 Okay, we are calling the person who is responsible for the recording of the speeches. But there is a word we are asking Professor Franca to say a couple of words before we start. Okay, good morning and welcome to IHE and to this theme day. I'm here just to say a few words. The main show is sponsored by Alessandra Miroslav. But then I was asked to say a few words and I'm happy that we organized the IHE delts under the auspices of NCK and NCR this day. We are trying to develop new agenda in hydropower IHE, so this is quite relevant for us. And especially in our group and a bit led by Miroslav, we tried to develop some new research projects with consortions in hydropower in general, but also low head hydropower. We have a new masters in hydropower coming I think starting next year with the University of Kuala Lumpur. And we have been active also in World Water Week and the other instance in defining new ways of hydropower and it's all related with new hydropower. Low head is one of the examples and I'm happy that we can have this event here and I'm happy that we have the room, well not completely full but quite full more than we expected actually. I'm quite happy with that. We simply have a very nice program, I saw the program meets a variety, there's some international experiences as well there and they cover also some design and final product. So I think it could be interesting, I hope we have nice discussions today. And I think I just, the only thing I have to say is just to present, I was given the honor to present the first speaker, it's Miroslav Marens. So he's an associate professor here as I told you, especially in hydropower, hydropob structures, and he's the main responsible for the developments that we have here at IHE. So he's also an engineer in the company Poiti in Austria, so he's very experienced worldwide in hydropower, so I think he's an excellent member also to discuss with him today. Thank you very much for the presentation, once again and okay I have a nice and rich day, so hopefully we'll come out with something else at least. Thank you very much for the presents, wish you a good day. So, thank you, Maria, thank you for the introduction. So I will start my presentation about introductory about the hydropower. I would like to make some organization notes. And the first one, everybody of you have the program. Try to make it on the way, I really like that the old speakers try to be in the bones of the given time. And we have a very tight program, we can say, and after 12.30, then we will have one hour for lunch. And part of us will then go to the side visit to the power plant, the small hydropower plant in San Michael Pistel. And on the Dommel and then we will also see the kinetic turbine. And then in the evening we will come here. Plan is 6 o'clock in the evening because of the traffic based on the experience from last year. I hope that it will not be more than half an hour later, you can say. Okay, this is about the program. This is the content of our system. We will speak before break this morning, we will speak about the river hydropower, potential, the kinetic energy of the rivers. And then after the break, after the coffee break, we will have the block with the coastal engineering where the most type it will be about wave current and tidal energy. And we will see some of different examples there. The side visit, as I said, we will go from IG to the Dommel to see the power plant. And after that, on the way back, we will go to the Dommel and we will see the kinetic turbine. I think it's not in the water, it's just outside. But at least we will see it. And then from there, there is a possibility to take the train home for external participants or to go with us by bus back to the IG. Just one additional organization point, we are now here on IG. Here is the railway station and the bus will be situated here in this new parking area, which is there. The Google map is still not updated. It is not seen and it will be somebody. Okay, the lowland river hydropower, I will start with lecture, what is a hydropower? We can say the hydropower is a renewable source of energy. It's a technology which is innovative and a tailor-made system solution. This means, in most cases, for each site, for each project, we have a tailor-made solution. We can say each power plant is a prototype. In most cases, there is no serial production. It is done on the way that every time it is based in the given system. This environment can be political, economical, ecological, social, and it always needs to be adapted. Hydropower means long-term investment. The hydropowers today, we have power plants which are 100 years old and which are still in operation. With some small refurbishments in most cases, they are still working with nearly the same efficiency as it is now. They create additional economical value. This is without any discussion. It is the most efficient energy generation technology. The efficiency is what we can have with the classical hydropower above 90%, which is more than any other possible technology. It is a really sustainable energy source which is in line with the climate change. Here, the two graphs which show the development from now, we can say expected development in the energy consumption and energy production, better to say. We hope that the fossil energy sources will drop down. Hydropower, you see here as the darkest part of the graph, the dark blue, will increase very slowly because the capacity is built and the potential is nearly used, especially in developed countries. We see a lot of increase in the solar and wind power, which is set. What is interesting to say is that the ratio between construction energy and the production, if we say how much energy we must put in the power plant to build the power plant, and then how much energy we get in the life cycle back, we can say that hydropower and nuclear power are the most powerful energy sources. Because this ratio becomes to 1 to 250 or 200, then the cold goes back. Wind energy we see here, it's much more lower ratio and the solar panels are now in this diagram of the ratio 1 to 6, now they came to 1 to 20. But before 10, 15 years, they were negative. To produce the solar panels, you need more energy than you ever get out from the production. Hydropower is also the heart of the renewable family. The most renewable energy is in hydropower, and if we look to this graph, the less adjustable or less predictable energies like solar, wind and wave energy are less predictable. Hydropower is predictable and, for example, the other renewables like bio-thermal or geothermal are just baseload systems. This means they are working 20 for 7. If you look to the levelized cost of electricity, then the hydropower has relatively very low levelized cost of electricity. The same is also the life cycle emissions, CO2 emissions or greenhouse gases emissions. Hydropower globally, the installed capacity now is approximately 1200, 1300 gigawatt, expected 2050 to come to 2000 gigawatts for more than 4,000 terawatt hours energy is produced. Where this energy is mostly produced, the hydropower in China, the United States, Brazil, Canada and then the rest of the world. And if we look to the potential of the hydropower in the world, we can see that in developed world, especially Europe and Australia, also North America, the capacity is nearly, we have capacity which we reached, the installed capacity reached nearly to the borders, but the big potential we still have in Southeast Asia, Asia and especially in Africa. And these are the places in South America, of course, we have where the hydropower will develop in future. Hydropower in Netherlands, it's in insignificant role. The total installed capacity is 38 megawatt. If you look to the oil production, the most is done by fossil gas and the hard core and then rest energies are minority and hydropower is really fully at the end of the system. The power plants what Netherlands has are just these three big ones, Alpen, Linen and Maurek and then some several small ones which are really mostly below one megawatt. And if you look to the potential, the potential is approximately in the small hydropower 12 megawatts and now built in this approximately 3 megawatts. And if you look 2013, 2016, the capacity has not been minimally changed. This data and the data for all other countries you can also get from the small hydropower world atlas which you can download from the internet. And you get the data for approximately 150 countries around the world. Yes, what is a power and what is the energy? The energy is the capacity of doing work expressed in the kilowatt hours. Its output of the hydroelectric power plant is electrical energy. Power is a rate of the energy produced or used and is expressed in the kilowatts. How we can calculate the hydropower energy? This is a potential energy which is in reality mass of water multiplied by discharge multiplied by head and multiplied by efficiency factor. And if we take all efficiencies in the account, efficiencies in the turbine generator transformer power waterway, then we can say this factor is approximately 8 multiplied by h multiplied by q. If we look to the kinetic power, the physics is the same, but the formula is a little bit different. You see it here, one half of rho multiplied by area multiplied by velocity of the water on the third potential. And in reality this is the same formula if you put q for q area multiplied by velocity and for h in reality the kinetic head done by the velocity of the water. How the power house works? Simple, we have potential energy of the water on some level. In the power waterway this potential energy partly transferred in the kinetic energy and then in the turbine in the rotational mechanical energy and in the generator then in the electrical energy and the water goes back to the river. What is the problem of the Netherlands? Why Netherlands have so less hydropower and so less hydropower potential? Reason is very simple. There is a lot of water but there is no head or very low head. The main problem is if you look here to the different types of the turbines, they are all done for heads, for example Pelton up to 200, 300 meters, Francis and Axial Kaplan turbines are working to the heads, to the minimal heads of 2 to 3 meters. And this is a head which is Ra we can say in the Netherlands. Also these small heads are Ra in the Netherlands. And this is the main problem of the hydropower in the Netherlands and the reason for this low hydropower. Another part what we will have today is a kinetic energy. I will not go in it but I just want to make it in introduction. We have a channel river which is with flowing water and we can put devices like propellers, different types in the water which will rotate and produce a certain amount of energy from this one. In the second block of my presentation I will show some solutions worldwide with very low head turbines, solutions which could be also used in the Netherlands. And then I will go to the solutions which we have in the Netherlands. Yes, the first type is a compact Kaplan turbine, so-called very low head turbine. You see it here, everything is compact, the whole Kaplan turbine and the generator compacted in a very compact system. We have a rotor with a Kaplan turbine and at the same time it is a rotor of the generator and the starter of the generator around everything. The whole turbine is very, very flat. On the top there is also a trash rack with a cleaning machine. Everything is put in. The only what you need in reality from the civil work is a quadratic channel and you can put the turbine in it. It is a relatively simple construction system but as it is known often such simple system has another problem that the turbine is very expensive. It is an expensive solution because it is a very complicated solution on the electromechanical part. Another type is a rot turbine which is a normal Kaplan turbine, we can say bulb turbine situated in the container. It is installed, the full powerhouse you can say is installed with one crane on the prepared also rectangular cross section and can be easily installed and easily used. It has also advantage because the whole of this container can be heaped up and then the sediment is also for the sediment transport very good because the sediment can be transferred under the turbine and evaporated from the opposite side. Low head turbine also another type is a dive turbine. Dive turbine is simplification of the Kaplan or the Francis turbine. It is a turbine which has no draft tube and no wicket gates and no not the spiral case and on this way it is cheaper, simpler for installation. You see you just need the gate, trash rack with trash rack cleaning machine and you install the turbine and in the very simple we can say civil structure and of course it is simplification of the other turbines. It has efficiency which is slightly lower, 75% approximately but it can work with the heads up to for example one meter because of that it could be also interested for the Netherlands. Low head turbine alchemist screw, alchemist screw is very old technology and also old technology in Netherlands. You see here the wooden screw which is on the TU Delft showing that this system was used as a pump in the past also in Netherlands. It is used still as a pumping system for example here in Kinderdijk the three alchemist screws as a pumps and how it works the water in case of the turbine the water flows into the screw and the screw is rotating and transporting water down and giving energy to the system. It is a slow turning system and there is normally the gearbox which transfers in the much more big rotation speed and then the generator producing energy. The system is relatively simple, relatively easy in operation and maintenance and it is also very flexible and can work for the discharges or can be designed for the discharges from 100 liters to approximately 15 cubic meter per second. Here some figures