe there's something there needs to be something else built into the process Because uh, yeah, this is turning into a big a big issue It's probably always been an issue as we've gone into the the institutionalization of science and the drive to publish publish or perish and pushing graduate students through there are many very skilled statisticians among the grads among the grad students and the PhD holders of the world But uh, you know, it is something that should be it needs to be standardized. There needs to be something Although to be to be fair to this particular individual The the two fields that we know of that have the most trouble with this our nutrition and psychology And what he was kind of delving into was a combination of the two like this is like Yeah, this is this is not the two groups of of of dynamic science that you are going to get your best statistical models for from Uh in your education at this point because you're dealing with So many unknowns going in that for the most part all you have is correlatives Of what those two sciences are largely having to base things on For most of the studying that they do for most the results that they come up with I mean Mechanisms are just now and the nutritional side becoming available to us are starting to emerge We've had a century of nutritional science That didn't understand the mechanisms Uh for a lot of this. So yeah, it's That we can give we can in retrospect We can just think of this as the early stages of nutritional science Like this is the foundation. This is the beginning and we can kind of Psychology and so many Anything out of the beginning stages we're gonna get beyond that Well, we have those drunk crayfish though. I think we do have a drunk crayfish Yeah, going back to the uh the the article The researcher is publishing in the british medical journal earlier this week about About how we need to rethink in what they say quote urgently requires a paradigm shift on treatment of coronary artery disease and our conceptual model of dietary saturated fat Clogging a pipe is just plain wrong and one thing that really stuck with me as I was reading through Um as I was reading through the article And if you go if you go to the actual article in the british medical journal that's linked to the article that I'll put in the um Put in the show notes at twist.org They say the the inflammatory processes that contribute to cholesterol deposition within the artery wall and subsequent plaque formation atherosclerosis More closely resembles a pimple And so they're actually equating These plaques inside of your arteries with pimples and they say when plaques rump rupture analogous to a pimple bursting Coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction can occur within minutes So how do you reduce your pimples in your arteries? How do you reduce your artery pimples? I'm never gonna think of them Yucky as plaques again. I'm gonna go to my doctor and talk to her about my artery pimples Artery acne my artery acne that's right. Acnery Art acnery All right. All right. So I have one more story and I'm done for the night. Um big Is this not the after show No, this is the end of the show man Ah, we're not even there yet. We're almost there. We're almost there. Let us get there Exciting news for the first time in the united states scientists and physicians The university of california san diego school of medicine along with researchers from the u.s. Navy medical research center biological defense research directorate texas a and m university And a san diego based biotech among other organizations Have successfully treated someone Of a multi drug resistant bacterial infection This guy was going to die There was nothing that could treat his bacterial infection except They used bacteriophages Viruses that target and consume specific strains of bacteria And they didn't do just a very simple. Oh, we'll just give them this phage and that'll fit it This is like the ultimate in personalized weapon because they had to determine exactly which bacteria were causing the problem in the first place find the phages among the library of Bacterial phages that we know of And then find out if anybody had them and we're producing them hence here comes the navy and they they added A bacteriophage to this multi drug resistant strain of esonet esonetobacter Baumanii, which is a very deadly very often deadly pathogen and eventually he started this guy was in a this guy was in a coma For like two months. They gave him the bacterial phage And within days he came out of his coma and started recovering however Then the bacteria Evolved and adapted to the bacteria phage and he started getting worse And so then they had to find new phages and so basically they dealt with a phage cocktail and completely cured him No more infection He's totally I mean he was ruined by physically ruined by the infection and it's a long recovery from that but This is the first report of a successful treatment Not using antibiotics But actually the viruses were using nature to combat Bacteria the viruses that destroy bacteria It worked Wow, so this guy got his life back