 So next up we have Ariana Tikal and Mark Crookston and sorry, let me just get your presentation. Ariana is a research librarian specializing in Māori archival collections in the arrangement and description team at the Alexander Turnbull Library. She has a BA in Māori studies, a post-grad diploma in museum studies and a post-grad certificate in information studies. She's worked in the glam sector in Māori specialist roles for more than 20 years and is a singer-songwriter, so I'm expecting this to be delivered in Waiata. And Mark is principal advisor for government information management and use at Archives New Zealand. He has also worked in archives in the Pacific and the UK and he enjoys contributing to strong information systems that support good governance, people's rights, economic growth and societal memory. That's me just trying to sound fancy. Thank you all, my name is Mark Crookston and my name is Mark Crookston, so thank you all. If we do get through this quickly, I'm sure Ariana will finish on Waiata. The name DIFF is slightly to what's in the program. We didn't actually have the name of our research project, which we're going to be talking about when I put the abstract in. So the name Kōrero-ketea is a reflection on the concept of kanohi-ketea, which means have a physical presence or literally that your face is seen. In its original form, the phrase expresses the importance of meeting people face to face and to be seen and known amongst Māori communities. And the title of this project, we are referring to the kōrero or expressions of the ancestors which are present in our archival collections being discovered by the communities that they relate most to through the act of digitisation. So we're in the process of a research project trying to understand the impacts of digitisation with a case study of te reo Māori archival collections. And this is a presentation of some of the initial findings of that. Briefly, just on the drivers of it, it's important to note that it's a research project funded jointly by Victoria University of Wellington. There's seats up the front, guys, come on. It's jointly funded by Victoria University of Wellington and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver through the Inter-Paris Trust Project, which is a sort of a multinational archival research project to understand trust implications with digital archives. Ariana and I are just two people on the team that also includes Paul Diamond, Curator Māori at the Alexander Temple Library, and Dr Gillian Oliver and Dr Churnley Lu from Victoria University. So why do we do this project? Mainly because it's time to move beyond access. There's a few kind of key drivers here. I think our access thinking is limited. It focuses too much on transactions between users and institutions, which puts the institution at the centre. It limits our ability to understand what is done with collections. It limits our ability to understand users, and it limits our thinking. I also think we're really terrible at telling our value proposition as a sector. Numbers of hits on websites, numbers of items retrieved from repositories are easily counted, but I don't think they really count for much. Access is important, but it is just a precondition for use, and use is where the value is generated. So we thought we'd do this research project as a sort of attempt to help shift the thinking in the sector in New Zealand and provide a practical example of how we can shift from measuring outputs and transactions to measuring outcomes. Tureru collections were a good case study, we thought, as a significant investment in digitisation has occurred for Tureru Māori collections. The stakeholder relationship is an important relationship. The potential for a compelling impact narrative was high, so we thought we'd check it out. We, as a team, we put together a survey, we centred around a range of different channels, and we asked people to share it with colleagues. We heard from 83 people, and so the purpose of this slide is to note that we heard from people from around the country, and we heard from a range of different people doing a range of different work. This is these classifications for occupations as something we brought together. It was a free text field. We asked people just to say what they did, and yeah, we heard from labourers. So we heard from a wide variety of people. There were 78 responses to this question, but there were 83 responses in general. Most of the questions were voluntary. So some of the answers that we got to the question, sometimes there was 70 people answered, sometimes there were 20 people answered. But I think what we have done is we've got quite a broad but narrow view of impact assessment and types of use of Tureru Māori archival collections, and we're just going to go through just three of the key findings that we've come up with, noting that further work will sort of dive a bit deeper into some of these areas, and we'll talk about further work later on. Kia ora, just in terms of the demographic, I just wanted to mention as well that yeah, we're aware that it was not a huge sample of the community, and also it was an online survey. So the type of people who would actually participate in an online survey that is also informing our results just to have that in mind. This is a picture of my daughter and I at our Marae Onuku around Ako Roa, and this is to illustrate the concept of whanau ngatanga, which is a sense of togetherness, and you can see that especially the kids look really happy to be amongst their whānau in this shot, and whanau ngatanga was something that came out as a quite a strong theme in the results of the Kānohi Kōrero Kitea research, and