with the screws installed on different sides. Similar to the screw but different system is a staff turbine. The staff turbine is in reality water wheel but not as a circular like elliptical or two half circles with straight lines. And the water is transported through the buckets from upstream part and the lower part and is giving the potential energy to the rotational energy of the buckets and it is connected directly to the generator and produce energy. These turbines are for example here installation in Africa. Some low head turbines in the Netherlands, two I think most known, at least for me most known, is not originally Dutch but working here. These are screw turbines from land industry. We will also see implementation of this system of their turbine in one of the power plants in the Netherlands later. And of course the Tokada is a company which is working on the kinetic turbine in the Netherlands. We also as IHE were involved in some research projects and with low length turbines and low length development. Two most important we can say is hydro ring maybe known to some of you. This was a very clever system we can say. Very simple rotor of the turbine with opening in the most cases with open middle part that also can be used as a passage for the fishes or with less danger for fishes if they pass through the turbine in downstream migration. And then the permanent magnet on the border of the rotor and the starter around it. The whole turbine in this case 2.8 meter head and 5 cubic meters is less than 1 meter wide. And it's a pipe. You can put it in the pipe. You see here in the testing side what we have done in Dodrecht. You see the normal steel pipe coming to the turbine. This part is a turbine. And then a draft tube and going down. It was really surprising the turbine in this case it is installed above the water level. And the turbine had no there was a negative pressure but there was no cavitation because the negative pressure was just one to just less than one meter. But it was working without any cavitation problems and such turbine this is exactly this one with this open system with very friendly for the fish has a efficiency of approximately 40%. If you close it mathematically there were done the calculations the efficiency will come to approximately 70%. The turbine is very thin we can say can be installed also in the gates in the sluice gates of the existing systems for example. And the only problem is that development management of the company had problems and then the project was stopped and the company broke in reality before the first turbine which was produced was installed somewhere worldwide. Another type of the turbine is a runomic turbine which is in reality two rotors which are rotating in the different directions and transporting water through it and with transport of the water of course producing the rotational energy which then over the gearbox go to the generator. This advantage of the system is that it needs two different one turbine one set one unit exist of two gearboxes and two generators maybe possibility to connect them together but complicated mechanical transfer and the generators is in it. The advantage of the system is that this rotor and also starter can be made of the concrete. It's a low head with low pressures and it can everything can be done by concrete and on this way it's easy to also for the developing world will be easy to use it because you have possibility to to export only the molds and you don't and you can everything produce on the site on the system. How you can install it of course it can work as a normal as a part of the via structure. It can be also put over the via structure with invert C phone and work on this case in this system and advantage of the system is that it can work also as a pump because if we put energy on this on the on the generator it will rotate in the in the opposite direction direction and we will have the pump system. And this is the idea of aeronomic is to to put it in the in the folder in the control of the water and use it as a as a pump and the turbine and they want to have the test site. Now I will jump to to the next topic. This will be alternative hydropower solutions. This is another part of work what we are doing here. We are trying to find the solutions to to generate additional energy from the existing from the existing hydropower for the existing hydraulic structures. And these solutions are attractive and lucrative because in reality instead of additional to the turbine which will produce energy and will save will pay itself back. We don't need to build other structures. We don't need vias. We don't need anything. We don't have any problems with with with environmental impacts because structures existing and they are not hindering and endanger the main structures of the of the function where we have these possibilities in water infrastructure. This is in municipal and agricultural water systems like in drinking water supply in drinking water systems. We have to pump water to to reach the distribution grid. And then in more in some cases we need to reduce the pressure because the pressure will be too high for the for the grid. And this reduction is normally done mechanically destroying the energy producing heat and why why to do it. We can do it with also with the with the turbines similar can be done on the sewage systems treated wastewater systems or also irrigation. Last year we have a master thesis where in Ethiopia we we make the analysis how to install the screw turbines in the existing irrigation channels and generate some additional energy for the for the local local people. Similar is by existing dams hydropower and hydropower and other plants. For example, 50% of the dams in the world are done for irrigation works. And this this water is not used for energy production. It's just for irrigation. And in some cases there is a possibility there are differences. There are possibilities to do in the existing hydropower plants special in the Europe with the new European directives. We have our hydropower has a big problems with the reserve flow with ecological flows, which have to be guaranteed. And of course, this is a lost and lost energy, especially in the diversion systems. And to reduce this one, it's easy to do it. If we make, if we put, for example, we are not just relieving the water. We relieve this water, release this water over the, over the turbine and produce some additional energy. Similar is with fish passage systems. It looks strange that the fish will go through the turbine. But the next slide I will show you the system. It is also possible. And also navigation locks and dams can be used for the energy productions because there is a head. The water must flow from one basin to another. And we can use this head to production of the energy. A special part of the reasoning of the energy is in the industrial systems where we have hydraulic systems for heating, for some industrial waters, pressure waters. For example, in cooling systems and or in desalination plants with high pressures. We have the, we have, we can use this pressure after the process for use of it. Here, some examples, drinking water turbine, drinking water turbine installed in the pipe, rest water turbine installed in the existing hydropower plant. Here, as I said, the screw turbine, which produce energy with the outside screw. On the inside, there is another screw which transport water up and on this way also can transport the fish up. This is not the future or prototype. This is working in Austria. We have this installed in the denub and the one small denub problem. Here, also the denub system with ship locks, here irrigation channel and energy water from the, used the energy water here pump to producing high pressure for the industry with the generator and the back water comes in the turbine and help generator or reduce the generator consumption with the rotation of the turbine. My last topic is in reality our site visit and implementation of the small hydropower in the Netherlands. There is a via structure in the, on the Bommel River, which was constructed in the 70s. It was a, it is a water management system, water level regulation. There is a via structure with three gates and automatic gates and approximately 30 cubic meter discharge, normal discharge in the system. It, we, we install it there, the turbine in the middle, middle field, we, the owner of the power plant and we were helping with our research on it. And in the middle field, they installed a screw turbine and we have a runoff river power system with discharge approximately 10 cubic meters. Head is variable between one to 1.8 meter dependent on the discharge. And here you see the flow duration curves on the last 30 years. And if you look hundred cubic, 10 cubic meters is in this area. This is, this was the design discharge. This is the construction in the middle of the middle field. The foundations were done. The turbine in the land industry during the production. Civil works, the owners, father and son, in the, in the turbine, we can say on the side, transport of the turbine to the, to the side and first tests on the side. The turbine is the plant is connected directly to the local grid, fits directly the grid, the consumption grid on 220 volt. Installation, as I said, in the middle field is a first private project in Netherlands, which is licensed on the existing river structure. Its finance model is also the crowd, the crowdfunding with 75% with almost 500 different people, which are now shareholders of the power plant and getting approximately 8% per year. It's on the grid from 2016 and output is 150 kilowatts. It's not a lot. It's not a huge and produce approximately slightly less than one gigawatt hour. This is, this is we on the, on the explosion last year. Hopefully we will have the such nice weather also today. Okay, thank you very much. Any questions? We have time for only one question, but then there is a long, long break later and there is a lunch. So, yeah, there is a question now. Otherwise you can urgent question now. Yes. You have a question. Yes. They are different. If you look to the low, the first one, low head was is a normal kaplan turbine with efficiency approximately 90, 91%. The similar with the second one, the staff turbine has only I think 670, 70, 75%. And the screw turbines are also 70 to 80%. The dynamic is also in the range of 60 because of roughness of the system and the problems that this is in testing. We cannot say it in reality how it is because these are just the tests which have been done. So, okay. The next. Okay. No first. We are presented for you. Yes. Not necessary. I think as a speaker. Okay. Thank you. Yes. Thank you, Miro. Okay. And the next speaker is Dennis the writer. And if we speak about the next, give us an example of kinetic hydropower in the Netherlands, a QA river. Okay. Please. Good morning everybody. First off, I would like to thank Miroslav and Alessandra for inviting me here and for the opportunity to show off our product. So, I started with a short summary and a short history of the of our company and our products. Then I'll quickly go over some general characteristics of our products. And quick overview of existing installation before we go to our main subjects. The plan we're going to visit today, the prototype of the AQUA river. Speak more loud. Oh, I'm not loud enough. Microphone. Microphone. Can you hear me better now? All right, so how did we start? AQUA projects came from a company which already had experience with various civil engineering things. So we already had a base of potential customers like water port authorities. And during these talks, we met with Johan Bakker, who is the director of innovation from Wadschapp Revierdorf. And he plans that the idea is from do not only think in a bit, but also remember the small. And during these talks, we also, we also found out from what do potential customers want. We really focused on the water authorities then. And it should just be simple, no big constructions, fish safety and ecological retention is paramount. And we should also use sustainable materials. And we just really focused on a new set first and that were our polar systems where there's a lot of falling water, but not a big head in general. And for that, we also looked at from how are we going to achieve that. And we thought from the water wheel might be a good idea. We were inspired by the old ship mills, which are still in operation today. Because they last long, and they're relatively simple to construct. And a year later, we already had the first operational product, the AcoSmartware. So it's your summary of our three products. The first two, the AcoSmart two, or AcoSmartware and the Aco box are products for potential energy. So making use of falling water. And the right one is the one we're going to visit at the Aco River, making use of kinetic energy. The AcoSmartware is an all-in-one solution for if a whole earth we replace. And it has an integrated water wheel, which allows it to operate autonomously and optionally can also be equipped with various things which make it smart. And if you have multiple, they can also communicate with each other. During the development of the smartware, we also found out that there is a need to just, well, not really a need, but we need something which does not require a whole replacement but can easily be attached to something. So the Aco box was developed. And basically we just named it plug-and-play hydro power. It can easily be attached to an attaching structure like a wearer but also at pumping states, for example. And the Aco River is basically a 21st century boat mill, but they're floating. And then with lightweight construction and new material designs, we hope to bring the cost down. So a cost-efficient operation is possible. So some general characteristics is we use as much recycled plastic as possible. For now it's at the constructive part. But