 As you'll remember this fifth day of from risk to resilience in our core structure, we're using these last two days to try and look in more detail at climate resilience and 30 options for climate resilience. And we obviously haven't touched all the options because one of the options is nutritional diversity that was just raised in our group. But we're looking at 30 options and today we're going to start by finishing the set of options with physical and technological options. And then we're going to take a step back and think about how might we finance some of this Kwame was just explaining to us some really interesting work that they're doing with training of trainers in agroecology, using natural plants as pests, barriers to pests doing bio composting, but the difficulty of raising funds to actually run these sort of events and trainings. So we'll have a quick think about access to finance. And finally, how do we document and spread understanding of our work on climate resilience in ways that might open up connections to climate finance. And so that's the structure of the day. And then your homework is over the whole year. You'll be asked to set up a business incubation unit that helps local business manage risk, including climate risks. That'll be your homework for the day. Because we don't have another session to report back tomorrow. So this last module is going to cover physical and technological options for climate resilience. And another interesting observation this morning I think from Nixon was that many of these options are related to one another. If you want to work on your social organization and do business incubation, you might then need finance to support your business ideas. And you might need to strengthen your natural resources your ecology to say produce honey and that might need a policy change from the government which means you need to have stronger representation. So I think that's a very valuable observation that resilience is is interconnected it's integrated. And we mentioned that in the opening module on climate resilience it's it's about building capability in all of these 30 areas over time. So what are the physical and technological options and some of these are very simple, and some of them are a little bit more advanced. You'll see that we've covered the first 22 options up yesterday and we're just dealing with this brown orange box at the bottom left on physical and technological options. And I'll throw out a few ideas for each of these areas. Just as an example, we have colleagues here from from Zambia and one of the success stories in recent years has been the Choma district tree nursery association, which started with a small number of women and some men to in the forest department field station, selling tree seedlings, and it's now blossomed into a, a huge business with many members and and selling very large numbers of seedlings to different regional projects. But it almost came unstuck early on because of drought, and the fact that the seedlings were dying for lack of water. So one of the necessary things to cope with that climate threat was to find the funding for a for drilling a borehole. And so the, the producer association worked with NGO partners and the forestry department to find the finance to, to drill a borehole, and that's allowed this great expansion in the nursery association and its resilience of all its members the people who work in it. So physical and technological options for climate resilience are part of the part of the picture. And there are a number of options and things that that are sort of in the physical or technological area. We mentioned, when we talked about social options and representing a farmer producer organization with government, but often there are tenure and land issues. You have to work with local authorities and chiefs, you have to work with government authorities to try and secure the land and resources. And one of the physical or technological options you can use is, is developing maps and land use plans that can help you to, to get agreement with the authorities and secure your resources. So, technological or physical thing is, is using either inventory physical inventory or geospatial remote sensing to monitor your forest stock or your, your area, and the condition of that, either to plan for the, for the, the market, knowing how much timber or perhaps proving to a government department or a donor that you're managing a forest area sustainably. And so, again, these sorts of tools can help you with your resilience in terms of tenure and your relationships with government, but also your, your ability to do business with the market. Physical boundaries are another thing that we can do physically fences, fire breaks, windbreaks to protect your forest and farm. Terracing, we, we mentioned soil erosion control yesterday and this is closely linked to that, but terracing can, can avoid soil loss of soil fertility over time and that's particularly important as climates become drier and more variable. We can think of electrification and technology trying to replace some of what is done in a business by hand with a machine that saves time and money, and perhaps sharing the cost between the members to purchase those. And we can think of storage and transport. One of the options that Kwame just showed was a store for grain that the FFPO and project put in, and that allowed farmers to store their crops until the harvest season was over, and the price rose again. So, in any commodity you have a price cycle. And, and when the harvest season when everybody is trying to sell a product, the price is usually low. And then when, when there's nobody trying to sell it then the price is high so a store can greatly increase your profits and your resilience over time. And then management. That's obviously a key area rainwater catchment boreholes irrigation reusing water. All of these things are important for climate resilience. And finally information services using mobile phone technology to share data on on whether whether trends market market information buyers and so on. There are physical and technological options for climate resilience that I'll just go through in a bit more detail now. Maps and plans. We, we can create maps and land use plans that secure our tenure and avoid conflict. It's often possible to use simple geographical information systems to create maps. And, and they can be really useful, both for men and women in designating areas that can be used by women I know in, in Zambia there's been work with some of the chiefs to designate certain areas for use by women's producer groups. And that's, that's really helpful. When I when we looked at the case studies we've done there wasn't a specific example of a map or a land use plan but Calari in Ecuador have developed a geographical labeling system for their traditional chakra agroforestry. And that says if you buy this product you are contributing to an indigenous agroforestry system that will protect the environment and the people. So they're using their geographical area to give them an advantage in the market they're saying this product is special because it comes from this place on this, this area. So maps and and plans can be used in different ways to help build your resilience. Then there's the issue of, you know, doing a physical inventory to assess your stock and several of the African countries I think Kenya. Tanzania and Zambia have all taken part in training of farmers on how to measure your stock when you're growing trees so that you can get a better deal with buyers and you can plan sales as a group. There are also ways of using satellite mapping to look at from the from the air and and see which areas of forest and which areas are not. And when you're trying to get climate finance. Sometimes you have to prove to people that you're looking after a forest and using those satellite images can be helpful if you want to do that. So this is Titi Gao in Tanzania training its members in timber inventory to improve their stock information for its buyers that increases orders and income and therefore that builds the resilience of the group and their ability to survive in the long term. The boundaries are often very important. Whether it's livestock and wild animals that you're trying to protect your crops and trees from. We have a real problem with deer here in Scotland. Where they come in and they'll completely eat out a new plantation of trees unless you have a deer proof fence. In other countries it's fire that's a major threat in some places it's wind can do a lot of damage. So we can use physical and natural barriers to protect ourselves from those events which are often increasing in the face of climate change. The cooperative Fed Prasau in Bolivia. They worked with their members to create border allies for fire prevention, and then have a succession of annual and perennial crops, culminating in mature cocoa groves under timber, when there had been a fire event. They established the agroforestry using a successional technique. So physical boundaries are an issue we can think about. Another physical thing we can do is to, to develop terracing. That can often reduce erosion and increase soil permeability and infiltration on the terraces. You'll see it particularly in in areas like this where there's I think this is actually rice paddy. When I look at the figure. But, but, but terracing can can often be used or contour hedging and so on. The Manarevo in Madagascar have been working with peanuts producer groups to establish terraces on steep slopes to maintain soil fertility and help production, even with the less favorable climate conditions. Then there's the whole area of going technological of installing processing technology or or actual