the definition of it in the Online Māori Dictionary is a relationship, kinship, sense of family connection, a relationship through shared experiences and working together, which provides people with a sense of belonging. It develops as a result of kinship rights and obligations, which also serve to strengthen each member of the kin group, and it extends to others whom one develops a close familial friendship or reciprocal relationship. So we thought it was really important to think about this concept for us in institutions and because we're the guardians of a lot of this amazing taonga and mātauranga, and this is a more boring shot of one of the slides in the report, and this expresses the results in terms of why people shared and the reasons for sharing collections. So 95% of the respondents said that they did share some of these digitised collections that they accessed, which was quite an amazing result really, and it seemed to uncover kind of this quite a dynamic thing that's going on, and I think we're really keen to know more about this. So we also asked the reasons for behind why they shared and some of the reasons were whakapapa, learning te reo, use in iwi research, and also to expand knowledge and language revitalisation, including iwi dialect research. So the dark blue line, if you can see that, is the reasons for sharing and then the uses or perceived uses for that, the ongoing uses of those shared collections. So, yeah, the big line, work in educational research and whakapapa were pretty high up there, as well as contributing to the community and to educate others. Yeah, and a big kai papa within that is a sense of obligation to share, which relates to the concepts of whakapapa, relationships, cultural values, and the idea of kaitiakitanga, which in order to be a kaitiaki of that knowledge, you need to be able to access it, or reconnect with it in this case. Some of the quotes from the respondents relating to whanau ngatanga is to do with sharing with people who have a right to look at such material as being from the appropriate iwi, informing others about the availability of the sources as they ask them about a particular question, and then they felt obliged to share the information about the sources. And also, yeah, just sharing, sharing because they felt it was appropriate because of those whakapapa whanau connections to the resources. Another question or line of questions related to waeroa, which is the spirit, and the waeroa associated with the knowledge within Te Reo Māori collections, and yeah, it's around about half said that they thought, yeah, 45% said no, that they didn't think that digitisation affected the waeroa of the collections, and yeah, around about 37% said yes, and then, yeah, a smaller percentage said that they weren't sure or it depends on the information, the type of information. While there is some significant recognition of the effects of digitisation on the waeroa associated with the collections, respondents acknowledged that the benefits of digitisation, and particularly how digitisation can help preserve information for the future was something important. And I think, yeah, there was a balance, but I think overall, the results showed that the benefits outweighed the conservative approach of not digitising. Some of the quotes that came out of this line of questioning related to one said, I think digitising can lose some of the waeroa you can get from learning the same information from a kōmātua, but at least online it is available for anyone looking for it, and for future generations. Also, I think the waeroa remains with the original document. And the reality is that these days whānau Māori are spread all over the world. So that relates to the other nature that we've got heaps of Māori that are living in Australia and elsewhere. And so it's not practical for them to always come to our institutions. So it's allowing much better access to these collections. Another quote was, I feel that there will always be varying levels of waeroa experienced, depending on the intimacy or otherwise of the user with the material and or the contributor and the medium. So in terms of whakapapa relationships again and how close that person is depends on their waeroa attached to the collections and the relationships. In terms of like trying to understand impact, we didn't exercise where we took the findings and we sort of drew a line between what we were finding and what some sort of macro government outcomes were. The sort of idea here was why try and come up with our own impacts when government policymakers spend a lot of time in rooms trying to come up with outcomes. And we can just draw a connection between what we do with digitisation and what government is trying to achieve to improve society. And so we thought we'd have a go at sort of linking digitisation to some of those strategies. And we thought this would really help us when it came time to articulate our value proposition back to Treasury or back to the people who who provide money for digitisation and funding. So we can sort of articulate the value of what we do. So the Māori language strategy, which is in the process of being updated, but this was the current one when we were doing this. It has a range of objectives, sorry, one of which is increasing the use of Māori language among whanau Māori and other New Zealanders, especially in the home. 54% of users stated their purpose for using digital Māori collections was to gain family knowledge. 95% shared collections with others, as Ariana said. And most of that sharing happened with family and friends. 