our ambition is to switch over to actually using the plastic soup in the future. That requires some more development, but for now we are already using recycled plastics for many parts. So fish safety is a very hot item, especially for our customers like the water board. And our products are tested according to the latest norm in the Netherlands, the N8775 norm, which is so we ensure that it is fish-friendly. We have been approved for subsidies, both investment and exportation subsidies like the SDA+, just like solar and windage. Yeah, easily constructed and placed. And water management and water safety are always a paramount for our products. It should never cause a blocking or that it's no longer in search. And the older proven technique of water mills optimizes further modernized. So some examples. This is our very first one, the Equus March 2 in Omron. It has a very small water wheel, it was a very first one. And we chose this situation here because it was a very difficult situation. Very low ads and a very low discharge. And for us it was alright, if it works here it can work everywhere. So with this low discharge in the head, it has a generational 50 to 100 watts, which is not much of course, but it's a good location for us to test our products and then refinements are made. So we go a bit bigger here. There are two aqua box isolation, which has been attached to the already existing weirder. It has a diameter of 45 centimeter with a flow rate of about 800 to 2000 cubic meter per hour and a head of about 45 centimeter as well. And per piece it generates about one to three kilowatt hours. And connected to it is a pumping station we also built, which is now zero energy basically because of the aqua box installation there. So yeah, it's another one, I think that one bit long. And this is what we just mean with plug and play attached, but if it has to be removed it can also be done with a day. So this one is not pumping station, but I think we should go to the aqua river now. So this is where we're going to visit today, the pilot aqua river. The width of the aqua box is three meters and it also has a diameter of three meters. The definitely installation will have a maximum installed capacity of 150 kilowatts. For us, it is just to prove that the aqua river works and serve as a test bed for optimization and testing. But we also intend to deploy the pilot at various locations. So at various locations where it's also good inside, so people can just see what it is. And we hope to change the perception of hydropower a little bit because we really noticed that people think about hydropower. It's just a dam and not much else. So yeah, in general, sorry about that. So the definite installations will be in three types as we cross the aqua river 7, 10 and 15 depending on the width of the water wheel, which is applied. It can pump itself in and out the water depending on the conditions. So the water level to the... Sorry, I'm getting stuck. It can lift itself in and out of the water depending on the conditions. And to optimize the design, we have designed the float to ensure that as much as water as possible is being pushed towards the water wheel there. And we hope to achieve a velocity factor increase of 1.5 times the velocity of the surrounding water. And a prototype will prove that if there is the case. And optionally it can be accurate with various measurement systems to improve the knowledge of our river system. So as the possible applications will be the first of her most that it's a decentral generation of electricity at the profitable rates. But also to generate electricity at harder places, for example, in developing countries where there is now where utilities which is now dependent on generators, for example. But also to augment existing energy solutions such as water and solar plants if it's placed nearby. Water always flows and the sun doesn't always shine so it could be a nice augmentation. But also some more specialized cases such as to generate electricity for ships which are charging at ship battery loading points. So a quick run of the development process. So of course it all starts with some theory. But we quite quickly came up with the design and first thing you did is build a miniature one. And what we did is test different kinds of floats and also the bottom plate. The bottom plate has been largely scrapped because it's not expected to do a velocity increase. But in the end we tested various kinds of floods and had it confirmed, well, we are verified with CFDs. And this design has been proved to be the most optimum for the ones we tested which came down to about the 1.5 velocity factor increase. And well, after that was done we just quite quickly also went to the building process. And first you had to find a balance between prototype, the scale, mobility and cost. So that's why our prototype is almost like how we intended to do it but it's smaller because we want to be able to move it around. So yeah, so this is our very first one of the plans and it will be used as an optimization and testbed. This one is hand-built so after all that is done we can move to a serial production but we are also still looking at locations. It's mainly an export product but we are also working in the Netherlands to see if there are some local areas where there are higher velocities. And get people to know about the higher power and to change the perception of it is also one of our goals with this. And it will remain where it is for over a year at least so we can have a good overview of testing at quite a minimum velocity location. Yeah, what's next? Finding locations with various partners, particularly in Zeeland. We're also working on getting a dedicated testing area which is for the title of test center. And for high velocities we're working on a variable venturi bottom plate because of the inlet flow. At the outflow you will get some kind of collision and some concerns are made that at higher velocities this collision is going to happen not where it's supposed to be near the water wheel but in front of it. So we're working on a bottom plate like that's very early development. And also early in development is the ACA title which is basically the same concept but then used for title energy. And also very early in development we're actually looking at the feasibility of it all and because it has consequences for material use and all that. Well some pictures this is just to see how big the water wheel is. This is the roof of it, it has just been placed on top of it. You see the floats over there, the roof and the watch with basically four parts which is just put together. This is the inflow inside of the floats and wow there's nothing wrong with having some vision. Equal if I got title 2.0 at dosagelda with solar panels and windmills attached to it. So thank you for your attention. Thank you very much for your really interesting story. Do you have questions? We have some minutes for questions here. Ok, Kun. Hi Glenn, thank you for your presentation. I'm Kun from Deltarys. I happened to cross one of your installations previous week. It's the 211G Equavox at the LifeGa. Yeah, it's on the maintenance right now. Alright, it was interning so that's fine. So I happened to cross it. What I saw was that it was, of course a natural system. You know, you have a lot of vegetation. When there's more vegetation it drifts downstream until it gathers at the wear and perhaps clogs up your Equavox. So is it a known problem? It's easy to solve. How do you think about it? Right now that was actually the problem with the Equavox. We had tested it for quite a while and it went alright for a year and the large parts all went over it. But indeed something has caught it up right now and that was the truth. It was the first time in a year that it happened, but yeah. I saw another question, yes. Every now and then from my slow move we are waiting to start it. I wonder how you, is it attached to the bottom of the river? No, no, it floats and it pumps itself up and down. Yeah, it's catamaran to say it like that. But how do you use it to prevent it from floating? There are poles attached to the site. Steep piling in the Netherlands. I don't know how to translate these things. These new people are not... And I have a question for people. My name is Peter Scherfels from Dutch Marine Center. It's a big achievement that you made with all the prototypes. I'm curious to hear a little bit more about the levelized cost of energy, especially for your soon-stage systems. Because you're competing with potential grid collection. Is the cost of energy low enough to compete? For the Echo Box in particular, we really need to switch to serial production to open up more locations to compete with that. Because right now everything is hand-built, which drives up the cost. Sorry, did I understand your question correctly? All right, because I started off there. Right now we are in the building at locations where we can compete with it. But that's still a location with here a lot of water, which is quite a high head difference. And basically we have to drop all the extras to make it compatible. The better the better. Thank you. There are many questions. Yes, you are the first one. For now, that will be 25-30%, because that's an initial water wheel. And for the one series of potential energy, that is 60-80% of what's in the water. Initial water wheels are, by nature, less efficient. And we're looking at improving that. That was a last question. And yes, and then you will have to discuss. Okay, Adam, the question about the Echo Tide, which looks really exciting. You also mentioned having remote charging stations, and the other ships, maybe your future is in division. Do you see these boats more threat to being before you further from the boat out at sea? And so how do you mount them? It's for now when we're going around and doing tax for visibility, we have been focusing on the in-watch water on those to the shoulder and the western shoulder in particular. Yeah, I'm not sure if you're going outside of the car, that's maybe another subject. How would they be attached to it? Do they need to be attached to it? No, they will be floating, yeah. Okay, we have to stop here. Thank you very much. This was presented for you. Thank you very much for your presentation. We have now the next speaker, is Herma Mondil. And we speak about Sierra Leone, and applications in Sierra Leone. Thank you. Good morning. My name is Herma Mondil. I'm head of the Water Management Department of Witveen in Boston, Engineering Consultant Company. So we are not producing hydro power, but we are making products that we are trying to apply these in projects. We design it or we do feasibility studies. One of the projects we did was a small hydro power feasibility study in Sierra Leone, and I will highlight some components of the project. One is the hydro power assessment tool we developed with TU Delft to assess potential locations for hydro power. Some parts of the feasibility study, selection of turbines, there was already some discussion about head and flow or kinetic turbines. And some conclusions, the lessons we learned for Sierra Leone. A small background of the project. The climate, there's a lot of rain, but it's mainly falling in the wet season and in the dry season the rivers fall nearly dry, which is challenging for hydro power. We aimed for one of the river schemes, so no large reservoirs. And our client is Riverblade, a Dutch Sierra Leone company, and they have to sell, or they have to look for investors, so they are aiming for a feasible scheme. And there was already some discussion about the tariff or the cost for producing energy. That's an important component in it. This tool we developed with the TU Delft. There's an article published in the PLOS magazine about it. It's a TIS tool. We use global available data of the DEM and runoff river data. The DEM is used to determine the location of rivers, the catchments and combined with the river flow data, we can determine the discharge in rivers and combined with the difference in surface level we have ahead and combined that provides the potential power production for every grid cell in the river. And we determined the potential power production in the world, including this is a picture of Africa, you see the picture of Sierra Leone. But this is based on very rough data. So for Sierra Leone we adjusted or calibrated this model. We found out that the discharges calculated in the dry season were much too low. So based on available data and measurements which was not too much, we adjusted the model and had some quite good results as you can see in the picture on the top. At the end of the project we found out a large discharge measurements for the Bumbuna DEM which is located in the center of the country for an 80 years period and we found out that our model was quite accurate. And we also went into the fields on the locations where we predicted good hydropower locations and indeed there were waterfalls or rapids. So I think this tool is quite good too on a very rough or global scale determine hydropower locations. This is the result. I will not go into much detail because I think our client does not like it if I provide you all the information. But one thing, the total small hydropower capacity for Sierra Leone is 90 megawatt which will more or less will double the current capacity in the country. We conducted first a pre-visibility study for around 10 or 20 locations which we found were potentially good. An important aspect to that is the connection to the grid. In Sierra Leone there are only two main power lines available so you have to be lucky to be in the vicinity of the grid and if you have to go further away than around 5 kilometers it's too expensive to develop the grid. So the grid or a large industry for the demand has to be within 5 or let's say maximum 10 kilometers which is in Sierra Leone a very limiting aspect. Furthermore we did