processing units. And you can see here, the Vietnam cinnamon and star anise cooperative with their factory and storage and office complex that was developed by a cooperative together with a buyer and then some finance from the bank. And by installing electricity and machines of course you, you make your production more efficient, better working environments, and better product quality. And that can build the reputation of your business and, and so improve your resilience in the face of climate change and other changes. We already mentioned the issue of storage and transport. These are physical things that we can invest in to improve our resilience our capacity to survive. We need to be able to store our products for longer periods of time so that we can sell into the market when the price is high. We need to be able to move our products to different markets so that we're not dependent just on a local market that we actually have options that will maintain our resilience in in in many markets. And we've already mentioned the example in Ghana but here is the no Viva association in Togo, which developed a stock aggregation unit for cassava and then installed a processing facility for women to produce various types of cassava flower. And, and you can see their their their production unit there so these things don't have to be, you know, highly technologically advanced they can be just actually suited to the money available and the conditions that you've got. And so, second last option is on is thinking through your water management, catching channeling reusing water. We've already talked about the Choma district nursery association who secured funds to drill their borehole and to provide year round water for the nursery. But there are other ways in in remote areas that you can increase water retention, water saving water reuse the way you design V shaped catchments for tree planting and so on. And you'll probably all be well aware of many of these options. So you can see, there's this option of improving your information services. So using mobile telephony and the internet. And we've seen many examples of that. Over the past few days. There are systems that share data that data can come in from on climate predictions and weather predictions that might help farmers prepare. But more often it's used for getting market information on prices, or on selling your product making your people customers aware of your product. So using digital information systems, cleverly, we can improve our capacity of our business to sell into different markets, and to know when the right time is to sell, and all of that improves resilience. So Manorivo AB in Madagascar was a company linked to four producer organizations, which was trying to diversify away from just peanuts and peanut oil into aromatic oils and coffee and things like that. And of course they have a website that advertises their, their cosmetic line, and so on. And I think I probably said enough in this particular final section on physical and technological infrastructure. They're quite simple things aren't they none of this is rocket science. And I think you'll see that actually becoming more climate resilience is there's not a silver bullet for it. So using many different options to give your farmer and producer organization and your businesses, a little bit more variety, a little bit more strength, a little bit more diversity, so that you can survive when climate and other shocks happen in the system. So please let's have a few moments to take stock and ask any questions that you might have. I think Mark mentioned in the chat which you've already touched upon when you talked about the importance of physical boundaries and certain situations he touched on the importance of bushfire management in, in the Ghana in context in particular in sort of semi area to northern Savannah region. Yes. I mean and this is, this is, it's a whole science in itself, fire management. You know, it's not often you can do clever things like controlled burns to clear areas so that fire can't leap into productive areas, or you can have physical barriers and so on. But, but yeah, it's worth mentioning that if you do want support for fire management, there are whole services, forest services in the US and other places where people can give you advice on on good fire management techniques I'm sure there's in the Savannah zone of Ghana you've got experts who can deal with these issues. Okay, and Nanny, you would like to say something about the climate data and information in Togo with GIZ please do go ahead. What I would like to share with you on climate information and data provision to the farmers or farmers organizations is an experience that I would like to share with you from the GIZ, especially the green innovation center. They have set up since 2018 and they call it a great business market and climate information system is how do they do to make their farmers that they are. They are a company in terms of climate and so to say economy resilience, they try to provide information to the farmers. In our countries in Togo, they provide information to farmers via a short message SMS on the telephone, the mobile telephone, and it is they made a contract with the meteorological services and also the national information and statistics agricultural statistics services that make contact with them and they have a program that send directly SMS to the farmers and farmers group leaders on climate information. According to the region where or agro agro ecological zone where they are and also provide them the market information on how price are going on the market on different markets, a local regional and national level. That's what I would like to share and this is a kind of maybe systems that may FFF can maybe I don't know set up by the or think about by the next year. This is that to say is some of FFF use who have been also involved in the GIC projects are also being provided this kind of informations and I can say is a kind of synergy that is created. Between FFF and GIC green innovation center. Thank you so much. Thank you so much and Annie and that's a really useful example of using information technology and just a simple SMS service, but it's combining both weather information and information on market prices that that sounds really useful to farmers and so we could, you know, that's the sort of thing that an apex level forest and farm producer organization could explore in any country and Donald you've got your hand up and I can see there's some comments coming as well in the chat. Yeah. Thank you. Thank you so much again Duncan. I just want to share something you you you speak about the issue of technology. And maybe I will just try to give us an example and to see how we can work with this because I know. Sometimes we have this authority which is actually responsible to giving out the information concerning the weather. But now for instance to our case here in Tanzania, you find that they are giving the information is too general. Like, for instance, maybe in maniara they can just give you the information concerning the climate key information on a particular region but they don't go on a specific maybe district or village, where is basically we are working so we find out maybe. Sometimes you might get the information concerning the weather concerning the climate but it may not be really realistic, or it may not be really fitting the community which we are working with. And now I don't know how are we going to deal with that but I think that is something that maybe we should also think or try to explore how we can deal with with such issues because now we need to get the information. We're providing the information to the farmer, direct at the ground, for instance because we're working with the farmer group, you find that the farmer who is in a remote area, you cannot just rely on the on the information which maybe the government or the meteorological agent has given, based in on the particular region but when you go deeply to the ground where you really find farmers you find is something which actually might not be really realistic might not be true so. I don't know how are we going to do this but I just think that maybe this is something I need to post so that maybe you can discuss and see it for further how we can explore more on these options. Thank you. Thank you very much Donald yes I guess there are real challenges aren't there in getting information that is that is accurate and useful at the, at the specificity that you need to help with agricultural activities. So we'll be interested if people can share in the chat other other ways they found of doing that. We seem to be picking up a lot of useful comments in the chat Sophie mentions that one of the physical infrastructure investments that they've been making a lot in Vietnam is road building. Road building to cut the costs of getting forest products out onto the main roads and then into the market and the way they've achieved that is by organizing round table discussions with new and district level government authorities who have budgets for road development. And so by talking to them about where the major blockages are, they've succeeded in getting many kilometers of roads built into different forest and farm producer organizations, by making their money which then reduces costs for the producers and increase their, their profits. So thanks Sophie for mentioning that. Yes. There's a comment here about youth involvement from from Davey. It's very useful to have interventions on climate resilience by including the younger generation. This approach in a Russia Tanzania has proven successful, having a generation that grows and understands how to combat the negative effects of climate change. So