from this Yes, he was he was down and out. He was done. He was going to die That's crazy That's now if only we could get phage phages Knockout hiv right exactly um, and one of the Interesting that the end of this article that I was reading which is so interesting. Um, we found that there are Thousands of varieties Of phage that we know of and they're they've each evolved to infect only one type or a few types of bacteria And they can't they can't replicate themselves But they have to use the bacteria the reproductive back mechanisms of the bacteria to reproduce Phages cause a trillion trillion successful infections per second And destroy up to 40 percent of all bacterial cells in the ocean every day That's bonkers. Um, so so this is my question then the The phage is so good at what it does That it kills the bacteria that it needs to survive essentially And so in your body if I were to get if I were to if I had one of these really terrible infections And I was injected with this bacteria phage. It would kill the infection And then just exit with it Because there would be less even Yeah, there would be nothing left for them to infect right? So they're just too good at what they do So I guess in the ocean the ocean is so vast They don't run out of they don't run out ammo as we're But in our bodies we're we're enclosed and we're enough of a closed system that they just run They run themselves out huh This is this is and I've talked about this before too, right? We've talked about this has come up on the show a few times We've talked about the possibility of it and we've talked. Yeah Yeah, we've talked about the possibility of it and we've talked and but this is the first time in the united states that it has been used I'm just glad they've been listening to the show Exactly. I'm glad people listen to the show they find out about the things they can do What did I do? We should try that We should use viruses in this way Yeah, yeah Tell me about whispering whales I want to tell you guys about whales No, we didn't Oh, no, we never talked about it Where have you been? Justin's been on another timeline you guys So whispering whales, I might a whale whisper whales as some of the largest Organisms on the planet Are pretty loud Oh Oh, that's great. It's either uh, it might be a hand dog also So hop back whales they are very very very very loud and the recent study from aris university From ecologists from denmark and australia Use temporary tags suction tags On humpback mothers and their calves in the gulf off of western australia To find more about their communication with each other the mothers and the calves and they found that these calves Whisper to their mothers They whisper so they had the tags on them for 48 hours And then they would detach and float to the surface And they found that mothers and calves spent a Significant amount of time together nursing resting and they found that new board humpbacks communicate with their mothers using grunts and squeaks Very different from the normal calls as demonstrated earlier They occurred while they were swimming suggesting that it helped them Helped keep them together in the murky waters of the gulf And they also found a lot of rubbing sounds They described as two balloons being rubbed together Which they think is the calf nudging its mother when they want it to nurse oh And then they also They speculate that the quiet communication the whale whispers Were reducing the risk of being overheard by killer whales nearby by orcas, which hunt humpback calves in the gulf And they also avoid attracting male humpbacks who still want to mate with nursing females so It's a double win from the whispers don't let your father hear you Also, there's dangerous orcas around So We see this in a lot outside of humans. I don't know how we survived Uh in the wild Because babies are anything but quiet. Yeah, that's squealing loud But but uh, baby, I guess deer in general aren't very loud creatures, but no mother deer will eat the The feces of their young to cover up their scent to hide them hide their their presence And so yeah, good good on the whales for you know whispering and trying to lay low Yep, I wonder how much uh noise pollution in the oceans is tremendously, I would think great question Well, because then they have to get loud and talk over and then the orcas like oh gotcha Thank you. Yeah, or or maybe if they're whispering they don't hear each other And the mother doesn't know what the baby needs or maybe the mother and the child gets separated Because they they can't they're not talking to each other loudly enough Yeah, absolutely. So that actually thank you for reminding me was the kind of the second part of the study Was considering uh the sound of ships nearby So I think that's the next step that they plan is to kind of explore that a little bit more How the sound pollution of shipping lanes and nearby ships could affect this mother calf communication babies Whispering whales whispering to the whispering whispering to the whispering Yeah, uh, I've got an email Got an email last week Justin you were talking about marijuana and there was commentary