conduct in Asia because it's a run-of-the-river scheme the impact is limited. We want to apply some weirs to increase the head to make it more efficient so you have an increase of flooding and we can mitigate that with some dykes to prevent too much flooding. Other important aspects is that the river is used for transportation with small boats fishing and sand mining but the impact to that is limited. Accessibility is an important aspect you have to be able to reach the location easily and of course the cost estimate to make the plant and the amount of energy you can produce is quite important in this case for the client financially feasible to have a case. We looked at different types of turbines Miroslav already explained about it we looked at head-based ones but there was also a strong demand to look at these are kaplan voids we also looked at a very low head turbine but there was also a large demand to look at the flow-based turbines especially the Orion water mill in this case we could not it was not very feasible to apply them also like the Tokara one important aspect is that the efficiency is quite low if you... with kinetic energy the maximum efficiency you can reach for most of the flow-based ones is around 50% because mathematically that's the maximum you can reach but most are lower than that I think then also your project is about 30% and also if you look at the Tokara one it's only around area in which you can generate energy with a large river it's difficult to catch all the capacity of the river within the turbine the second thing is that the flow velocity if you look at the formula the flow velocity is to the power 3 so you want to have a high flow velocity as possible in this case the flow velocity was too low so you want to increase the flow velocity to guide the river to a small location but then you need a lot of civil structures which makes it more expensive and if you already make civil structures then it's more efficient to apply head-based turbines in most cases I think that can be very suitable for remote locations where you have a small grid to develop electricity to households but then in Africa you have a large competition with solar power which is probably in most cases cheaper and easier for maintenance so it's at least challenging to apply flow-based hydropower and also important aspect in here for investors is availability of spare parts some producers' spare parts are not on stock so if something is broken you have to wait half a month but that is not for all producers probably but also the risk of companies being bankrupt after 5 years they have to survive all the start-ups so that's I think challenging for all the start-ups and companies evolved recently to be part of bigger projects around the world we conducted feasibility study we did topographical survey with drones we did hydraulic impact modelling because we used weirs so we have an impact on flooding and we made a calculation of the power you can generate throughout the year and you see in the wet season when the discharge the blue line is high the head is lower because downstream the water level becomes higher and upstream of the weir the water level remains more or less the same it's a little bit higher but not much higher as downstream and you also see in the price season that the river discharge becomes very low so the power production in those months is limited we designed the civil structures so the weir the power plant the turbine and determine the feasibility so the cost for the construction operation and maintenance and also based on the power you can produce every year if it's feasible or not for some locations it's it can be feasible it also depends on the cost for financing investors wants to have a high rate on investment because of the risk of investing in countries like Sierra Leone we just had elections but you don't know what the government will do within a couple of years so it's a risky country so in a country where electricity is really needed investors wants to have a high profit because of the risk and now I come to the conclusions what I said at the end power development I thought if there's hardly any energy like in Sierra Leone where I think only 5 to 10% of the people has access to energy it's very challenging to increase that or to improve the situation because there's no grid available in this case it's a high risk country so investors are not very interested to invest in such countries and so it's difficult also if you produce your power to get to sell it to the grid or to customers in Sierra Leone the highest head available is in the mountains but there the discharge is low or zero it's dry season and there are less people living in the mountains and there's less industry so you cannot sell your energy and then you have to go to the delta the lower lying areas where the head is less so it's also challenging the risk in investment I already explained and the competition between the flow based, the kinetic energy based hydropower against the use of solar energy in Africa or other countries with a lot of sun only what could be a good option is there's maybe also applicable for other countries there's one large reservoir in Sierra Leone that also provides a more stable flow throughout the year but also in the dry season there's a higher discharge than other rivers so those could be more feasible a more feasible river to make more hydropower plants this is the end of the presentation I don't know if there are some questions mainly ok I saw first Alessandro then I'll go to the others the microphone maybe you can try to shout I think it's better than the one you mentioned thank you for your presentation can you explain a little bit about the hydropower model underlining the hydropower system that's this one yeah we start with the digital elevation model so then we have the elevation of every grid cell with GIS you can determine the flow direction and based on that you can determine the location of rivers which you see on the right and if you have the rivers you also can determine the catchment area of it so the area discharging to it and there is the GRDC runoff data set provides data for rivers and you can confer that to let's say river discharge per grid cell so if you know the catchment area there is a large of that catchment in that river and because of them you also can determine the head between two grid cells so it's not on the data set but it's log on the river does it have a monthly time scale this is a monthly time scale yes but you see that the GRDC runoff data set is not very accurate it gives a rough ID but like in the dry season it predicts no or very low discharge and in fact there is more discharge and also found in Indonesia the opposite so it gives a very rough ID but in this case you have to calibrate the model to have more accurate figures to make sure that you are not using the design no, no, no now then we use the available measurements of this church can we go in anti-clock so you and then you yes, I'm Charles Jemfi, chef class participant I'm part of the member of the department there's a lot to discuss can you really know the name of the software and what you use and is it an open source? it's just developed in GIS the whole database set can be reached through TU Delft I don't know exactly how and where but I can found it out for you but it should be open source and should be available yeah, yes it is interesting I have a question about the 90 megawatts you said it was 90 megawatts because how you were the final small hydra and how large you did the capacity and it sounded like it was all normal did you clarify the size of the plans and did that position I think all locations were I think maximum of 10 megawatts but that's in the wet season so in low season it's slower and minimum of around 3 megawatts and also the head should be around 2 or 3 meters to make it feasible so none of the high-end projects you had in the physical conditions no, there are some more high-end we had locations there are already some Chinese investors were chasing those so maybe the best locations are already let's say sold out so our river blade was aiming of the location more under the radar another question here throw it down it's down on this way it's down for this nobody dares to throw it I have two questions the first one is the let's say my suggestion is that the data is quite rough to define the potential so if you put some data from day to day first I give you congratulations to work in this camp but if there is some kind of data you can get maybe some better estimations of daily discharge but a lot between one day and another during the month the second question is if you have tried it is very interesting to try to pick up the workers somewhere and then to provide in another place to gain head from driving water in the upstream part and to buy through the elevation challenge to let's say to small rises up and then to pay stop in order to gain water and then say yes with the same discharge I understand that it is difficult to do the forest to be honest they do with human channel and human pain maybe is difficult but you make a lot on power this is a question I don't know if it is possible in our we designed some weirs to increase the head I'm not sure if I answering your question well we applied some weirs to increase the head because otherwise it's not feasible and one shortcoming of this model in the mountains you can have a shortcut if the river is very bending you could make a shortcut have a larger head a small a small river and that's not coming out of this model so visually we checked could it be feasible but that was not feasible in this case it's a shortcoming of this model okay we have to stop here oh I'm sorry but if it is short okay thank you for the presentation very interesting one question we would refer to civil infrastructure costs all of these are head-based systems in fact the flow-based system has a larger infrastructure civil costs I don't say it has more civil structure costs than head-based but I think the advantage of the flow-based one should be that as Dennis also said you just put it in an existing irrigation channel or put it under a bridge but we asked for example Orion to make a proposal and they incorporated or also a dam to guide the water to the turbine to have a higher flow velocity and then if you have to make a dam that's already 50% of the total cost and then if you make a dam then a head-based turbine has more higher two times or three times higher efficiency and then that becomes more feasible so that's the challenge how to generate most kinetic energy but maybe in other rivers with higher flow velocities it could be if you don't need civil structures I think it would be feasible thank you for that you're welcome thank you for your tools thank you the next speaker is Jorn Bayen and he will speak about flexible operation of low land hydro power I'm just late today so I didn't have the chance to put my presentation on a USB stick can I connect my laptop to the keyboard and then it's connected to my computer yeah switch I switch it here oh no it's supposed to pop yes my name is Jorn Bayen I work for Kistus Kistus is a global software solution provider for the energy and water industries so central model work for the hydro power industry today I will be speaking about opportunities for flexible operation of low head hydro power plants if you look at a typical segmented river with queers like for example the Moes in the Netherlands you will find that often the agency in charge at Axel Hatterstout if you look at the Moes operates the river reaches with well with essentially with a minimum and a maximum water level trying to maintain the actual water level between those targets so there's a certain amount of operational flexibility and the question we try to answer in this study is whether this flexibility between min and max can be exploited for hydro power operations in particular can it be used to time generation of hydro power with fluctuations in the energy spot price because if you could do that you would be able to increase the function of the existing hydro power plants within the green economy and if you can do that what would we gain in terms of energy generated in terms of revenue and also in terms of CO2 production by if you're able to operate your hydro power plant say when there's no wind and no sun just to sketch a situation then you would be able to offset CO2 produced by say a gas power plant and well perhaps most importantly can this be done without harming the ecology of the river so we decided to tackle this question with a case study an MVP hydro power plant at Liddell on the Moes it was a collaboration between Kirsten, Julia Rouven the Vagvosh of the Aachen and Germany and we are back over here today and my colleague Jesse van de Weis from Canada alright so let's get to it first of all where is this power plant it's on the Moes just south of Vermont it's a bit of a funny area there's been a lot of extraction of gravel and sand here so we have all these lake like things around the river a bit of a mess if you look on the map but the plant is indicated here would be the brown-red bar so it's just before the bend in the river but here's a sunlight so you can see the power plant so to answer this question we need to consider at least two reaches of the river so we need to look at the reach upstream from the power plant this is the reach with the service area about 12 million square meters and the operation of water levels maintained by the next latter start are 20,8 meters that leaves about 35 cm of potential flex that might be exploited we'll see later on if that's possible downstream we also need to consider the reach downstream we don't want to disturb the damage there too much and we also need to make sure that whatever we put into that reach can be taken further downstream because we'll see later on the capacity of the stony part