that idea of forest and farm producer organizations working with special youth groups to get them addressing the challenges maybe using their familiarity familiarity with mobile technology and so on as well. Anything else there cat. Yes, there is a comment here also from Jeffrey mentioning the importance of conducting climate vulnerability assessments prior to establishing what are the actual options. That's right. And thanks Jeffrey for mentioning that. One of the things you need to do before coming up with options is to make sure you've gone through a process of assessing vulnerability or assessing risk. One of our partners in the forest and farm facility agriculture has developed a toolkit which I think has been used in Tanzania. It's called the agriculture climate resilience toolkit, and it has a process for assessing climate vulnerability of different types and then coming up with strategies options for those. So this set of options is complimentary to a vulnerability assessment but you do need to go through a process first of looking at what challenges risks vulnerabilities people face before you then come up with options to help them be more resilient. A very good point. Jeffrey, thank you. And any more we've got Kanemang saying in the Gambia we did introduce integrated forest fire management concepts were all the staples in the landscape developed integrated forest fire management strategies, focusing on fire risk areas and priority areas. That's really useful to know. And I think in the drier zones it's a perpetual challenge which is growing as temperatures increase and dry seasons prolong. Sorry, Katra. I'm struggling to keep up. Are there any others? There are many actually. Anyone has also perhaps in connection to our previous discussion on how to get information, climate information on the ground. Yes. We have alluded to the use of community radios to enlighten the population on climate issues. Okay. Very useful thing. Yeah, radio often has a reach in rural areas that few other things do. And Isif was making a comment on the importance of developing data on climate resilience related to market also using smartphones. I think there's a world of possibility to give people advice and so on on climate change and on using mobile phones and information services. And then there's a world of opportunity to use the smartphone to increase your links with markets and your customers in different ways. Isifu. And then there is a comment from Mark, providing information on a particular initiative in Ghana to improve soil fertility where GAFA was partnered up with an organization in the UK on capacity building for FPO's and the use of microbials for fertility with plans to train soil doctors. I like the idea of a soil doctor. Yes. And then very important it is to we mentioned a little bit yesterday in the, in the, in some of the ecological options. You know, you can get really very proficient at maintaining soil microbial interactions and rhizobium from nitrogen fixing trees and, and it's a whole world of opportunity to become an expert. And it would be great if forest and farm producer organizations gradually built up their capability. So it's good to hear GAFA is, is, is qualifying it soil doctors. And then there is a question from Nadia on the value that local climate monitors could add to our stock of knowledge to improve producer organizations resilience. Yes, I mean I think this is this is really relevant and valuable and I think one of the things that needs to happen is obviously weather forecasting and weather prediction systems are one thing, but how those changing patterns are actually affecting farm production, different crops, different pest and disease outbreaks, the real impact of climate change. I mean having a network of, of local climate monitors, who could feed information, perhaps to an apex level farmer organization who could then talk with government about, to the real impacts that climate change is having. And so you need to put in more supportive policies to help our farmer groups in this or this area or that area, or with this particular crop. Because often governments do have research stations and forestry departments and agricultural extension services that work on drought resilience or so on. So, so finding a way to monitor the real impacts of, of climate change and feed those upwards as well I think would be would be very valuable thanks for that suggestion. Right. Have we exhausted the, the initial flurry of comments on on that I hope you found the, the summary of the 30 options helpful. Of course there will be other ways and other options that you can put in place as well. It's very useful for us to have a checklist of things to remind us to develop not just in one small way, but that forest and farm producer organizations and their businesses need to be developing in many different ways in order to maintain resilience in the long term and that it's an integrated step by step improvement that keeps you alive as, as, as climate change happens. I'm going to go back to sharing my screen now. And we'll cover the second module for the day. This, this time we're, we've covered all these 30 options. And so I guess the question then arises. Well, how do we find the, the money to finance some of this and, and that's really the same question as how do we mobilize and access finance for improving our forest and farm business They have the same objective we want to flourish. We want our members to flourish and continue to flourish. And part of that is getting access to finance, so that we can finance these options. When we looked a couple of years ago now at the available finance for small forest and farm enterprises. You can see that there's sort of some, some people are financing the enabling environment. And some people are responsible for financing business asset investment. And when we looked at the, the forest and farm smallholders that are those small dots on the left, and we looked at the large scale private sector. There were indeed some micro level micro finance programs that were working for individual farmers. And there was certainly at the large scale private sector and there were conventional banks debt and equity investment that was happening. And there seemed to be a missing middle for investments in the kind of 1000 to $50,000 range that involve putting in place vital new stores or processing equipment run by a group. And there's a reason why that there's a gap a missing middle is that it's it's fairly predictable if you're doing micro finance, you loan a small amount of money to a farmer before the cropping season, and they repay you at the end of the cropping season. They are responsible for repaying the loan. It's, it's quite high risk so the interest rates are usually quite high, but it's a, it's an understandable way of fine financing. And similarly, where you've got a big company with a long track record of a bank account and so on. Banks are comfortable giving money to a really well run operation with a long track record, a good management team, clear business ownership, all of those things. It's much more difficult if you've got a messy group trying to do business run by a forest and farm producer organization that maybe is not formally registered. That has some people in management with some ability but they haven't received any formal qualifications, and the banks look at that sector and they think that's risky. We're not going to step into that gap and Lady Agri did a study recently in Ghana, Zambia and Kenya, which demonstrated the same thing. Finance banks usually have an aversion to financing agricultural and forest business of a certain scale. And here's an example of what you might want to, to have finance for so the Choma charcoal association in Zambia. It wants to become more resilient, and they've developed a kiln for processing the charcoal which is much more efficient. In terms of a volume of woods to volume of charcoal out, and they've developed these nice bags that show the sustainable charcoal that they've developed standards for sustainable charcoal that are hoping to be certified as a participatory guarantee scheme. But each of these processing drums costs, you know, a significant amount of money and so there's a constraint in terms of production to meet the demand of a new buyer who wants to buy from the Choma charcoal association. So where do they get the finance to buy more of the processing equipment to make more sustainable use of the forest resource and keep them resilient going forward. And that's the, that's the question we need to answer. So, there are some general principles that I'll just lay out. And, and some of the some of you who have a lot of experience in business may find this very elementary and I apologize for that but I think it's useful just to, to go through it so that everyone can be on the same page. It's generally better to save than to borrow. When you save up to invest in something, then you're in control of the money, and you don't pay any interest. So the, you have to save up a certain amount of money in the orange on the left. In your control. If you borrow money, then you lose control you have to put up collateral so that if you don't pay it back, somebody can come in and claim something of yours. And you also have to pay interest the red portion of the arrow so you have to pay more money for something when you borrow than when you save. It's important to remember that in a forest and farm producer organization. There are all sorts of needs of members for finance. You have all sorts of events throughout the year that either require cash or savings or insurance. And so if you're running a forest and farm producer organization and members are being asked to contribute money into