67% in fact said they like to be able to share their collections with family and friends. One quote was the convenience of this information has been pivotal to including some whanau in whanau decisions. The Māori language strategy objective two is about increasing critical awareness of Māori language revitalisation. 65% of users said they used the collections for revitalisation of Te Reo initiatives. So that's pretty core too. And quite a strong contribution of the work we do to digitise this stuff and make it accessible and usable. Another objective is about increasing the status of Māori language in New Zealand society. 65% of users claimed their use of Te Reo Māori archives, digital Te Reo Māori archives contributed to the understanding of Māori history. 65% also claimed an outcome of their use was knowledge passed on to others. Yeah. I don't know if you know this, but I work in government, so I do, but not a lot of people do. But New Zealand Treasury has a higher living standards strategy. So for those of you who aren't from New Zealand, this is the central government sort of purse strings. They have a pillar in their higher living standards called social cohesion. And they say that social cohesion is a society that actively works for a well being of all its members. And those members experience positive outcomes. They also state that social cohesion includes an experience people have where they see evidence of their own identity within public services. So what we found with our research was 49% experienced an outcome of personal enlightenment, and through the public institutions where they gained access for use of the collections. 54% experienced an outcome of gaining family knowledge, which we also said, and 25% added the collections that they have found to an iwi repository, which is something we have to dive into a little bit more detail with further research. But that's also very interesting, I think, when it comes to evidence of identity. Social cohesion is also about social connectedness through trust in institutions. And Arianna talked about for now, I'm going to tell you before, but essentially, that's a that is a that is a social connection network. 95% of people shared collections. 60% of those collections that were shared were then shared again. 25% of people receive their their collections from friends. You know, so there's like this this network, this kind of ecosystem that digitization is very important. I thought this was a really strong connection. digitization of Taro Maori to social cohesion. I think, given world events recently, it's quite noticeable what happens when social cohesion starts to fall apart. So I think we have quite a strong sort of argument we can make in terms of our contribution to that. And also the the Treaty of Waitangi settlement process, obviously a significant part of citizen state interaction and Maori state interaction in the last or since since the act in 1975 75. 22% experienced an outcome of contribution to a Treaty of Waitangi settlement process. I think that's really huge from our sector. The archives are being used by 22% of users to contribute to that settlement process. So what can we do about all of this? I think, I think we need to extend our thinking and actions beyond access that I talked about. We need to promote a better understanding of impact assessment and what we have done is just scratch the surface really. But what we can do using the research that we have done and some of the findings is improve our messages and our own narrative about what we do in terms of digitization. So I want you all collectively to start tweeting and expounding to your own funders and the people within your own institutions that research shows that digitization delivers to key government outcomes for New Zealand. And that research from VUW shows evidence of a multiplier effect of the use of digitized collections of Te Teramari. The multiplier effect is that use and then use again and then use again. Improve our narrative. That's that's what we're really trying to get across here. Next steps. We are going to be doing more promotion and communication. If you want us to come and talk to your institution specifically about and more detail about the findings, we ask people, for example, what they would like to see digitized. We've got data about which collections were more used or least used. We've got data about barriers for access and use. So if you want us to come and talk to you about some of that in more detail then please get in touch. We're planning a hui in February 2017 with interested participants to test the findings, to receive more narrative and to plan follow-up research. I think we need to go into a little bit more depth about whananga tanga. Like what that means, what that network, what that sharing system and what that social connectedness looks like. We know that, and there's a bunch of other questions, like all good research, you ask these questions and then you get the results, you're like, man I wish we asked this other stuff. So we are sort of planning what the next phase would look like. If you're interested in being involved in that in some way then please get in touch. Yes, the report is available online. I'll be tweeting it out because I haven't got a link here for some stupid reason. We do know that there are comparative and complementary international studies. So the University of British Columbia is going to be running a comparative study around digitization relating to a First Nations tribe up and around the Vancouver area. So that'll be interesting to sort of compare and contrast findings there. Ricky who's in the audience, Ricky's from the University of Maryland. Ricky's also received some funding to to to run research around understanding impacts and use of