 Dear students, in this topic we shall discuss the non-tropic hormones of adenohypophysis. Adenohypophysis secretes three hormones that act directly on their target tissues. These include melanocyte-stimulating hormone MSH, prolectin-ERL and growth hormone GH. It is also called as Sumetotrophin. The melanocyte-stimulating hormone, or MSH, is a peptide hormone. In lower vertebrates, large amounts of MSH are produced from the intermediate lobe of pituitary. In humans, MSH is produced from par's intermediate of anterior pituitary in extremely low quantities. The MSH regulates the activity of pigment-containing cells, that is, melanocytes. That is why its name is Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone. These melanocytes are found in the skin of many vertebrates. This hormone stimulates the synthesis of black pigment melanin by melanocytes. In these melanocytes, not only this is synthesized, but its dispersion is also controlled by MSH within the melanocyte. If this disperses inside the melanocyte, then the skin's color becomes black and if it is concentrated, then the skin's color becomes light. That is why it affects the melanocyte. This leads to the darkening and lightening of the skin color. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone is not produced in humans, so the pigmentation of the skin controls the acth, adenocortico-tropic hormone. MSH plays some roles other than controlling the melanocyte. For example, in mammals, it also affects the hunger and inhibits the act of hunger by acting on some neurons in the brain. In addition, it is also involved in fat metabolism, prolactin. Prolactin has diverse effects in different vertebrates. In birds, it regulates fat metabolism and reproduction. In amphibians, it delays the process of metamorphosis. In freshwater fishes, it regulates salt and water concentration. While in mammals, it stimulates mammary gland growth and milk production. Dear students, now we shall discuss growth hormone in detail. The growth hormone is also known as somatotropin and somatotropic hormone. It is a protein that contains 191 amino acids in a single chain. The production and release of growth hormone is under the control of two hypothalamic hormones. One is the growth hormone, releasing hormone that is GHRH. And the other is the somatostatin that is growth hormone inhibiting hormone, GIH. The growth hormone exerts both metabolic and developmental effects. First, we shall discuss the metabolic effects of growth hormone. Growth hormone induces mobilization of stored fat for energy metabolism. It stimulates fatty acid uptake by the muscles. It also decreases the rate of glucose utilization. As a result, it causes elevation of glucose in blood. Growth hormone also increases the rate of protein synthesis in most cells of the body. It also stimulates insulin secretion. Insulin secretion is directly or indirectly caused by growth hormone. Directly this way, it acts directly on beta cells of pancreas and stimulates insulin secretion. This is the only trophic effect of growth hormone. Otherwise, all other effects are non-trophic, but this is the trophic effect. Indirectly, insulin secretion increases glucose levels in blood. When glucose levels are high, insulin is produced. Overall, growth hormone enhances body proteins. It uses up fat stores and conserves carbohydrates. Now, we shall discuss the developmental effects of growth hormone. It causes growth of almost all tissues of the body. It stimulates RNA and protein synthesis and promotes the growth of tissues, particularly cartilage and bone growth. The growth of tissues due to growth hormone is because of cell division. That is proliferation. Increase in the number of cells. There are two ways of growth. 1. Increase in the number of cells and 2. Increase in the size of cells. This increases the number of cells. Growth hormone works synergistically with thyroid hormones. It promotes tissue growth during development. Growth hormone also stimulates liver to produce growth-promoting factors. For example, insulin-like growth factor, which is called IGFs. IGFs act directly on cells to promote growth. Growth hormone also produces such factors. Growth hormone is very important in the developmental processes of animals and humans. Its undersecretion or oversecretion has drastic effects, which lead to abnormal growth and development of the body. There are three major human symptoms that are caused by the level of growth hormone disturbance. 1. Gigantism Excessive size, excessive stature. If growth hormone is more secreted in the amount of childhood before puberty, it increases in growth hormone. 2. Acromegaly Acromegaly increases the secretion of growth hormone after puberty. As a result, the bones of the head and extremities become longer. This is called acromegaly. If the secretion of growth hormone is less than the age of development before puberty, it produces dwarfism. Stature is short-lived in common language. That is because of the deficiency of growth hormone.