of the weir at Rue Mont is less than that of the turbines and weir it's somehow a bottleneck in the system so we need to take this into account again some flex on the bottom level about 25 cm in this case and you already see that there is a head difference of about 4 meters so if we look at the turbines at Linné there are four Kaplan turbines from 89 I think they were installed maybe soothing efficiency diagram so it's a variable fish Kaplan turbine four of them the total grade capacity of the plant is 14 MW based on some similar sub-eximulations by Matthias we try to understand the relation between the discharge from over the weirs and through the turbines at Linné and the tail-race the increase of water level just behind the downstream of the weir we tried a few simulations but we get this suspiciously linear relation out so we definitely need to revisit this if we ever move into practice with this but in any case the message is the more you discharge through the complex the higher the water level of course which again reduces your efficiency reduces the head locally that's an important effect to take into account so this is a photograph of the situation at Linné so if you imagine the turbines are here and there are the weir consisting of two parts there is a computer-controlled there are three computer-controlled gates there is the stony part there is a fixed part of the weir which requires manual intervention for the settings to be changed so in flexible operation we essentially only want to play with the turbines and the three gates downstream at Wermont in a similar situation just two computer-controlled gates in this case with a combined capacity of 200 which is less than that of the stony at Linné that's the bottle neck I mentioned there are also fish ladders at both sides an issue here on the Moses everywhere else is fish I mean we're not the only users of river water and especially Kaplan turbines have the unpleasant property of tending to shred fish so we obviously want to avoid that as much as we can so the way this is being developed in the Moses now is with a micro-matter it's a detection device where EO are essentially trapped for a period of time and if they start to show increased movement it's a signal that a migration event is coming on when that happens basically above in this press and all the water is diverted from the turbines to the piers so that's the strategy of handling fish mortality at least during migration periods another constraining factor at Linné is the presence of a large traditional power plant traditional hardware, modern gas power plant which is able to scale up and down responsibly to the energy market however we have too many of these right now and this thing has been multiple so it's not in use however it could be put back in use with a couple of days notice and in that case it will need cooling water and if it does make use of the cooling water it will warm up the water locally behind the weir at Linné which would pose some constraints on the amount of buffering that can be done at the weir we didn't look at this in further detail because the plant is multiple that hasn't been used for years but this is something that needs to be kept in mind as a constraining factor coming to the future model of how we try to assess the flex here to be modeled the two river sections I described with the the structures separating two and we used the open source software package RTC tools which I think are great at Deltares but these days is a joint Deltares kisters project we use RTC tools here to perform optimal control of this computer model to get an idea of what optimal operation of the system looks like but defining optimal operation is a challenge in itself because I mean of course if we just start to maximize for revenue from the core company's point of view well it's easy you know you start hydropeaking sending large waves down the river causing all sorts of ecological travel downstream so the way things are right now is that we have a couple of constraints of operational goals for the optimization ordered according to priority so what the optimization will do is it will first of all before doing anything else it will constrain the system so that the water levels at the water level will stick between the min and max provided by the x-wouter so it will first do that that constrains the options available once it's done that within the remaining flexibility it will start damping fluctuations in the outflow from the linear complex so as not to exceed fluctuations in the inflow you can even actually add damping here for that flow fluctuations are dampened out by this optimization this again further constrains the flex available and finally within any flex that might still be available we maximize revenue for the power company generation to moments of high energy spot prices and the assumption is low wind and solar availability yeah some boundary conditions but let me go through the results so this is a reference case it's a rather static case but designed to highlight the impact of the optimization so what we have here is some historical discharge data for a week in April this year measured at Borraire for the south on the nose and the complex here just tries to maintain the stress the preferred water level within the mid and max as expressed by the x-wouter staff and of course if you use optimization it can do that perfectly simply by passing exactly the same flow that comes in out through the complex so if you do this, this kind of pass-through operation you get about in this scenario 540 megawatt hours of energy during a week which with the energy spot prices worth about 20,000 euros now let's make it a bit more interesting let's look at the optimization subject to the prioritized goals I explained so what we see now is first of all we look at the bottom plot since we we dropped the requirement to stay exactly on the target water level when we stay within the max the optimization will generally try to drive the water levels upstream and downstream apart so as to to maximize our goal again so that's one effect you see it doesn't always do that so you see some fluctuations in the water level the timing of discharges to to follow the energy price signal so the spot price signal is the dotted line in the top graph the red line as before is exactly the same inflow signal and the blue line now is the total outflow from the inner complex and what you see here is that it starts to produce a lot when the price is high then when the price is low it stops producing for a while buffering up a little bit until the price is good again and then starts producing but all we do this while at the same time reducing the inflow fluctuations so we're playing into the energy price while actually making the river dynamics more stable which is generally understood to benefit the river ecology so I heard the word treasure chest or treasure trove earlier and I think we have one here it's possible to generate with this kind of optimization with existing low head hydro hardware particular scenario 75% more energy 77% more revenue while at the same time improving the reducing fluctuations and thereby benefitting the river ecology so huge amount of extra power huge amount of extra revenue and improved ecology thank you we actually have only one minute for questions and then we have a long break when you can also ask your questions is there anybody with a quick one? okay you thank you for the very interesting story you have the last or previous sheet yes in the bottom I see the level control which is very stable as you mentioned does it mean that you both control the linear interval yes you have control now we have a half an hour break we start again because we want to be on schema as it was very good this morning I think you can read it also this morning this first part can make the same in the second part the next speaker is Peter Stavron and from the Dutch Marine Energy and we introduce the marine part so far we were here mostly with rivers and now we deal with the sea thank you thank you for this invitation and my name is Peter Stavron from the Dutch Marine Energy Center we're based in Alkmaar and we have a test facility in the north of Holland and I would like to share with you some status update of different technologies related to tidal, wave and also a short bit on OTEC and salinity gradient these are typically the subjects that we cover on the marine energy and that DMEC has specialized in and so if your background over DMEC does I will try to introduce to you four sort of concepts of solutions where we can integrate all these technologies and then zoom in on tidal energy technologies around the world focusing on tidal stream wave energy technologies and briefly OTEC and salinity my own background I'm an engineer I graduated from Glasgow University I studied there for seven years and that's where I actually got inspired by marine energy there was the early inventors of the wave energy system of Steven Solter and that helped me to set up an invention called the wave rotor that was tested in Glasgow and in different other test laboratories and eventually this prototype that was installed in the Wester-Selve 5x5 meter diameter turbine which can rotate both in the tides but can also tap the energy from the waves and then it was sold off to ESA Meereweide in 2011 or 2012 and I started my own company and through there I supported blue water energy services with the development of the Bluetech device and Tokardo and DMEC I also assisted in the early phases of the Browersdom project and support government and the EU in different strategic studies we have an association in the Netherlands called EVA the energy from water association it's a branch organization with about 25 members and if you are not yet a member then we warmly invite you to join it's a good network organization and we try to influence policy in the Netherlands I'm also chair for the ICTC 114 which is a committee that develops standards for marine energy and there's an IECRE which does certification it's a very important phase at this moment because I think we've heard from different speakers the reliability and investor confidence is something that we have to work on investor confidence comes when technology can be verified independently both in terms of its reliability but also in terms of its performance so once we have a certification scheme in place we can actually help developers to go through sort of state gauges of certification and build up this confidence and for each step of confidence issue conformity statements which can then help investors to release maybe the next round of funding so Dutch Marine Energy Center has its offices in Den Uber but also in Alkmaar where there's a site where Tokardo has actually installed a number of turbines already for a few years and they are actually their launching customer and this is something you see for test centers all around the world you need a launching customer to set up your test facilities there's also been a test facility just south of the island of Tesel which is offshore site of about 200 meters wide and 400 meters long with four mooring points and Blue Tech was tested there in 2015 this is just a brief video of the installation of the three Tokardo turbines I just think it's interesting to see the size of it these are 100 kilowatt turbines they were shown in a previous presentation in the case of sluice gates it means that the water is only flowing in one direction and that is discharging discharging from the isomere into the Valaisade so there are single directional turbines in the case of the Oste Schelde which Miro will present more on it's a bi-directional turbine and the blades can actually flip around its own axis 180 degrees in order to handle the flow in two directions they can be swiveled out of the water you see here a very large steel structure maybe slightly over designed but this was like a sort of finger exercise for the larger installation in the Oste Schelde which had to handle five turbines and also be swiveled out of the water I will put this music a little bit down if I can but maybe I cannot here you see the installation of the floating platform of Bluetech it is in the size of a container unit and it can handle different types of turbines and once it's in the water the four in the aft are installed with pins it's yellow and it's sort of easy assembled looks a little bit like an IKEA product it was tested for I think nearly a year at the site of Tesla and then it was moved to EMEG the European Marine Energy Centre in Orkney so important innovations here is the mooring system and access for inspection 80% of your offshore maintenance cost are related to just inspection not even repair so that 80% if you're doing that underwater you're talking about a cost of 100 times of the same kind of maintenance cost on land so you really have to make sure you minimise that cost one way of doing it is making sure that everything is accessible for inspection above the water level then still it's 10 times more expensive than a land inspection the challenge here also was certification how do you qualify a technology that is so innovative that has so many new elements technology qualification in order to assess the reliability with a third party method that's called technology qualification very important first step in new technologies I can recommend everyone so DMEG is involved in a number of EU funded projects this is the Four Seas project the Mayanet project and the MetCertified project and we've recently launched a project called Mayan Marine Energy Alliance where we're going to help 40 SMEs to get access to support of engineers and consultants to move the technology a step further we have international partnerships with Portugal with EMEG and with Japan and we cooperate with technology developers and test centres around the world but I want to just zoom out these four