digitized indigenous language, archival collections. So Ricky's new to New Zealand so put your hand up Ricky. Yeah so go and say hi to him in the afternoon and tomorrow as well. And Interparia is one of the funders, this research program out of the University of British Columbia. And we've got an international archival research symposium here in Wellington on December the 9th. If you're interested in attending that as well it's real cheap and we've got people coming from all over the world. It'll be at Victoria University of Wellington. So get in touch with me and keep you to look out for the lists as well. We really placed a lot of importance on receiving narrative in the research. So that hasn't really come across it strongly in what we've been presenting today but I just wanted to take some time to let some of the voices speak to you. I don't know about you but it really strikes to the core of why I do what I do. Yeah so the survey was anonymous so we don't know who provided us this but I'd love to know what they were talking about which collections. But this is what the further work is intended to do is to tease out more of this narrative. This is a way out of it actually I rediscovered through digitisation through the New Zealand electronic tech centre. It was in a book of way out of that the Governor George Gray had collected and probably when I had too much time on my hands I trod through all of the Ngai Tahu way out in that collection and I discovered this version of this way out of it which was it's a lament about surviving a tribal battle raid on Ornawe Peninsula around Banks Peninsula where my great great great grandmother survived. She was another survivor and this is a version of the way out of that I've composed and recently have recorded for a way out of the album that we'll be sharing with our whanau. So this is then they put it here on our way as the title of that. Do we have any time for questions or? That's our time. Thank you for the presentation. My question is you know I'm still jet lagged and recovering from the trip. I flew in from Washington DC so as you can see it's a far flight but so impact could be also negative so sometimes you know we like to look at the positive impact but there are some types negative impacts unintended consequences sometimes it's the impact could be short term or long term so I wonder if you know you'd consider you know other forms of impacts and other time range that in your study. Yeah for one terms of traditional forms of knowledge transmission that might circumvent you know those traditional relationships if everybody can just go online and receive the information in that way I think that is a fear that those that the relationships might not be just enhanced but it might also break down some of that but in terms of outcomes long term it might actually encourage those people once they have some access to some of these treasures that they might find new ways of going back to where they're from and reconnecting in that way so yeah that's a possible negative and positive. Yeah we didn't ask specific questions about that but we received some narrative that gave us an indication that the traditional knowledge transfer mechanisms were being circumvented so we kind of we couldn't really sort of make any claim in the report about that but we know now that we sort of in some of the additional phases we need to sort of find out what that's about we need to do more research and we might not have the skills to do that we may need people with sort of more sociological or backgrounds to contribute to the research to find out more there. We also ask some questions about the relationship between institution and user like the extent to which that's been a positive or negative experience and to be honest I don't think our questions were that good so we didn't quite get the because we were looking at a positive and or negative we were looking for something there we didn't quite get the the results back to enable us to make a claim either way so yeah so maybe again for some follow-up research. I just wanted to point out that everyone here has done recently done a digitalization where they had a consultation with people about digitalization in the modern department if any practical things have got easier in terms of the consultation improvements around digitalization with this any aspect of digitalization so now in the past we hesitated about digitizing some modern materials because we knew we were uncertain about the consultation processing and the time that you needed to do that So what we found we asked some of those questions in the research and we kind of found a sort of an even split of respondents who thought that the more there was this discussion about digitalization and the more there was this discussion about the more that was just put out there the better and those that were more conservative thought that institutions should be more conservative so it's probably not that surprising a result that there's some tension there about the appropriate response so we asked for example which kinds of collections should be digitized and available and the Maori Land Court minute books came up as sort of really high demand and then we asked if one shouldn't be digitized and made available and the Maori Land Court minute books came up really strong there as well so we wanted to just test whether that tension existed and so I think it does that is the finding the tension exists the findings of the research were more on make it open and available but our population was biased towards people who would prefer that anyway so that's not as surprising the finding but I think it's still a valuable finding in itself