the, the business. They have a lot of other calls on there on their money. So you might have to think of having some sort of savings fund so that when they need to to cope with a say a funeral costs or a marriage ceremony, they can borrow money and then pay it back. And that that will keep them rather than saying, Well, we can't afford to pay our membership dues this this time, because we're, we're short of cash. When you set up business organizations this blue square, and you have many different members in a farming area. The group business is often financially a bit leaky. So somebody is controlling the finance and the products of the business, but it's not always clear which business which products and which money belong to the business, and which products and which money belong to the individual members of the business. One of the first things you have to do when you're building financial capability is to make sure that that box doesn't have any leaks in it so that the money that is in the business is securely in the business. And there's no risk that the business manager will be spending a little bit on the side, and there's no risk that some of the trees that belong to the business will be quietly sold by members when they need cash. So the best way to improve access to finance is as you all know is to introduce record keeping, improving accounting, budgeting and management skills and promoting savings and if necessary self help savings groups. These can turn into investment funds that the business can use to buy the equipment it needs to advance to the next level. So this is just emphasizing that point. This is an example that Vincent took me to see in the Zambia, and it's the Tuberlecki Women's Club. It's a group of women who came together around basket weaving, they identified basket weaving as a way of earning additional cash income from their subsistence and local trading farm products. They also set up a village savings and loans association under the under the under the normal rules where you have a cash box and and people carefully managing those joint savings. So they were able to loan money to their members to begin to diversify production so members started to do additional things like pig rearing and and fruit production. There's a biogas stove being run off the the animal manure. This experience of running a savings and loan fund, it helped them when there was a drought. There was a serious drought, and the group agreed that it could use the, the profits from the savings and loan fund to keep people with enough food to keep the drought, but also the the money in that savings and loans funds can can be used to invest in new business opportunities for their members. With that experience of running savings and loans, some of the women in the Tuberlecki Women's Club are now able identified by Zanaco the bank, which has mobile money booths as being able to operate and work in these mobile money booths which means that they get an agency fee for that, and they can put their money into a bank should they wish to, and they can also get loans from the bank should they wish to to further their business ideas. So building up your financial capacity of members can lead to gradual and increasing progress and opportunity. Why does a business keep records. You know, it's, it's, it's, it's often overlooked, but you have to know whether the business is doing well or badly. You need to know what to change to make the business work better. You need to know who spent what on what so that you avoid any potential scandals and conflicts. And you can know you need to know when future expenses will arise so that you can put money aside to anticipate for future expenditure. I guess I hope that you're all aware of the three main types of accounts that make up good financial management. But I thought I'd just introduce them again for for to make sure that everybody's aware of these, because when we looked at the Lady Agri reports on developing businesses that have a really good grasp of their finances. There were sort of questions over financial accounting so it's worth investing in building up financial knowledge, at least with your treasurer. So you need a balance sheet that you know who put what money into the business and where that money is now. The money in must equal the money out, otherwise somebody's making the money go missing. You need a profit and loss account so that you know for a particular period in time whether the business has made a profit and loss. And you need a cash flow analysis to know when money needs to be put into the business and when it will generate a profit. When businesses go out of business because they don't anticipate all the money they're going to need to spend before the first sales. This is a simple balance sheet, just so that you can understand what it is. So you have members of your producer organization ABCDE. They each put some money into the business, and then there was a matching grant from an NGO called tide, and that has a total amount of money. And the, the business group use the money $400 was spent on fertilizer 500 on tools some rent for the building. They paid their labor labor a little bit. They've put some money into a bank account and to reserve fund for emergencies and and that money is equal to all the money that was put in so you can check that nobody's misused money. So once you start to sell product. Of course you have income from the sales that's added in red on the left, and then you've increased the amount of money in your bank account but you also had to pay for transport and a market store. That's been put into the business 2400 is equal to the money that's been invested spent by the business. So that's a balance sheet profit and loss account. All of you will be aware of what a profit and loss account but essentially you tot up your costs on the one hand, and your sale of product on the other hand, and your sale of products has to be greater than your cost. One of the things that people often do is they don't include their labor as a cost. And so they do a lot of things for free should try and avoid that. Secondly, people forget that tools were out. And so they don't include an analysis of depreciation depreciation of vehicles and tools when they calculate their costs. So if you want to see this business is actually making a loss. And the way to make it it's spending too much on spending a lot on fertilizer on rent transport, renting the markets, stall and labor. So it's got quite high costs and it's only selling $800 of product. And so it's, it's, when you take 800 from 1025 it's making a loss. How could you increase it so that it's profitable. Usually, the sure I understand. Sorry, usually the easiest way of increasing a business's profitability is to reduce the cost somehow to share transport to share a market store. To find ways of reducing costs. And so in this example, by sharing the market store, finding a cheaper rent and a cheaper supplier fertilizer by using organic fertilizer instead of expensive chemical fertilizer. You've still got the same product sales 800, but now your costs are only 725. And so you have made a profit rather than a loss. So you have to know how to handle a profit and loss account, and your accountant should be able to do that routinely with you. Often businesses fail because they, they get money from the sale, and they think that's profit. And so they spend it. And they don't then they're not then able to cover the costs. So profit is, as we all know, your your sales money minus your costs. And that's what you can afford to distribute or reinvest. When you're starting up your business, you need a special plan for your costs because when you're starting a business you may have to pay some costs that you'll not pay again you may have to buy a land or a building or built by a transport or a processing machinery. And the first year is always more expensive in a business than subsequent years. But sometimes you have to pay labor and costs for quite a long time before you begin to harvest a crop and so on. You need to have a plan to raise money not only to cover the startup costs, but also the running costs until the business makes a profit. So it's best to raise this money from group savings, where you, where you are in control of the money the money is yours, rather than to borrow the money, where if your business doesn't work you then interest on top of the, the loan that you paid. So just going through some basic elements of, of how you run finances. If you do a cash flow analysis, a cash flow analysis just looks at the expenses you occur, and then the income that you get on a monthly or periodic basis. What you can see in this business which is a beehive business in say Tanzania that in order to start the business you may have to buy some beehives and some protective clothing, some storage containers, a honey filter, some things like that in the first month. Then as the months go on you also have to pay for labor and transport and some jars for your honey. Not all of these you have to pay every month, perhaps you only have to buy jars every second month. So you'll see that in the first month, you were out of pocket by 590, whatever. You still have to pick up imaginary currency, but you still haven't sold any honey in month one. So the income is zero. And in the second month you still haven't sold any honey, but you've incurred some additional costs like buying the jars, going to the town to buy the jars, a labor cost. So you're now out of pocket by $710. And it's only in the third month that you begin to sell some honey, and you've still got some more costs so you're still out of pocket by $570 in month three. So only after several months of selling honey that you break even you