 Good morning everyone. It's a real pleasure to be here and I would first like to express my gratitude and appreciation to the whole UNU wider team, but in particular to Yongfu for enabling me to be here and to share some thoughts with you today. Let me just first preface my remarks today by saying that this presentation in Norway is meant to be sort of a comprehensive presentation of all of the work both analytical investment that the World Bank being a large institution does in the area of green cities. I did though of course want to give you a flavor of some of the work that we do do more on the analytical and the normative side and also to but also just to sort of the open up the space for discussion so to present some thoughts that my team and I working on cities and climate change and on sustainable cities in general have been thinking about in recent years and to engage with you on a discussion on some of these issues. So just in terms of background and setting the context especially since I'm the first presenter the just I think as all of you probably well know our planet is becoming increasingly urbanized we've heard many times in recent years that for the first time in human history more than half of us more than half of humanity now lives in urban areas it's never been like this before and just an example from China from the Pearl River Delta you've got the area of Shenzhen where 30 years ago it was not a city and today it's built up and in fact is part of a very very large urban conurbation. Globally if you then think about what you know so that the trends and the projections for the next few decades Africa is really the next frontier for urbanization. Latin America and increasingly many parts of Asia are quite urbanized. Africa has relatively low urbanization rates currently but that's the next wave and what you see here are just some of the analysis we've done in house for a number of African cities this one I'm just showing here is Nairobi. I apologize if you're not able to see very clearly the bottom half of the slide but that's actually just the sort of the GIS analysis based on some of the satellite images from the year 2000 then 2010 and then the projection to 2030 of the built-up area of Nairobi. One of the key messages though which we do communicate particularly to those of us who don't actually work in urban is really to understand that cities are drivers of economic growth and prosperity. For a long time you know there's been a lot of so a lot of the conventional thinking was about how urban poverty is driven by you know increasing cities that rural urban migration is a bad thing but I think the World Development Report 2009 and other recent work actually has tried to sort of shift the paradigm and to say that well there are many many benefits from the ablomeration economies that cities provide and so this slide here shows us one of the figures from WDR just showing this sort of correlation if you will between urbanization and income. One of the more recent reports by McKinsey just out recently also gives some numbers which I just added on to the bottom of the slide on the the percentage of national GDP which is generated in urban areas and I think the estimate is something like globally about 60% but for some of the largest I think five or six hundred cities it's as high as 80% of GDP which is generated in these other areas. Now coming to sort of the core of the discussion for this conference and I think again this message I think I feel sometimes I'm preaching to the choir or to the converted about how important cities are for climate change and particularly for mitigating climate change. You know just based on the IEA sort of calculations from a couple of years ago we do know fairly confidently that at least two-thirds of global energy consumption are attributable to cities. If you then include the embodied emissions food, water, so on and so forth of all of the activity which goes on in cities and which has teleconnections to areas outside of cities we think that as much as 80% of global emissions are ultimately attributable to the residents of cities. So if you compare this or you put this together with the sort of the broader context of urbanization trends globally and just the sort of the pace of development and urbanization and investment actually in infrastructure in buildings etc in cities this becomes actually a very very urgent message and to put it very pithily in a sort of a more dramatic phase the battle against climate change will largely be won or lost in the cities. In other words what we do in our cities in the coming decades will really determine to a large extent what we're able to do for global climate change. Having said that when you're working with cities when you're a mayor or a city administrator or a city level decision maker or practitioner you're faced with very very practical issues and challenges of the day. When we do speak with city officials they'll say oftentimes especially in developing countries especially in sort of smaller and medium-sized cities they'll say don't come and talk to me about climate change you know that's probably number 23 on my list because I have 22 other urgent things which I need to attend to today and I think that speaks on very well to some of what we heard in the opening plenary this morning about the trade-offs about the relative priorities and about how we can work with local government sub-national governments on you know very sort of practical and pragmatic solutions. So now I wanted to show you a number of slides of basically numbers or data which is again just to give you a sense of what some of the numbers are looking at. This slide actually sort of vertical axis is CO2 emissions per capita over time and then the horizontal axis is urban population as a percentage of the national population and the bubble size is the total carbon dioxide emissions of the of the country and what we did was we plotted this over time and so you see for a number of countries so the US for example you know has always been a high emitter both in terms of total national emissions the bubble size but also per capita you see up there but then you'll see some other countries and it's quite interesting Sweden is actually the little one further to the right which has always been well it's a relatively small country and has relatively low per capita emissions but I think what's interesting to see is the developing countries in the large developing countries Brazil, China, India for example where you see this this growth in the per capita emissions and I think we know that quite well you see the growth in the total emissions as well and what's interesting you see a country like Brazil or the Republic of Korea South Korea which is those smaller bubbles and kind of goes there towards the the end of the slide that's actually sort of how this you know the countries have urbanized over time this graph has sort of had a long life it's existed in various forms actually I should say for at least more than a decade now it's actually sort of digging through the data and going back and and and seeing because you'll see different versions of this but I think it's it's it's quite robust actually just in terms of the the the relationship you do see between urban form and and density and the the energy emission energy consumption and therefore the the emissions what you do have on the vertical axis here though are the individual emissions from from transport not the overall emissions and the message of this slide and again this this diagram in this analysis from Alain Bartot and others has been