on the difference between marijuana and hemp and sarah Folds wrote in to say there is a major difference between hemp plants used for fiber And marijuana used for thc marijuana plants make very poor fiber plants and hemp does not have thc and usable Quantities growing strategies are also very different in marijuana You want to keep all the leafy female plants in hemp the tallest make plants the tallest plants give the best fiber Because the vast fiber is what holds the plant up and you want long straight fibers And I think that was meant to be tallest male plants Tallest male plants. Yes. Thank you very much And uh, she says she does spinning demonstrations at a folk art festival in seattle washington And she gets tons of questions all the time and she gave us a great link if you want information about uh marijuana versus hemp And we've got a link that I can share in the chat room or in I've got a link I can share And man did we do it you guys are you done? I think we have completed yet another episode We have we have and so it's time For me to thank Our patreon sponsors Thank you to chris clark paul disney chiberton latimore john rottness wami richard onamus bryan lee eo kevin parochan indigrow keith corsell jake jones bryan bryan hedrick john and gridley Excuse me john gridley steven bickle kevin rails back gerald sorrell's ulysses adkins derrick nickle dayfridale james randall Eric schwell bob calder marquess areas at dire trainer 84 leila marshal clark charlene henry larry garcia randy mazuka tony steele Gerald yum yago steve debel greg goofman brian stab patrick kohn xv darryl lambart haroon sarang alex wilson jason schneiderman dave neighbor jason dozier matthew litwin eric nap jason roberts richard porter rodney david wiley robert astin Todd north cut arlene moss a rurally bill cursey benrothig darwin hannon rudie garcia felix alvarez cosmic justy brian hone orly radio brian kondren mark nathan greco hexatour mitch neves flying out john crocker christopher drier rtm shawada davilkinson steve mishinsky rick ramus gary swinsburg filminado braxton howards howlgood sam matt senator emigranier philip shane james nolson curt larson stefan insom a honey moss mountain sloth jim drapo john maloney jason old james paul west alec dodia lumalama joe wheeler jiggle campbell craig porter adam mishkin erin luthan marjorit david simmerly tyler harrison and colombo Ahmed Thank you for all your support on patreon If you are interested in supporting us you can find information at patreon.com slash this week in science Thank you to all of our new sponsors patrons, especially And our long-term patrons. Goodness me. You guys are wonderful. Remember that you can also help us out Simply by telling your friends about twist And on next week's show It's gonna be may Yes May the fourth Be with you next wednesday Is that it? No, no We're one day off third is third. I was hoping I was trying for it. Yeah May the third be with you But may the fourth is coming. We'll be back here next week. We'll be back in may Broadcasting live online at 8 p.m. Pacific time on twist dot org slash Live you can watch and join our chat room. Hey chat room. Hope you're having fun in there Don't worry if you can't make it though You can watch our show at other times past episodes are available at twist dot org Slash youtube or you can listen at just twist dot org Yeah, thank you for enjoying the show twist is available as a podcast Just google this weekend's science in your itunes directory or if you have a mobile type device You can look up twist the number four droid App in the android marketplace or simply this weekend science in anything apple market placey For more information on anything you've heard here today, show notes will be available on our website That's at www.twist.org Where you can also make comments and start conversations with the hosts and other listeners Or you can contact us directly email kirsten at kirsten at this weekend science.com Justin at twist minion at gmail.com or blare at blare baths at twist.org Just be sure to put twist twis twis somewhere in the subject line Or your email will be spam filled into oblivion You can also hit us up on the twitter where we are at twist science at back there kiki at jackson fly and at Blair's menagerie We love your feedback if there's a topic you would like us to cover address a suggestion an interview A haiku that came to you the night. Please let us know We will be back here next week and we hope you'll join us again for more great science news And if you've learned anything from the show Please remember It's all in your head This weekend science This weekend science This weekend science. It's the end of the world. So i'm setting up shop got my banner unfurled It says the scientist is in i'm gonna sell my advice Show them how to stop the robots with a simple device I'll reverse global warming with a wave of my hand And all it'll cost you is a couple of greek sciences coming your way So everybody listen to what i say. I use the scientific method I'll broadcast my opinion all of this weekend science This weekend science This weekend science science