begin to have actual cash back in your hand profit if you like. So when you do a cash flow analysis. This is what you're, you're predicting for the future what your cash flow is going to be. And you can see that actually, if this business is to survive, you need to have $710 at the start of the business. Not 590. Do you see what I mean so you have to plan for future expenditure to make sure you have enough resources to cover it until you break even and begin to turn a profit. I will, I will not dwell more on the detail of finances. So when we're thinking of building resilience, and we need to finance that resilience, you have to have a basic understanding of how to account for money, and you need to have a system within your forest and farm producer organization that accounts for and controls money. It's often the best place to finance what you need to finance, because your farm producer organization forest producer organization will be selling something. So it will be generating income. If you can save some of that income. That's a good source of income savings to invest in whatever you need. In a marketplace your, your producers and the producer organization on the left may have be selling its product to a buyer or a trade or a trader, and often buyers or traders can help to finance what you need to finance because they, they want to receive your product. So if you say we would like to improve our production process so that we can produce larger volumes or better quality, the buyer may be willing to put money into your business. And that, and that will enhance the money you have to invest in climate resilience options. You can get money from microfinance, you can get money from banks, getting money from banks as we all know is is really difficult in the forest farm sector. You have to have really clear information on who owns the business, who manages the business exactly what you need the money for exactly how you will repay the loan. It's quite a long, a long process to prepare a business plan that a bank will accept. And then there are project finance, you can get from climate, from development projects, and then there's sometimes national programs or investment programs that you can get money for. So, when you're thinking about how do how are we going to afford to invest in these climate resilience options. Don't just think we need a loan from the bank. There's six different sources of finance. And if anybody's interested you can get access to that book that just looks at this in a little bit more detail. I think I want to stop there and and just have a few questions about how do we finance these climate resilience options, and get some some feedback and examples from members in the group of how have you been financing your climate resilience work. And I know that, for example, Kwame was talking about this lovely agro ecological training program that they were running with their farmers. But as I understood it Kwame that was financed externally is that right. You were having internet problems so you may not be on the call. In which case, can I ask for any questions on the whole issue of how do we generate finance to finance some of these resilience options. It's the money section so the, the audience has been stunned into silence. Yes, Mark. Thank you. Just a quick contribution. I think flowing from what you presented, especially from the very first slide around the fact that savings are usually the best option, because loans come with interest and of course, your money is essentially taken away from you from your own. I think I would go more for a blended financing option. Because of the fact that very often when you want to scale. You probably would require certain amount of external funding to be able to finance an option comes in where you can use your savings as a leverage in providing opportunities to be able to contact others. It could be people that you're even supplying to us as a business, or any other related financing mechanism either from the private sector or even government. And so I just wanted us to vet our minds to the fact that as you grow her or as you scale up, you may require some external support to be able to make the business grow, but this might not also be totally the case. If you're able to manage successfully using savings as a business, you could even expand through investments from the profits that are made. I just wanted to bring this also on board. Thank you. Thank you Mark and yes that's a great set of observations and yes I think you all, especially if you're trying to take the jump by investing in some processing technology or doing something a little bit more advanced, then you often need to blend money you've saved with external finance I think that's absolutely right. I guess what I wanted to emphasize was that nobody external will blend their finance with yours, unless you have shown your ability to save and manage money. So you won't get a loan from the bank if you don't have a bank account that shows a track record of good financial management. And so you're absolutely right we need to blend savings with loans. And, and in for many groups, they've moved into very advanced businesses where this is no problem getting access to external finance, but often there is a problem getting access to external finance. So you have to build up your, your own manage financial management capabilities first. And that's a really useful, useful point. Have we got any other Elvis, please. Yeah, thank you. Just wanted to mention something quite specific in relation to Ghana. I thought Mark was going to talk about that angle. The scenario in accessing formal financing from banking institutions in Ghana is quite a dicey situation. So, you know, in Ghana, the strategy has been how do we model and improve the lake savings and loans, which has been one of the key resilient points for FFPS, especially as it was tested in this COVID era. So max organization has been pilot in the upgrading, you know, two forms of upgrading Kambaku upgraded to a micro credit union, of which they've been able to have very substantial savings in 2021. So, Mark's upgrading is looking at how to formalize this village alone scheme and linking it to the formal banking system. So that is credibility and sustainability would be visible financial institutions to be interested in partnering. So mostly the VSA they do annual shareouts, rather than investments so trying to model this VSA into a trip or bronco just slightly. But I understood the points you're making and it does sound like an excellent strategy of developing the VSLA mechanism, the joint savings but instead of just distributing all the profits from the returned interest and loans at the end of the year is to use some of that money as an investment fund to kind of increase your capability to do to buy things as a group. And I think that's that's fascinating it'll be interesting to hear of those examples as they're developed becoming a micro credit agency. There are several that we know of in Latin America where forest and farm producer organizations have effectively become credit agencies they've, they've been generating profits by processing product for their members, and putting that into successful businesses, and then they've used their, their funds that their money from those profits to act as a credit agency with their member groups. So, these are, these are really exciting things to explore because the more that the farmers themselves are in control of the finance and the money. The more secure and resilient in general they will be, but it's often a long road to get where you're trying to go so. Has anybody else got comments cat or are there any comments in the chat. I'm going to echoed marks and your points about a mix of financing sources. And informs us that Vietnam views have been able to create an access different loans and investments for their production through their own savings, but also through credit green fund funds banks enterprises and government programs. Anyone also makes makes a suggestion that FPS can sometimes raise funds through organizing fundraising events, such as hosting live bands. Yes. I'm sure in in gamma in the Gambia are alive and would be really rocking to. Okay, we'll come back to to you cat, but I think Jose and Vincent, Vincent, do you want to chip in there and then Jose. Yeah. Yeah, it's it's actually, I hope my, you can hear me. Well, because we also have, have been getting some you, you, you breaking and hope I don't think it's from my side but I hope I'm clear. If I size. The importance of business incubation. I think at the beginning on their one. Remember you mentioned that this has worked well in other sectors and business incubators. Pay the charge for the service. But of course, looking at the kind of clients if I can use that team. We are working with small order forest based rural and to think of business incubation as as a financing mechanism. Sometimes we may find it difficult, but I really would want to say it's an opportunity you form a farmer based organizations or cooperatives to their members. If you really we can incentivize business incubation. We look for markets, you know, if we know traditionally that our products are sold at this low value, and as a business organization to make it serious as a target that you, we can find a higher value market, and probably get 1% commission for getting that income generating, you know, a facility for us, without really making judgment to dealing with so much very rule of the run away the group members, but really it to be up as the group to make it real in terms of looking for these opportunities. You know, as a business incubator is finance, you know, if we're going to say we're going to look for finance for this project