concepts or solutions it's not just about the technology but about the environment which is going to determine the business case so first of all we've seen already some dam solutions we would call it energizing deltas or sustainable deltas we have a very strong reputation around the world of our knowledge of dams and it is more and more a feasible solution to start integrating marine energy solutions in a dam this is something we can market worldwide as an export product there's a concept called Tidal Bridge developed by Tidal Bridge Company together with BAM at the moment for Indonesia there you have an existing infrastructure that needs to be built but that is going to provide the support for your turbines and then you can actually finance the whole project at much lower cost because you're building an infrastructure project and that is something that we're also going to hint on later is the cost of money actually determines very much whether your business case is going to work in the early phases we've already heard from the Charleon project the higher the risk, the higher the return and the more difficult your business case is going to be self-sustaining islands especially in Asia there's thousands and thousands of islands that have very high cost of energy because of imported fuels and sustainability and marine energy is an ideal solution for it because it's all around the waves, the tides and the temperatures and then coastal renewal coastal renewal looking at harbors and breakwater systems those are clear markets where you can integrate your technologies practical forecast globally some predict 300 gigawatts by 2050 that's a huge figure because at the moment we're still at a very low figure but the emission is there and it's an aggregated amount from the different technologies development phases if we look at those four technologies I would say salinity gradient is still in the R&D phase although we're seeing real life scale pilots OTEC is slowly moving towards large scale pilots in prototyping wave energy there is no dominant design yet so we're still in a demonstration phase tidal you see commercial projects but I would state that at the moment tidal energy is not yet commercial unless you're looking at very high barrage or high head barrage systems so I'll zoom in to tidal stream worldwide the only thing to notice here is that the dots are everywhere basically it's a very diffuse market and it depends very much on geographical conditions that's different for OTEC and for wave zooming into the Netherlands we see that this is the title of the North Sea basin with the tidal movement and you see that there's a very high tidal range around the Channel Islands but also some considerable tidal range in the province of Zeeland the western scale is 5 meters and it reduces quite quickly to the Brouwer's Dome to about 2 meters the Brouwer's Dome there is a plan for it to open it in order to improve the water quality of the Gave Lime Lake there's going to be a market consultation in November to gauge industry's interest in actually realizing a tidal power station in that dam they need an opening of about 100 meters so once you open a dam for 100 meters you can get very high velocities maybe 5 meters per second so that's a huge energy flux a little bit further infield there's a project here by Menow Brouwer's also PT projects developing a tidal technology center in Gave Lime Dome and that's going to give access to technologies to basically be attached to an opening in a siphon and there's going to be the moment you're already building the channels and hopefully next year the first turbines will be in the water so that's typically a low head hydro situation just to show a video of more free stream movement, what are we talking about we're talking about high velocities what I said, 5 meters per second that's a good case, 3 meters per second is also good 2.5 meters yeah, it is very fast but it's already on the bottom line of what is really interesting for a business case and below 2 meters I would say there's no business case so you need very very high velocities and we've seen it and heard it before power is proportional to the velocity cubed that means that every single drop in your cubed is going to have an 8-fold drop in your power so it is very sensitive to that velocity you really need to be in the best sights so I believe Tidal Stream has a market but it is a niche market and will always remain a niche market and you have to pinpoint the places in the world literally with a pin because even within a straight you can be 10 meters out to get your optimum position classification of different free stream turbines there's drag devices and there's lift devices and then within the category of drag we can look at a water wheel and at the automated screw lifting devices are typically a horizontal axis turbine a vertical axis turbine or something that is translating I'm going to show you some examples we've heard it and seen it before in the project for Sierra Leone the slow, sorry I'm saying slow mill Orion Mill Leone is here from Orion Mill it is a duct with a turbine with a vertical axis with flaps and the flaps are being pushed by the water and on the upward stroke they are actually being protected by part of the shell so they have less resistance that's great it is a drag device like the other devices that look different but we've seen them as well with all screws in the automated screw they have some limitations a relatively low efficiency if you compare to a lift device in the range of 10, 25 maybe 30% they have low rotational speed they don't move much faster than the speed of the water and they're relatively heavy because you need a lot of material to keep it in place but there's also clear advantages they're very simple and very robust they will start rotating in very low speeds and they have high torque and they're relatively low tech so that makes them suited for a lot of applications for lifts we're looking at horizontal axis vertical axis and translating each have specific advantages and disadvantages I don't want to go through each and every one of them but horizontal axis clearly has the power takeoff underwater whereas if you have a vertical axis it actually protrudes through the water surface and you can actually take your power takeoff above water level another advantage of rotating devices is that they can actually keep their speed and their momentum their inertia all the time going if you have something reciprocating each time it goes from 0 to acceleration to 0 translating devices many have tried it if you do not regain your efficiency loss by the simplicity of your design so rotation is actually preferred some examples of vertical axis devices they're typically omnidirectional it means that they can handle the flow from any direction that's quite convenient because in many tidal conditions you do not get exactly 180 degrees flow you get actually a deviation around a bend or depending on the seabed structure there was a project in Italy the Cobalt the design has been abandoned but it has been an example project for many years it has been very carefully copied in Indonesia and they actually did a couple of projects there with a vertical axis turbine which has a pitch control it is a passive pitch so it flaps between end stoppers in South Korea there is a design developed by a Russian inventor Gorlov in Uwe Mok and he has built a quite large installation about one megawatt with a helical shaped vertical axis turbine at the moment this site in South Korea is still being developed and there is potential for about 4 megawatts of demo projects there very high velocities vertical axis turbine in Canada in stream this is a development that also I think Rijnie Rijker has adopted and built his own machine on with a vertical axis turbine that has been developed here in the Netherlands ORPC is a development in the US it is a vertical axis but then tilted in a horizontal axis and again you see that helical shape the helical shape will help to reduce the torque fluctuations during his rotation so it forces more complex to make those blades then we have an interesting development in France called HydroQuest and they put two turbines in a sort of duct and they are being tested right now in a river in the city of Bordeaux at a test site called CENIO and it is a tidal river they are applying the ISE standards in order to do their performance assessment and I think it is a very important step for them to get credibility in the market about the performance horizontal axis turbines and the analysis at the moment the leader in the industry with the largest turbine in the water they have four turbines one developed by themselves and three developed by Andritz and they are installed independent for north of Orkney you could say it is a commercial project but in reality it is not because 70% of it is public funding they are having great difficulties to build out the next stage of the project because at the moment the feed-in system in the UK is non-existent for marine energy there is good hopes of getting back in there but Brexit is distracting the attention of government to really pay attention to marine energy this is the Andritz turbine that has also been installed there at the site what is very good is that they have also established standards to do the performance assessment and I have just been to a conference in Taiwan and they actually presented their first real power curves and real data and the performance is actually in line with their predictions more than 50% and that is from a real operational turbine one megawatt in the water so they are really getting somewhere Notricity is a contra-rotating turbine for time-six I just have to move on and show you these examples very quickly, NOVA Energy a smaller scale turbine near the Shetlands they just got funding from the EU to build six of these turbines and change their arrangements in the water TU Delft actually through Robert LaBeurre and Henk Polinder are involved in the project to work on the power takeoff of this device and look at the direct drive solutions Schottel Hydro developed a simple turbine based on their propulsion knowledge and also proposed an installation together with the BlueTech this was not realized Schottel Renewables is also a big contender at the moment in the water in Orkney as we speak it has been taken out of the water and they are developing an even larger part of it but this is a two megawatt device with turbines on both sides that can be hoisted in like arms and then it is easy to drag into the harbor Magalenas in Spain they also developed a contra-rotating turbine first a small one and now a large one that has just arrived at EMEG and they are going to be testing there so you see here some trend towards floating devices Sabela in France installed this one on a tripod and are now focusing their attention to Asia as well and this is something we are going to hear more and more this is a trend after the demise of these large corporations like Open Hydro Open Hydro was a subsidiary of Naval Energies and at the peak of their moment when they opened the assembly hall in Cherbourg in June and when they installed the turbine in Canada they actually put a plug on the company it meant that an investment of more than 200 million euros had been stopped at the moment that actually they were ready to show the world what they were worth but this has everything to do with investor confidence and without these very large corporations like Naval Energy with the deep pockets there is a very big challenge for all developers out there and what we see is a sort of regrouping towards smaller systems floating into niche markets moving away from the large commercial projects that we predicted here in Europe because the competition with grid power is still too high for marine energy I have to move faster because otherwise we cannot deal with wave energy but this is an interesting development this is a completely different concept to tap and harness this energy and currents this is NESTO, it's a kite and the kite is moving into an H shape and as it is moving accelerates the flow past the blade and underneath there there is a turbine and the turbine will feel maybe 10 meters per second as a relative velocity while the actual ocean currents maybe one or one and a half meters per second ocean currents are not very well known in Europe but in Asia we have the strong effects of Coriolis right along the coast of Taiwan and Japan and that is where there is a continuous flow in one direction similar to Florida where you have the I think it's the Gulf Stream very close to the coast so these are complete different solutions that might open up a market for much lower velocities and this is also a radically different design this is eel energy from France and this is the movement of an eel is simulated it's like an undulated flap that uses the disturbance of the water as it hits the front the vortexes that are created make a flap move and then there is like a spine and in each spine there is like a hydraulic cylinder that is activated I have to move faster but this is the SME platform with shuttle turbines at the moment in the water in Scotland near the Isle of Skye four turbines that can be swelled out of the water and a system that is moored at a swivel point and that can turn with a tight as we speak this device it's brother has been installed in a passage in Canada and the company is I got a confident or really focuses on these small steel applications they do not yet see or feel the market for large steel commercial products so small is beautiful was set before and I think that that's very true for this sector at the moment I have to look at time very carefully you have actually cut a lot in total including Webster thank you so then I can spend a little time on this because I mentioned it before the cost of capital, COC, the cost of capital the cost of capital together