around for for quite a while but the point of this really is that sort of you know when you invest in cities you lock in urban form for decades or even a century scale and I think this is a particularly important message that the investment decisions we take today you know will will influence you know will influence the emissions pathways for very long decades into the future and particularly in places like China which are urbanizing really fast this has very serious implications if you look back though at cities in what I could call I guess the global north this actually just sort of gives more evidence that you know your decisions that you might be able to take today are actually limited or constrained by the decisions in the past just how you've built up so American many American cities in this case you see here Atlanta really it's difficult actually to change the pattern of sprawl to change how people live just because of how things have been built up you know in Los Angeles even Washington DC etc. I like that and by contrast you just look at the built-up area of Barcelona which is actually more or less the same number of people this is fresh off the press so I should say it's actually forthcoming because we haven't published it yet but it's coming out shortly on this new paper that we're calling Towards a Partnership for Sustainable Cities and here what we've done is we've plotted on the horizontal axis GDP per capita for cities right and then the vertical axis GHG emissions per capita for cities and what you see there where we put it in bold and in capital letters are the numbers for which we have the peer-reviewed metropolitan level data and I'll get to this again on in a subsequent slide about just how we measure GHG emissions from cities because I don't want to get into it too much for it now but because there are many different methodologies by which cities are actually measuring and reporting their emissions so the ones in the sort of non-bold or lower case are not capitalized are the ones where they're not actually fully peer-reviewed but what you see here then are you know you can sort of divide into four quadrants and what we've done is you know the green line there is oh I only have two minute slides okay I'm gonna accelerate the green line there is sort of the high income classification according to the World Bank which we usually apply to countries and then 550 parts per million is there again sort of the you know what do our global per capita emissions need to be to keep us below 550 and this is not very good news actually because you see you know this this slope this way and many many of our cities in the upper right hand quadrant and if you want to look at the bottom right hand quadrant which is where we would like to be there are actually very very few cities who are sort of in that quadrant with you know relatively high income levels and low emissions so I need to accelerate now show you again some of the sectoral analysis of GHG emissions from selected cities the point of this slide actually or the point of this analysis is to say that if you're able to analyze the city's greenhouse gas emissions you're able to look at sort of the sectoral breakdown that helps you to prioritize actually you know your efforts for mitigation this is sort of one of the latest sort of advances some internationally in terms of international standard for city greenhouse gas emissions we've been working in this space for a few years now with a number of partners UNEP UN Habitat World Resources Institute C40 and IKLE because of the what we would call the sort of proliferation of sort of different methodologies for calculating city greenhouse gas emissions so the latest advance in this space was the GPC which was actually announced and launched more recently at Rio Plus 20 and I just got to paste it there on the left sort of the the reporting table actually which is City of Rio de Janeiro has according to this new protocol but I'd say the important thing before I move on and I realize I actually only have one minute left is that the it's really important that we do actually have this owned and rolled out by organizations and networks of cities like IKLE and C40 I'm gonna skip this slide I'm not going to talk to it too much except to say that then if you're looking at mitigation efforts within the city there are obviously the number of sectors and there are obviously all sorts of things you can do here and you know this is just sort of an analytic diagram about and where these efforts might be and what they might be I'm going to skip this slide I'm not going to talk to you too much except to say that we've also been working in and on the question of carbon finance for cities again I think you're well aware that sort of the the current problem with the carbon markets actually is just sort of you know the limited demand and the low prices so on and so forth but if you look at registered CDM projects so far one of the challenges for cities has just been the high transaction costs and this approach which is working across multiple sectors has been trying to overcome that problem this is an example of a tool that one of the tools that we have with the with SMAPs the energy sector management and assistance program now I think it's rather unfortunate that because of the constraints of time I'm not able to go in sort of into detail on the adaptation side of things so let me skip a couple of these slides again which you well know this one I do want to talk to for a little bit two years ago the World Bank did a study on the economics of adaptation to climate change it came up with some big sort of headline numbers it's quite a lot of talk about sort of the approach that which was taken and how these numbers were arrived at but the point was this I'd like to make from with respect to sort of what we're talking about in terms of cities and climate change is this if you look at sort of this sector will break down from this table many of the costs actually of adaptation if you know according to to the results of the study will actually fall in cities I'm out of time these last slides which you can see were actually of some recent work we've done on adaptation issues in cities with particular reference to urban poverty my last two slides and if I could just if I may just take another 30 seconds actually will then be to talk about financing issues because then people will always say well where's the money you're the World Bank so what can we do in just in terms of the money we need and the investments we need to make the message of this slide is there are a number of things or a number of sources of funding and so I've given some examples here of some of these sources that the World Bank does work with but unfortunately there is less available than is commonly thought and there are sort of each of these sources for example you know have their own processes and procedures and so on and so forth and some of these are morally fully earmarked and fully allocated so the last this last slide actually is just to say that we we did try and address at least some even some sort of the information gaps if you will in terms of information availability on what's there so there was again from a couple years ago a joint UNDP World Bank effort and you'll see the URL there to provide through the web sort of some information on what climate finance options there might be and there's actually a dedicated section on which is relevant or which is for cities so thanks very much again for your attention and be glad to to pursue some of these discussions and questions with you after this.