to run for you, you know, as a business incubator we're going to link you up and facilitate that you access this finance. You know, without, without, you know, swallowing weights, so if we manage to get so much 2% will come for service. This is an example of one group that when we're having a monitoring and learning workshop. This is a group that deals with women in support women group. And they're really on the ground looking for financing and they charge once they get that money. They know it is also for their own benefit, as much as it can benefit the group or the individuals in the group, but it benefits the association the cooperative. It will remain for the cooperative it to be a source of financing, unless it's going to save, you know, the intended papers to the group or the individual in the group, but it's also save the source of financing for you, as well, which you can reinvest and use for other things so to me. I think business incubation is a turning point for most of our, our member based organizations to provide services that will improve and we can charge for that service, as long as the services are guaranteed. So, and you really, you really need to make sure that you look for those services that will bring income to your association to your cooperative. You know, in such a way I really wanted to say that what I feel really it's an opportunity we have, and it can generate the revenue. Thank you very much Vincent and yes I think that's right. I mean as as an organization develops its capabilities in business incubation. I think you can begin to sell those services. Sell business training services not just to the members but to groups outside so that you're not sort of you can you can maybe offer services to other clients and not just your members which I think it's really, really good. Did anybody else want to jump in. Yes. I just, I just wanted to comment on how you can raise the funds for the association or maybe we have one example where they were taking up savings. So, once they, they contributed the money. At one point, the members were fearing to get the money. I think they were fearing on the, on the interest parts. So this group they had accumulated that would do amounts. So they start as a group said, no, we have the money in the box here. What should we do you members you're not getting the money. So they sat down the name. They started a business of honey. So they, they made about seven day be hives. So this time they are into into honey production and they are, they are doing fight well. Three days ago, they because normally we communicate. I find the gate for so they caught. We have it. So, I think the village banking and savings in other areas it's it's working very well as generating of the working capital. Thank you very much. Yeah, I do think it's, it's a really useful approach and increasingly in some countries in Africa you've got these sort of mobile banking options where you can, you know, put your money into a, into a sort of deposit account So I understand that sometimes there, there are difficulties there but cat is there anything else. Thank you, has a that's really good to hear that the success with using that method for kickstarting honey production. I don't have any comments but if we don't have time for all of them, perhaps the question by Jeffrey would be an interesting one to discuss. Yes how easy or difficult is it for us if your members to aggregate their contribution France, like through the SLA and later by government security bonds. Oh, that might be have to be a question to the whole group I must, I must confess not to being a financial expert by any stretch of the imagination. So I'm not myself very confident in these more options like buying government security bonds are beyond me. But I think it's it's certainly the case that when ffpo members aggregate their contributions and stuff you can invest and save those insecure ways. And, and, and I think I really like the, the idea behind telebearers vs la thing where you've got this social fund business fund and investment fund. Yeah. And that, that seems like a really, you know, good experiment. So if he says maybe Mark can answer this. It depends on the time you say group having the government. Hi, I am on a bit more because of shaky internet but I think, can you hear me. Yes, yes, I got off a bit because the internet was a bit shaky. Yes, I think the, the point that is really something very useful and what exploring. And I think so we just alluded to the issue that it just also depends on people moving beyond their usual comfort zones. Because the groups for instance are used to the fact that they need to be able to see the money physically being traded amongst themselves in the group so at the group level. It's much more easier and more cohesive. But if you want to move from the group to the collective where your money has to go into a bigger pool. That's where it's taking a bit of time for people to, to really adapt. But of course I think we asked me, we have observed even with the vs la concept. It took quite some time before populations, especially rural populations became very confident enough to put their money in those vs la boxes. So I'm sure it is not something that is not achievable. I think working and accompanying groups in that process. I think ultimately could be one entry point. Thank you. I hope you heard me. Yes, heard you very clearly Mark. Thank you very much for that. Good. Well, let's move on now then to the last module of the day. Thank you for all staying with us. And let me try and share my screen again. So we've talked a little bit about access to finance. And now the final session is just to get us to think, how can we use our work on big business incubation and risk management and climate resilience. To actually document spread understanding of climate resilience but get access to climate finance itself. And, and we, we talked on the, the beginning of yesterday about this model of climate resilience, that as, as Jeffrey said, we need to do a risk assessment that predicts the hazards we might be facing and assesses the vulnerability assesses the vulnerability and the exposure to climate. But we also need to think of the broader risks that ff PO's face to the in the market with their workforce. So those six areas of risk that I mentioned on days two and three, and then we need to come up with responses how are we going to be resilient in the face of climate change. So those one of the, the first steps is to, if we're trying to attract people with climate finance is to document what we're doing in different ways to become more climate resilient. This is an example from Vietnam that the team led by Tang and Yvonne had presented a very talented lady presented this and leads this Yen Duong cooperative in Vietnam, and it's a mountainous cooperative in northern Vietnam, where they're producing a whole range of products, which include vermicelli sticky rice noodles and sticky rice cake, and you can see the nice packed package products that they're beginning to to produce. There are vermicelli noodles on the left at the bottom. They're producing honey. They're also growing a range of of organic vegetables, and they've developed a participatory guarantee scheme that certifies their products as as organic for the market. These activities have involved diversifying their production and protecting their natural resources and enriching their natural resources through their business activities. And so they presented their case study as an example in a in a climate change conference as we were coming up to the climate change conference. And because they're doing things that are relevant to to climate, surely a cooperative like this should be able to receive funding from climate finance. That's what climate finance is for. We looked at the 10 case studies that we did to develop the diversification for resilience book. And we had case studies from Bolivia. That was the Fed Prasau Ecuador. I'm sorry, I've got some somebody needs to meet. Madagascar, Nepal Tanzania Togo. When you looked at all those 10 case studies, and you looked at the 30 options for resilience. You can see that almost all of the forest and farm producer organizations are doing almost all of the resilience things that they could be doing. And this is very important because it shows that forest and farm producer organizations here are the last sessions sections of the last of the 30 options, except for the very more expensive or technologically advanced options. Most of the producer organizations are already trying to do each of these options. And that means that if you've got climate funding that is supposed to be for climate adaptation. Surely you should be channeling it through forest and farm producer organizations who are doing all these things. Anyway, and you can see that some of these options, like putting in climate adapted stock or enhancing biodiversity. They could also be mitigating climate change. I taking carbon out of the atmosphere in trees or or or better soils and so on. So, these forest and farm producer organizations are not only adapting to climate change by putting in place climate resilience. They're also helping to mitigate climate change by enriching the number of trees on the land. And secondly, they should be the beneficiaries of climate finance. Because of that reason, the forest and farm facility have been trying to help connect forest and farm producer organizations to climate change finance. I was at a professor called John Kerr worked with Jose Diaz to prepare a toolkit on connecting forest and farm producer organizations to climate finance. And it provides a brief overview of some of the issues and how how to think about some of these issues I've concluded