with the OPEX and the CAPEX make up the sum of your total project for 15 years that is on the right hand side and on your left hand side you have the income and at the moment the cost of capital prevents to make you have a positive business case your income is decided by the feed-in tariff at the moment there is very few feed-in tariff in the world available for the industry manager in the Netherlands you can apply for up to 12-13 cents per kilowatt hour but the chances of getting it are very slim and in other European countries there is no feed-in in Korea there is said to be a feed-in of 22 cents per kilowatt hour but difficult to access it's not that nobody has it yet Canada is actually the only country that has a small portion for the first 100 megawatts and it has to be a community-type project a small scale project and then you can get 45 Canadian dollar cents per kilowatt hour that is why the rush is for Canada because there is a feed-in system it's the only place where you can make your income balance with your CAPEX OPEX cost of capital that cost of capital can only be reduced if we gain more confidence in the investment sector so the main barriers and challenges is reducing CAPEX and OPEX find strategic investors overcome the challenges of the sites get access to grids it's not only a problem in Sierra Leone it's even a problem in the UK the best places are far away and are not near a grid capacities in the Orkney and Shetmans are limited there is good capacity in the southwest of the UK there is not much tidal energy there there is a lot of wave energy there we are going to see in the next presentation that wave energy is not yet ready to feed in there is good capacity in Wales because of the closure of some coal power and nuclear power stations so there is a tension for Wales there is a lot of failures and bankruptcies in the market that is not good for investor confidence and it takes a long time to develop a technology more than 10 years so what can we expect over the next 5 years I hope and I believe more and more application of standards and certification in the IC and RECRE to gain their confidence third party verification by certification bodies and test labs technology developers have to work with the certification bureau and a test lab from a very early phase on focus on floating systems smaller arrays independent first, maybe an expansion in the Oceans Helve and around the Islay demonstration sites in Asia development of the fourth site in Canada and more open water testing of new devices at new test facilities like Simeo in Taiwan but also the title testing centre in the next year, wave energy what is what you should try to notice here is that the dots are located far away from the equator so in the northern regions and southern regions that's where there is good wave potential another thing to notice is that actually Asia does not have a good wave potential it has to do with this location and with the corridors in the direction of the current large potentials in Chile, Brazil, Australia New Zealand and in the northern regions, Alaska and north of Scotland Faroe Islands Ireland some good potential for Portugal and north of Spain wave energy, I think we're going to zoom into it in the next presentations but it's a very complicated source of energy to harness because there are so many different types of movements basically it's kinetic energy and potential energy continuously rotating water particles moving up and down and back and forth and so there's a lot of imagination possible of how to harness this power and there's very little consensus and what is the best solution so you'll see that there is at least 8 different directions of main categories there's devices that can rotate directly in the current there's overtopping devices there's floating point absorbers there's wave surge converters completely submerged and move only back and forth there's oscillating water columns that use the movement in the water and transfer it to a hydraulic or air pressure there's pitching boys that walk up and down on the wave there's devices that try to maximize the changing in volume and then there's heave devices which are submerged and if this is not enough for variations there's also a lot of variations of how that power is actually converted into electricity so the power takeoff can be hydraulic can be with air turbines can be with water turbines it can be directly mechanical it can be directly electrical directly electrical via direct drive turbine either linear or rotational so there's a huge matrix of possibilities here looking at the oscillating water column which is installed at Matrico which is in the north of Spain with a harbor with a breakwater system and about 16 turbines have been installed there each time when the wave hits breakwater there's a water column inside the breakwater that moves up and down and as it moves up and down an air chamber is compressed and the compressed air hits a whales turbine which is a bi-directional turbine that can handle both the suction and the pressure at the moment there's a project in Italy which is also being built with a similar system in it of course if you do this in the early stages of the design you do not have to bear the cost of the civil works because that is your structure for the breakwater system so really your cost is only that air turbine that's actually installed from land so you can go there with a car and just put it there so the economics of an oscillating water column integrated in a coastal defense system are entirely different from an offshore structure and there might be some disadvantages of our efficiency losses when you're near the coast the business case might be able to handle that so you see now also an emergence of companies that are specializing in air turbines to just supply that one to other projects one of them is AquaNet and it's a company that's based in Taiwan and has a 1 megawatt air turbine especially for the wide markets I'm going to skip this and look at the different system this is a point absorber developed in Sweden, it's called C-based they've already built six turbines and actually supplied them to Ghana I think there was a Ghanaian here in the room that the project is there and it's going to be expanded there is a contract for 100 megawatts in my view it is quite ambitious to announce this for wave energy but let's see what happens they have a feed-in system and they have a take-off contract of course they have to pre-finance it this is where the challenge is can they raise enough confidence in their technology to find an investor that will pre-finance the stage development of 100 megawatts CETO is a development from Australia also a type of point absorber what you see here is that it is submerged one of the challenges for wave energy is that you actually have to design it for its extreme loading conditions survivability and those extreme loading conditions over a period of 20 years are so much wider than your actual operational envelope which is much smaller and where you're going to have to earn your money back so you're designing something for the one in 20 years but probably within 100 years storm that you're going to face with your device in a much benign climate that makes your device very expensive one way to overcome it is to try and duck when the wave comes so to have a system that actually can be retracted or that is more or less most of the time underwater here you see another system that are here in the Netherlands by teamwork technology they have a very enough power take-off system that should distinguish themselves from competition but basically it is a point absorber this is like a pitching device that follows the motion of the waves and looks a little bit like maybe what other people have been seeing is called the Palamas a big sea snake that moves up now and here in Lincoln what you see here is a different type of design which is much larger than those point absorbers there's a good reason for it the actual conversion from a wave into energy is quite low over a year if you get 15-20% you're already doing very well so you need to have a very large projected area to try and harness all that energy I'm going to skip all these things but what you see here is large structures here's the wave piston again length is important the cost of wave energy what you start to see is that the cost starts to look a little bit like wind energy by the time you're reaching capacities of 10 to 100 megawatts then you are below $5,000 per kilowatt installed at the moment for offshore wind we're talking about two to three thousand so we're still a huge step away from competing with other sources of renewable energy we've heard it before in Sierra Leone but also in the Netherlands you have the competition with solar and wind investors put their money in wave and tidal if you cannot show a verified power grid main technical challenges, the mooring system the power takeoff, electrical transmission and materials I have to just move a little bit faster because we have only five minutes I just wanted to touch on the OTEC and salinity gradient so what you see here clearly is a focus around the equator that's the area where you have the highest temperature difference surface water and deep water that is basically like a reverse fridge you can use the temperature difference to drive a fridge system and generate either electrical power or use the cold water immediately for cooling that's probably the most effective conveniently around the equator we have a lot of islands and there's a lot of holiday goers and there's a lot of resorts and they have to become more and more sustainable in their energy consumptions so what is it more beautiful than taking water from two to three hundred meters deep at a constant temperature of 10-12 degrees and actually provide free air conditioning for your hotels requires very high investment to get big tubes of pipes down to the sea to get this water up but it is a very interesting business space so here in Delft, just around the corner blue rise is actually developing one of the solutions we have a starting project on the island of Curaçao they're going to supply cold to the airport into an agricultural complex and generate a very small stream also some electricity to show that that system works and then salinity gradient I don't know how to say in English it's basically a lot of building this captures the imagination most that you can actually generate power from fresh water and salt water just by keeping it separate with a membrane and using the potential difference or the fact that one has a higher charge than the other side like a battery a battery of water that's what we all want and there's good places around the world and here it is scattered all around the world where there is large bodies of water flowing into the sea where you have a short distance between between the two the fresh and the salt water so this is a test pilot by Redstack on the Ashla dive they are now preparing a project for Capra this is the end of my presentation thank you very much thank you very much time actually as fast so I give you possibility for one question and then after then there is a lunch where we are all together so is there any question one ok that is the one thank you I have a question you were talking about being in the confidence of investors and also I saw one of the things that you should know about which is actually in different areas of technical areas simulation has been used both here in the confidence of investors I am sure of it do you see this simulation at its good potential with this kind of application of course simulation is extremely valuable in the R&D phases but also later on predicting the performance at other sites which is very important of course that the simulations are validated and validated with real data this is where the uncertainty comes in is that the data is usually generated by the developer who makes those models and there is very little data and validated models in the public domain and so just simulation as part of building confidence is also an experience but maybe we can change that yes, validated models validated models with real data and the more and more projects that come in the water the more and more we can actually show that very quick very quick so you mentioned that the team generates other models right? so I said because it's more or less the sort of governmental policy what is necessary to have that for example in the Netherlands because we see it as a big data as one of the biggest issues for us in the R&D course now it's very important to point you this is something that we've been battling with the government it's to make space for like an innovation feeding system whereby you have some funds for innovative technologies that depend on a feed-in for their implementation and that connection can access to a little bit higher feed-in than rather established technologies but at the moment the Dutch government has set a policy of priority for the cheaper solution so the cheaper the solution you get access to your funding and the government really wants to get rid of long-term subsidies so yeah moment of how it works the ambition I must say on this point of the energy system in the Netherlands is very nationally focused and nationally focused in terms of achieving the CO2 reductions and a very little moment for export potential and for European policies that we are trying to achieve to European market we are pursuing thank you very much thank you thank you very much now it is the turn of Maximo Febiani from Italy from RSC Ricerca and he will speak about the wave energy generator ok Maximo oh yeah which levels which that's a possibility so now you want to say just by saying yes to that both what I've heard in the industry is both that the technology of fish or fish migration systems are still still need to be investigated and optimized because it doesn't