science science This weekend science This weekend science science science science I've got one disclaimer and it shouldn't be news That what i say may not represent your views, but i've done the calculations and i've got a plan If you listen to the science you may just that understand But we're not trying to threaten your philosophy We're just trying to save the world from jeopardy And this weekend science is coming away So everybody listen to everything we say and if you use our methods to roll it and die We may rid the world of toxoplasma got the eye Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay, Ay Cause it's this weekend science This weekend science This weekend science science science This weekend science This weekend science science science I've got a long list of items I want to address From stopping global hunger, to dredging Lochness I'm trying to promote more rational thought and I'll try to answer any question you've got. But how can I ever see the changes I seek when I can only set up shop one hour a week? This week in science is coming your way. You better just listen to what we say and if you learn anything from the words that we've said then please just remember it's all in your head. This week in science. Now we're at the after show. Now we're at the after show. You know what I'm trying to figure out? I just went... The Android Marketplace is basically Google Play, right? Uh-huh. Is Twist4Droid even in there anymore? Good question. It used to be. Is it even in there? We're like, go there, everybody. I don't even know if it's there. I don't think it is. Oh, Dale Pocco. Sun finishes last final exam of first semester of college. Oh, there's some good grades. 3A pluses in A minus? That's amazing. That is amazing. I did not do as well the first... We were on semesters, we were on quarters. But I did not do as well. Search Google Play. How do you find podcasts in Google Play? I don't even know how to find that. Google, why are you not helping me? No. Oh, and an A. You're just putting a hash there. It's just an A, not a minus. Sorry. Yeah, just you just putting a separator in there. I got it. Is it in music? Is it in books? Newsstand? Where do you find podcasts? Categories. Well, you find things in Google. I'm gonna just search for podcasts. Do you guys know things about Android marketplaces? Definitely not. Oh, yeah. I just, I don't do much in that. I should pay more attention. Podcasts for Android. Head from Connecticut. Only three more years and you have enough money to eat again. Yeah, exactly. Oh, it's just an app. I see your answer. Hot Rod. Okay. Android Central? I found it once. Oh, Fado wants to know if we're loving Bill Nye's Netflix shows. I haven't watched it yet, actually. I haven't watched it yet either. Yeah. I don't know. I've read some interesting stuff about it and I probably shouldn't have read anything before I actually saw it. I have, I know a bunch of people who are involved in the show and I'm sure it's fabulous. But I've also read some, you know, doing science. That's great. Getting conversations about stuff out there. I love that. But I've also heard that he's been like really pushing the, the skeptic perspective, which is not sometimes not using the best communication practices to get ideas across. So they're pan, they're pandering to who they think is their audience and not communicating outside the bubble. That's pretty much exactly what I heard. I was at a climate change communication workshop today. And yeah, it was a similar conversation I was hearing was the science experiments were amazing and a lot of the educators in the room couldn't wait to adapt them to their own programs and all this kind of stuff. But they were kind of worried that he was, he might have been kind of shouty at people who might not be convinced. You're not convinced. I'm going to shout at you. Yeah. Those aren't the people you want to shout at and we've had that conversation over and over again. It's like there might be some people who were interested in watching his show because they like science and they remember Bill Nye from, you know, Bill Nye the science guy from years ago, but then they watch the show and get shouted at and they go, I'm not interested in watching this anymore. Yeah. Yeah. So it's about kind of finding the balance between engaging the people who are excited to talk about it and making sure that we're not alienating people who are open to a discourse. Yeah. Yeah. Absolutely. I heard someone say today, we had a linguist there and she was saying, we want conversation, not crisis. Yeah. I was like, I think so. Spoken like a true linguist. I liked those words. Yeah. Let's see. So we have, yeah. Ed from Connecticut. I am so looking forward to the Albert Einstein show, the new, it's Nat Geo who's putting out a show called Genius. And the first one's on Albert Einstein and it just sounds so good. I think that's going to be amazing. Identity Force as his honest review of the Bill Nye show didn't learn any new science from it. It's because you watch twists. You're a smart guy, Identity Force. So the messages can be pretty heavy handed, but