the link there. If you want to get the presentation at the end of today, you can have a look if you're interested. And in that toolkit, it says that we have to understand that climate finance is divided essentially into money to stop climate change mitigation. And in forest context that means planting more trees, storing more carbon in the in the forest and in the soil. And so there's various programs that are nationally developed to do that and the ones we might know about are the red plus programs where there's strategies for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation. The other thing the other pot of money for climate finance is to help people adapt to climate change that is already happening. And for these there are national adaptation programs, not a national adaptation plans. There are adaptation funds. And yeah, there's there's a green climate fund internationally and many bilateral sources of money for adaptation. So, we've heard how climate resilience building climate resilience among forest and farm producer organizations is both helping to adapt to climate change. And it's helping to mitigate climate change. So it should be possible for us to get involved. More recently, there's been a lot of talk about cross cutting approaches that do both adaptation and mitigation, and they're often called forest landscape restoration. And there are there is an international commitment under the bond challenge to restore degraded land, make it more resilient effectively 350 million hectares by 2030 and in Africa. There's the African forest landscape restoration initiative AFR 100, which is trying to restore land. So forest and farm producer organizations should be part of AFR 100, because you are the people who control the landscape. And you're the ones who can plant trees and increase soil fertility and become more climate resilient. If you want to tap into climate finance, you have to know what the options are. And this is a map, if you like, of both the multilateral climate funds along the top and the bilateral climate money, so money from particular countries. It's too complicated for me to explain. But what I can say is that there, there are different funds in green, and that there are different institutions who are who are either in blue on the top or in white on the bottom. So if you look at which institutions are controlling climate funds, then they're, they're institutions like the World Bank, UNDP, UNEP FAO, IFAD. If you look down the bottom you've got DFID, GIZ, NORAD, USAID. So in your country, if you want to learn about climate finance, the best people to speak to are probably those institutions, because they control most of the international climate finance. I'm sure some of you will already know of some of those institutions in your country. And I guess the best way for an FFPO to be involved in climate finance is to offer to implement climate adaptation or mitigation, which you're already doing anyway. Okay. I guess if you were to be part of a project that was trying to improve climate resilience, you would have to understand how to go through a formal climate risk assessment. And we already mentioned that there are methodologies for doing climate risk assessment. And I've given you a link to one of the guidebooks. It's very much like risk assessment that we did in days two and three. So if you do a regular risk assessment for your business, some of your risks will be climate risks, but you might need to see a detailed methodology. And then you need to understand, of course, what climate resilience is. And we've, we've got various, there's an agricultural set of case studies and we've written that book. Understanding climate resilience effectively so you can speak the language of the climate financiers. And you might want, if you want to get access to climate finance need to work on your data, collecting information about your FFPO, and what you do. And then Apex FFPO, how many members, how many member organizations do you have in your, in your group, how many individual members and households are in those FFPs. How much area of land to those FFPs control. How much of the area which you control. Are you trying to do restoration, either adaptation or mitigation, how much carbon would be stored if you did that. So an FFPO to get access to climate finance has to think, right, we need to understand what the climate money is and which institutions control it. We need to become an implementing partner in a climate project. So we need to be able to offer something. And this is where you can offer to put in place climate adaptation for this number of people in this much area, and that will perhaps have a benefit of this much carbon. So a good way of advertising yourself as able to do climate work is to develop stories to illustrate past success stories. We've been trying to help some of the forest and farm producer organizations to show how they are becoming more climate resilient how they are helping with climate adaptation, and how they are doing climate change mitigation. And to tell stories about how our forest and farm producer organizations are at the front line of solving the climate problem. I don't know who else is going to plant the trees in the rural areas, if it isn't the farmers. There's nobody else out there. So, we need to tell these stories as effectively as we can and you can see the agri-core publication which did case studies of how different forest and farm producer organizations were contributing to climate change. These stories are often really compelling. And it still frustrates me that when you analyze how much climate finance is getting to the local level, only 1.7% of international climate finance reaches the local level. Everything else is siphoned off in big international agencies, government departments, consultancy fees, da da da da da. Only 1.7% is getting down to groups like this. So this is the National Farmer Group Federation in Nepal. And they've been helping their members adapt to climate change in ways that involve using organic fertilizers to increase soil fertility, rainwater harvesting and rainwater ponds to make sure they've got irrigation water, using solar panels rather than regular diesel generated electricity to pump the irrigation systems. You can see that they've developed greenhouses to grow drip irrigated vegetable plants. They've got a market information and weather forecasting system developed on the mobile phone. They've developed diverse home gardens which rotate crops to avoid pests and diseases. They've developed a participatory guarantee scheme to certify their products as organic using the local Nepalese language, and so on and so on. This National Farmer Group, like many farmer organizations, is adapting to climate change and helping to mitigate climate change by storing soil in trees and soils. So they should be able to get access to climate finance. And it's a great frustration to many of us that very little climate finance is reaching them. Practically, what can you do? Well, you identify in country government and NGO agencies and that are handling the climate finance. You look at what the national climate plans, these national adaptation plans, these national mitigation plans. So try and set up a discussion on how does what you're doing help to achieve those national plans, making a concrete offer based on how many people you're going to help and how many, how much area of forest or how much carbon you're going to restore. And that's really the best advice that I can offer and it's often at the level of an apex forest and farm producer organization that those discussions can be most powerfully done, because you'll know some of the people in the right places. Oh, and that takes me to the to the end of what I wanted to say on trying to access climate finance. I guess what what my main recommendation for you is if you are interested in looking further at that do refer to this toolkit, which is available on the internet under the FAO website. And with that, I'm just going to stop the sharing for for a moment to allow any questions on, and really to get your opinions and observations about how can we do a better job of accessing climate finance for ffps to support ffps climate resilience. So if you have any success stories in their country of where you've managed to link a forest and farm producer organization into a red program, or a climate adaptation program. There are some good examples now in in in in the new gf projects where hopefully farmer organizations in places like Zambia are going to get some access into the climate finance is that right. Actually, yeah, I can, I can confirm, even in the project documents we, we have the ffps you placed in them. Actually, we had a bit of a discussion. Although they say we should open up a just for transparency, but we know organizations like the pita kid gfa. They have a higher chance, especially with this background you're providing, you know, if they can demonstrate fully that we are doing these and with that kind of information. They need they are already because they're ready in the product and he says now to demonstrate that we can, we can do it. So we have this one and even other pipeline project that the GCF will also place to say with a chapter to it. So it's really now to demonstrate capacity through these kinds of examples we are providing the. Yeah, thank you very much. Thanks Vincent yeah so that's the example of the ffpo specific ffpo has been written into a big project that's coming in from the global environmental facility. It's being managed through FAO one of the organizations that I mentioned have access to some of these bigger funds are accredited implementing agencies for these bigger funds. So, working together with your