it was an interesting variety show format. Yeah. My wish is that the panels were longer and more in depth. I think that's the problem is you want the longer, more in depth conversations, but they're limited time. They're giving themselves limited time because it's TV. And then you don't get the messages out. You don't get the conversation and you don't get the depth. Fada loves it. The cartoon using flavors of ice cream to discuss human sexuality on a spectrum is hilarious. Okay. Well, that sounds awesome. I'd love to see that. That sounds really funny. When the show gave Identity Force an ear worm. Oh, Brandon, there you are. Android, the podcasts are in Google Play Music app. Thank you. Twist is listed there every once in a while. I find it good to go check and see. You mean you're not subscribed to Twist via your Android device? No. I listen to it all the time. I listen to it like three times every week. So, yeah, I'm not, I'm not subscribed to my own podcast. That's funny. Well, but then again, like, do you ever listen to the show? When I edit it. Oh. You don't need a subscription. I never listen to the show. I have a subscription. You listen to the show in PDV? Yes, I thought. Oh, yeah. No, that's right. Every, every Monday morning I do hear snippets. I wake up to the show. In fact, it's on arm clock. That's right. So I hear the intro, but then I've got to like get up and leave the house immediately. Did you hear my plugs that I did? No, I didn't. Actually, our show didn't run. No, he said he ran it. Then if they ran it, they ran it really late. Or in a different time slot. Because I believe it was one of the other public affairs show hosts that was talking about their show during it. Now they might have some, but again, I only hear the very beginnings usually. And then I'm off and running about and. Yeah, maybe they played different people at different times so that. Which is, no, that would be weird. That's not how they normally do it, right? So it was kind of weird, but I didn't listen to the whole hour. I only got the very beginning of it this week. Although it is sometimes fun. I'll, I'll. With my daughter in the car. On Monday mornings, sometimes she'll be like, that's you, you're in the radio. I'm like, yeah, get me out of there. Get me out. And then we struggle with the buttons trying to find a way to get Papa out of there. Yeah, someday I need to drive up to Davis on a Monday just to hear it. Make it real. Yeah. Actually, I do need to go by there though at some point and see if, see the book collection that's developed. Oh yeah. I think they still send all the books there. I don't know how to redirect this. I'm getting the mail to me. Oh, are you? Are they really getting mail to you? Oh, perfect. Well, they're, they're, they're piling up. And then I get Lawrence who runs public affairs to mail. And I pay him for the mailing. Oh, that's very cool. And so yeah, it's good. And we've got some really interesting books right now that I am excited I should bring their downstairs and very heavy. Do you want me to go get them? No, no, no. I'll go get them. Oh yeah. I'll get them because I want to bring them up here anyway. I'll be right back. This is the way you said that they're very heavy. It made me think. She said that they're very heavy. They're sort of like an out like, I can go get the books. They're very heavy. I'd have to lug them all the way from the downstairs. But if that's what you want. For you, I would do it. Really? No, not really. No, it's fine. You don't need to do anything. Um, so that was, uh, that was a fun show. Let me see what the chat room is chattering about. That was a fun show. I think that the, uh, I think that finally kind of putting to bed the homoflorensis thing. Floresiensis. I always say it wrong. Obviously Florensis. But there's no n in this. Florensis. It's not. No, it's Floresiensis. I always say Florensiensis. I got them. Whatever. Oh my goodness. Yeah. You're running a library. Well, since we stopped doing. Twist at the student at the station KTVS. Um, I don't have as good a current science book collection. These things used to just every week we'd go down there and there was a stack of books to go home with. Yeah, there, which is great. I still have a bunch that I'm excited to read that I haven't gotten to. Yeah, it doesn't hurt that I, you know, don't read anymore anyway. This one's fine. Maybe there's some. So I have a couple of books that I've read. We've got a. You've got a new agey science. Woo. Woo. Oh, look, you're trying to write about nature and physics and you're a former vascular surgeon. And your daughter graduate. Yeah. Yeah. And you're a former vascular surgeon and your daughter graduated with honors. That's nice. Good. Well, hey. And then there's another one there. A lot of the books we got were kind of. Yeah. Not this one written by a cosmologist planetary healer. Oh, Futurist. Oh, they don't listen to the show. Clearly. Yeah. I don't know about this one. This one might be good. This is, we'll find out if Cambridge university press. Modern Prometheus editing the human genome with CRISPR-Cas9. Oh, I like that. Let me have some good stories there. Let's see. Deviate by Bo Lotto. This is about perception and the foundation of human experience. That would be interesting. Yeah. Mark could be horrible. Yeah. Yeah. I have another copy of citizen science. We're going to have to do a giveaway or something. Yeah. The family gene. A mission to turn my deadly inheritance into a hopeful future. What? Yeah. So it's a woman and her. Her story. Of under. Of. Working out the genetics of her disease. Yeah. So that's an interesting too. That's a gosh, that's going to be a fascinating read. It'd be a very fascinating to me, but to talk to her about the story, right? Yeah. To talk to her would be fascinating because this is like one of these, this is one of the drawback side effects, things that comes with this modern age of understanding the genetic and her ability of diseases. When you bring somebody into the world, knowing that there's a really great chance that they're going to be inheriting diseases that you've suffered with or your parents have suffered with or. Oh. Burp. Yes. Yeah. There you are. You blurped for a second. Did I was a blurping? I'm so sorry. Blurped. Excuse me. The glass universe, how the ladies of Harvard Harvard Observatory took the measure of the stars. Oh. Yeah. So this is probably in the vein of the story hidden figures, but. Right. Female human computers. Cool. Let's see. We'll get some here that you're going to be this one. I don't know the finest traditions of my calling one physician search for the renewal of medicine. I don't know about. This one is called originals. How non conformist smooth the world. Oh, I like that. Yeah. Having new ideas. Kind of being on the edge of things. Original thinkers. Yeah. Grant shows that original thinkers are surprisingly similar to the rest of us. They procrastinate. They grab it with doubt and fear. They have bad ideas. What sets them apart as they choose to act anyway? Yeah. Somewhat. Somewhat. Zoo. The zoo. The wild and wonderful tale of the founding of the London zoo. Oh, there's some interesting stuff about that. Might be really good. This Paul Offit, who has, he is, he works on, he's often criticized for his work in promoting vaccination. But he has written a book called Pandora's lab. Seven stories of science gone wrong. Oh. That could be very fun. Yeah. That's very fun. This one. Bill should. Bill should is at it again. Yes. Cannibalism. Oh, I absolutely want to read that. Yeah. And then I have, I don't have the book, but I already have for May 24th. I have scheduled an interview with, let me see if I can find where he went. What was his name earlier? I made a, I made a thing. I made a thing. There it is. The evolution of beauty. The author Richard Prum has a book called the evolution of beauty, how Darwin's forgotten theory of mate choice shapes the animal world and us. I think we've all had enough conversations about this stuff, about, you know, the choosy female and all that kind of, all that kind of stuff. It might be really interesting. Yeah. This new book offers a major reimagining of how evolutionary forces work, revealing how mating preferences, what Darwin termed the taste for the beautiful, create an extraordinary range of ornamentation in the animal world. And it'll be fun. Yeah. Absolutely. Sexual selection and mate selection. And so that one, that's one that we have. Oh yeah. I never talked about that on the show. So I don't know if that would be relevant. It never comes up ever. Yeah. Oh my gosh. I have a feeling when they comes and it will. When Blair is no longer single. Or as single. Or where she's married with each other. Right. I don't know what your situation is. But all of a sudden those stories go away completely. It never comes up again. No, no, no, no. It's just that because it's on the forefront of her thought. This is why. No, no, no, no. Are you kidding? That stuff's going to be intertwined into my vows. Okay. Not to mention every step of the courtship. I'll be reading stuff. Just sort of, I'm just sort of picturing. What's your, what's your light reading? I'm still reading this little bit by bit. I've been savoring it. Dr. Tatiana's sex advice to all creations. Yeah. I haven't opened it in a, in a while actually, because I was trying to not read it too fast. So let's see the last time I read. Dear Dr. Tatiana, I'm an Australian redback spider, and I'm a failure. I said to my darling, take, eat. This is my body. And I vaulted into her jaws, but she spat me out and told me to get lost. Why did she spur in the ultimate sacrifice? Sincerely wretched in the wilderness. That's, wow, that's fascinating. So this is what I've been reading. Knock, knock, jokes for kids. Knock, knock. Who's there? Ice cream soda. Ice cream, ice cream soda, who? Ice cream soda, people can hear me. Oh, that's great. I love it. Oh, my goodness. That sounds awesome. Give me another one. Knock, knock. Who's there? Weed. Weed who? We'd better go home. It's time for dinner. Ooh. I like the ice cream soda one. Okay. Okay. I got one. I got, I got, I got, this is a good one. But you have to start. Knock, knock. Who's there? Knock, knock. Okay. It's