colleagues in ffpo FAO UNDP the World Bank, and so on is is a really good way of trying to get built into climate money for climate adaptation and climate mitigation. Anybody else who can give examples of how to how they've managed to get a forest and farm producer organization. Yes, we have a Jeffrey. Do you want Jeffrey do you just want to mention the Tanzania example to give my voice a break. Thank you. Thank you. I'm just adding up was one of the example. This is indicated in the chat board is one of the ethics ffpo and Tanzania. So, after the support from the program, while using the committee. Of course, the number of ffpo a part of this support and then you meet actually also happened to be much more, I might say, designated to run the study in the as well to design the project so the FAO country obviously and Tanzania decided to collaborate with him to meet up to carry on the process. So, it's one of the examples. Thank you so much, Jeffrey. So that's another example of where a link to an agency here FAO has helped to get Jumita linked to the green climate fund. I know from experience that writing these proposals for these big funds is well beyond what it's possible for most forest and farm producer organizations. But if you enter into partnership with some of these big international agencies UN agencies, they can write you into these proposals, which is really the way I think we'd need to to prioritize this. You asked us share some experience from toga. Okay, thank you. Thank you. Thank you for your presentation. Hello to everybody. Maybe share the experience. Currently with ffpo in tow. We have, we, we work with one of ffpo fetea based in region central code map toe and regarding the call for proposal of the initiative you mentioned in your presentation. It is a ffr 100 initiative. So the, you know, the, the launch the call for proposal, and we will ask fff as ffo ffo. We work with this ffpo to propose and other other other ffpo's and propose some activities related regarding this initiative, and we are pleased to inform you that we get the first partner, the map toe has been selected in the top ffpo organization, who will be financed by this initiative. And I think we, we are expecting the other ffpo maybe you would be selected. But what is important to to mention is that we work closely with the ffpo to prepare their proposal with the support of fff ash, ash crew. So this is one example to, to let you know that there is opportunities on climate, climate finance, but the challenge is how to prepare how to access by ffpo's. So it needs the capacity building and the collaboration with different agency of UN and especially ffo and other agency who are who, which are working on climate issues. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. See, that's really helpful and good to hear an example of that AFR 100 program that is is is sort of exciting. Many people in different parts to do with forest landscape restoration. So I think teleberry from Ghana is also on standby for the AF 100 on the next batch. So different forest and farm producer organizations, as you develop your, your institutional organizational capability, and your ability to tell stories and document what you're doing. And it really could open up opportunities for receiving climate finance. Again, it's quite a complicated sort of endpoint, but we can see several ffpo's reaching the level of maturity where they're trusted partners implementing partners in climate finance programs and I, I hope to see more of that in the years ahead. Are there any other last comments. Can you man, please do come in. Yes. Duncan. Thank you very much. I'm trying to be muting you. I'm sorry, can you man we're struggling. Can you can you hear us now. Yes, I'm trying. Yes, I'm I can I can hear you now. I want, I want to give my own experience from the Gambia with the project called ecosystem based adaptation project. This is one of the projects funded by GCF in Africa. The project actually is building on what fff started in the Gambia through supporting forest management groups. Currently, they are working with 60 forest areas, managed by over 80 communities, and each of those communities to access funding from from the project, especially in terms of fire management. They are given at least some token to ensure that forest fire management is effective in their own community forest areas. They get access to these funds through development of effective forest fire management plan, and the number of factors they were able to protect at the end of the year. They're giving $1,000, which is equivalent to not more than 20 US dollars per hectare. And this is really very motivating. We have succeeded in protecting a lot of forest areas based on this initiative. They are also supporting forest producer organizations through protection of natural regenerations. Certain three species are identified within forest areas where they clear at least peripheries of them. They have very good seeds on those moderate trees. So they are given at least some financial compensation to protect those natural regenerations in forest areas, especially focusing on important species like pteracappals, Senegalese, and others. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Kenny Mang. Really interesting to hear that. And so, yeah, some of these activities that might be of benefit in any case for farming business, forest and farm business protecting fires, and so on, can also be funded through climate adaptation and mitigation programs as part of these ecosystem restoration projects. So I think I hope that has tied us, brought us to a happy conclusion. We started on the first day with the idea that business incubation supporting one another in solidarity business incubation should be something that forest and farm producer organizations can carry out as they develop their business know how. And we then said that a central part of business incubation was to do a risk assessment process with your forest and farm producer organization, so that you're looking at the challenges ahead and thinking what support do I need from the incubator or what support from outside do I need. And then coming up with a management plan to improve the business based on that risk assessment and management. And then we looked in more detail at some of the options for becoming more climate resilient and indeed for becoming more resilient as a whole, not just a climate but also to other shocks and stresses. And, and today we finished by saying, can we find ways of financing all of that very useful work, perhaps by linking into to climate finance, because climate resilience involves both adapting to and mitigating climate resilience and sure it should be something we can sell to people who want to do climate finance projects. I hope that is has been a logical flow. And of course, we would very much like to hear whether you found this training course useful. It's a very compressed time we haven't been able to meet face to face or do practical group work. We haven't used to face. We haven't had any field visits. But we would be grateful if you would fill in an assessment of what you thought of this training course, and please be as honest as you can. And so, oops, down. I think we've we've got an evaluation sheet. And what we would like you to do is to say whether you think we hit the bullseye, or whether we missed the target. And you can answer four questions with three is a bullseye and zero is missed the target. Was it interesting so if you found the course interesting. Perhaps for some of you it was things you already knew so I'd be interested to know was it interesting. Will it be useful. Did you think there were things in the course that you will actually use that will change what you do. Did the format work, the virtual format, the homework each day, the, the, the, the sort of question sessions between different modules. And finally, was it easy to understand, did I do a good enough job of explaining any difficult concepts. We are going to try and incentivize you to provide a response sheets by saying, you will only get your certificate for attending, which Ali has prepared. If you send us if you fill in and send us an evaluation. So if you if you send us an evaluation we will send you a certificate. And your homework is really for the year ahead. If your forest and farm producer organization has the right level is of the right scale. Think about setting up a business incubation unit that helps other local businesses manage their risk. We will help one, at least one business to do a risk assessment, including climate risks, so that they can think of having some actions for the year ahead to improve their business. And please use the 30 options as a checklist to think through what are some other ways we could do to make our business a little bit more climate proof. We've got a whole year to do that homework. I hope that's that's sufficient. And it just remains for me to, to say please do the evaluation for us. And, and it's been a great joy to spend these last five days with you all. So Ali, do you just want to explain what you'll do with the, the evaluation form and so on. Yeah, of course, I'll send it by email I've put a link to the foremost in the chat just now. So if you could just email me that you're completed form back and confirm the full name that you'd like on your certificate and then I will respond with your certificate. Thanks for everybody. And if you have any issues, you can always put questions and things in there in the WhatsApp group which will stay active and then I can get back to you there as well. Yes. So, it rains to me to formally close this training event. Thank you all for coming. And I wish you every success in the year ahead. Thanks everybody.