just a Steve, you knew any knock, knock jokes. Yeah. Yeah. Oh my, the, the oldie in the goodie. Oh my gosh. Knock, knock. Some of these are really horrible. Who's there? Who's there? Orange. Orange who? Orange who? Orange and glad I answered the door. Aw. Knock, knock. Who's there? Interrupting cow. Interrupting cow. I can't do my, my usual knock, knock joke. Cause we're not in the same room. Knock, knock. Who's there? Orange. Orange who? Orange who? Orange you happy today? Knock, knock. Who's there? Orange. Orange who? Orange who? Orange is a nice color. That's true. Knock, knock. Who's there? Who's there? Apple. Apple who? Apple who? Orange you glad I didn't say Apple? No, that's not. You just said Apple. That's, you said Apple. Okay. Knock, knock. I'm telling knock, knock jokes like my son. Who's there? Who's there? Orange. Orange who? Orange who? Orange is a nice color. That's true. Knock, knock. Who's there? Apple. Apple who? Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. Apple. No! Um, you guys, what's a twip? Huh? What's a twip? Uh... I have no idea. It sounds like a quip, but it's got a... Wait, what? A twip is what a rabbit takes when he rides on a twang. That was my favorite joke growing up. Okay. I have, uh, speaking of twips, I've got a big twip tomorrow morning with a lot of, uh, little rabbits. Really? Whatcha doing? I'm doing... Apparently the school decided that, uh, instead of taking multiple field trips throughout the year, it would, uh, make more sense to take three field trips in one day-long outing. Oh! So all the children will be garbage by the end of the day. That's a good idea. Yeah. And as will be, um, their, uh, entourage, uh... Yeah. So I've got a full day of trying not to lose... How many? Three. Oh, that's not bad. Yeah. Well, it's a whole day. Wh-where are you going? I don't really know. We're going to the state capital and the train museum, and then some sort of IMAX... And then some sort of what? IMAX thing. IMAX movie thing. I'm not completely clear on all of the details, to be honest. Okay. I'm just going to show up and where I'm supposed to be. Get on the bus? No bus. Uh, I'm driving. Well, then you have to know where you're going, sir. Well, I'll get it. There's like, they'll give you a map and have a GPS thing in the car and it'll get them where they're supposed to be. The thing is, I have to end the day with the same number. And actually not just the number. I found out last night. The same individuals. That's the number of kids. Yeah. The same individuals that I start the day with at the end of the day. Is one of them yours? Possibly. I don't know. Possibly. I have, I have so many children now that I'm not sure which ones actually are and are not mine at this point. I'm pretty sure I went on a field trip when I was a kid before where my parents, one of my parents was a chaperone, but I was not in their group. Oh, no. No, no, no. Yeah. They don't split you up like this. I didn't think it was funny. I was like, oh, odd choice. Yeah. Yeah. And I kind of could get it in some situations. I have, with the exception of the youngest perhaps, behaved very, what do you call it, cautious, conscientious. I thought you were going to say, what do you call it? Children. Children. The youngest one is the one that's probably, I would like to let her be in a different group just because like, oh, she's going to cause trouble. I know. No. So which one is tomorrow? I don't know. Tomorrow is Satya. This is fourth grade field trip. Middle list, right? Middle list. Middle list. Yeah. Yeah. Okay. So we're going to, yeah. So then then a couple other people's children who had to work in the morning. And so I'm going to get them there where they're supposed to be on time and make sure that they don't run off and join the circus during the day. I guess. Try to make sure they pay attention also. Children, don't join the circus. I did as a child. Don't be like your father. Yeah. Yeah. Don't be telling knock, knock jokes while the teacher's talking. All right. Don't be that, Shep around. Gosh. Knock, knock. Who's there? Water. Water who? Water, your favorite knock, knock jokes. That one's not even good. Okay. I got to go. I'm gone now. Good night, everybody. Great show tonight. Yeah. Amazing. I think the minions in the chat room also have stuck with us all the way through. That's really great. All the way through. Yeah. So say good night, Blair. Good night, Blair. Say good night, Justin. Good night, Justin. Good night. Good night. Good night. Good night. Good night. Good night, everyone. Thank you so much for joining us. Good night, Blair. Good night, Justin. Another great episode in the can. We hope you have a wonderful night's sleep for stay up and do things. Whatever you're going to do. Whatever strikes your fancy? Yeah. Whatever you're gonna do whatever strikes your fancy I'm gonna have I have a secret science mission this next week Secret science mission But I'll tell you about it next week Yeah, what I can tell you I'll tell you this will already know I Have no choice Yep, pretty much it's a secret until then Good night future Commander Kiki