always work in the north of the world and also as you mentioned low-end couple of turbines have been stating that they are fish rental but it turns out I've heard in Germany in a session that their fish properties rates are higher than expected from start Kaplan is still problematic using the reason why Aldrin and the rest made the spiral Kaplan you can say also to reduce it but it's getting better and the fish levels with the size and the type of the fish we have exactly where I'm living the power plant in the town and we have two fish lettuce in one house for two different fish main fish out this is the solution we are starting 12 minutes later so we will have lunch 12 minutes later but it's still reasonable ok Maximo we have now 20 minutes my name is Maximo Berlian I am working in Ferris League which is a research center in Milano which is devoted to the sustainability of the energy system in Italy it's a private institute but it's known and said it's working for the industry of economy first of all thank you very much Sandra thank you very much Milo for the opportunity to speak to you which is really very interesting if you know presentations and also the opportunity to have the students like here to listen to all these explanations but also an extra value to the short life so I'm going to talk about a a new device and I thank you very much for introducing all the technology because now we are aware of it like Peter was saying we are in the front line on the development of devices to get this difficult energy or complicated energy that we have in waves so the presentation will be based on the basis of the conceptual design, numerical analysis on the different stage in order to arrive to a certain technological written level we'll be able to be certain confidence to the investors in order to try to go for commercialization so first of all there are several let's say types of wave converters some of them are just near on the shore like Peter was already explaining some are in the neighborhood of the shore and some are offshore when you go far from the shore it is becoming more and more expensive because you have to make maintenance in the open sea and also you need a connection to the grid which is quite very expensive so the energy so let's look to the power we really have so I must say that I'm coming from the small hydropower in the rivers all my life I was working in the rivers and not in the sea but for chance I have the opportunity to switch the diversity in Latucia with a colleague which is just in front of the port I say why not to try the small hydropower in the sea as well and that was the idea and this idea is already with two bread heads and European bread heads the positive thing in the paper so what is this one the waves moving this more or less in this way I mean you have grid let's say transport of energy but few transport of water let's say modern and also the energy is more or less concentrated in the upper part of the sea so if you go in deep it will almost disappear let's say I always say to my students that if there is let's say a tsunami if they are diving they will not feel the tsunami because it will pass over because it will disappear and also the other thing is that when you are right to go to the coast it will get influenced by the morphology of the sea so when we try to keep together and also to rise and you will lose also energy so how to get this you know to capture this energy in what way could we do we are Italians inside let's say a lake compared to the north sea or the oceans we don't have much weight but nevertheless it is quite constant so the idea is that we should develop a device that can work also with let's say waves that are on the range from 2 to 4 or 5 meters let's say from 2 to 4 meters and also it has to be flexible I mean it can be used and applied in some existing structures for example in the in the break waters of the port so in the small let's say the airport is full of break waters and so there are several structures in Italy we have a lot of coast patrols a lot of tourist and a lot of structures if you could take advantage of these structures then the cost will be much less the other thing is the I mean we are thinking of something that could be modular we made 1 to 100,000 so we can have flexibility on the production and also on the here I will explain the study on one unit imagine that it can be also 100 100 units the system is quite simple so I just put in let's say a tube just for say oscillating and oscillating column inside the water so we have waves the mean sea level is over here waves move outside and water come in and come out this is the way and this oscillating column is connected by a kind of intake let's say a structure we will make it better let's say the flow through the tube we were thinking of different shapes of this oscillating column and also intake and also different solutions on the hydraulic tube the first thing is that you have flow which is changing direction so one solution is to use one of the directions and put at one direction of the turbine the other solution is to use both the flow up and the flow down but it means you should go for a turbine that is having your symmetric turbine in which you get the power in two directions but of course this turbine is less efficiency than the one direction turbine which is so we found out that we will start with this which is a type of well turbine that is used in the world the first analysis is with numerical model so let's try to see how the turbine is working and these are simulations related to different shapes of the intake and also different shapes of the blades the straight flow one we try to evaluate how much is the power you know because you have the energy of the blades with energy like in the readers it is 0.5 multiplied by the wave height square multiplied by the period the larger the wave height because the larger is the period the larger is the available energy we can get of course only part of this energy will be used for generation we have hydraulic power which is related to the amount of water and yet we can generate inside and outside the device so the other point is to see how we develop that so there is a project it was already mentioned before it is a marinet project because the European Union was putting money in order to try to develop new ideas you know from technological readers level 0 like it was this one so 1 it means I just got an idea bringing you know the device to the stage of commercial recording so it means you have to follow this protocol by doing studies in different scale in order not to go directly to the sea I can see several of the ideas that I want you to see they were first because you know it is much more complicated than in the lab already the lab is difficult to have a device which is working in the sea so many you know the bridge and the highway sometimes they fall down because they didn't follow the right way to try to develop the devices they say so this is also an example what to do so the first analysis was to analyze you know the different solutions different solutions in the lab that was in Cork in the Cork University just by changing different let's say shapes of the intake and different diameters of the oscillating water column in order to try to get the best the best design and that was a model like this you know very small one but it was enough in order to understand if the idea was good and how could work so there are some of the examples of the different solutions and the main thing you have to look over here is how much is the the response amplitude operator I mean how much is the energy you get inside your oscillating water column compared to the energy you have on the wave outside so this is the this is the idea the second stage is to try to deploy let's say to study a device which is a larger one and in which you already have more detailed part of it for example in this case already having the turbine and already having here measuring the torque and measuring also the rotational speed in order to be able to understand how much is the mechanical power we can get the wave power the hydraulic power mechanical power by rotation and then we have to transform this energy in electrical power so there are different steps of energy transformation that you have to analyze and improve let's say ok here we have more or less a movie hope it will work ok it is working so this is one of the tests a regular wave or more or less 80 centimeters the model is 1.5 it is more or less like 4 meters waves which are the waves we can indeed in the Mediterranean sea during winter and springtime so you saw that it's just you know water coming in and out and then there is a rotating rotating in the top of it the possibility here to understand so this rotation is just due to the water coming in and coming out and here we have the speed the speed measurement and here is the torque measurement and then by multiplying these two you can get how much is the mechanical power you have in the axis ok the next let's say and that was quite promising because at least in the axis you know you could imagine that there is energy but when you measure it is proven that it is like this so the results attract the attention of our main let's say actor in the energy sector in Italy which is energy power ok so they say ok I see we know so we will let's say invest further studies and then we put it already the electrical generator in order to measure how much is the energy we actually can produce and that was done in CRMP and ECM which is a very good I mean famous institute for now let's say modern study it is based in Rome and also of modern it is a lab that is mainly related to ships you know so waves are quite concentrated 5 minutes 10 minutes 5 ok anyway anyway the solution the solution here was was also to have the electrical generator ok so this is how it looks like in the lab here are the controls ok and here we have the device the axis and so on and the way is this one the blue one is the oscillation of the waves outside the device ok and the red one is the oscillation inside so we in a certain moment you see we have inside this level and outside this level I mean we have a water head you know like we have in the small hydropower right so what do we try to do and so on the idea is to try to you know to do is as better as possible in order to get the maximum profit ok other important thing is how to control the turbine because here the energy is not a constant energy like you have in the rivers or when it is the wind we have an oscillating energy it means the turbine has to follow this energy control you know so in this test we were discovering what will be the best control of the turbine it means if the turbine is low down we will put a little bit of energy but when it is getting in the goods in the same zone of efficiency we will let the turbine that in order to produce ok so we receive energy and we give a little bit when it is necessary positive you know so this is for sure we are just ok here we have Piazza and another movie of the last test so this is how it works you see so this is how it works so oscillating you know the water inside and outside and then here is the axis we have we can add inertia we want here but it was necessary here is the electric generator here are the batteries in which we charge the energy we are getting from the device ok this is the part ok next next so the next study will be to deploy the device in a in the real scene this is the part of the here is near Rome looks where you have normal let's say this is a quite small way imagine that this is the oscillation in which the device could be deployed and have it as a guy which is so next week we are going to start with the tests in the box ok so we are now starting to say the device with the fixer in the in the breakwater and protecting the game waves and so on and we do some testing during October because it is the moment in which we don't have too much waves you know because we have a device which is scale it 25 so we want to have waves of 1 meter or 1 meter with means 5 meters in the 1 to 1 case ok what is the prediction of this energy the prediction is that each unit each unit I mean the idea is to have a kind of battery you know a 10 flowers you know one just beside the other all along the castles of the breakwater but each one concerning this studies we already did which is not the largest area of energy would be you know each one on that side of 12 to 18 kW and could produce about 6 to 10 gigawatt hour which means the energy that can supply 2 or 3 families ok but if we go to other side in Italy here you see this is the the energy wave energy map of Italy we see that in the in the Liguria and also in Sardinia and in Southern part of Sicily is the energy which we have the highest energy availability ok so in Sardinia we have 103 megawatt hour per meter of the front of the way front in Sicily we have half of it and in Cittavecca we have even half of this so we are here in Italy having 25% of the energy we would have in Sardinia so it means that the device is side dependent so larger the other way larger is the device and larger is the energy production so we expect that each unit should fit very easily at least 10 families and it is very useful in the insolventive islands you know because in Italy also it is only to bring ships to burn oil you know and with high environmental impacts so it could be used for that and also by integrating with other renewals for example the photovoltaics or wind production ok so the first things we have to know is this graph which is graph is more or less like the flow duration curve for us in the rivers it means it says the amount of wet tide and wet periods how much is the energy you have along the river so that means most of the time we have this type of conditions but anyway so you have to design your device for these conditions which are the more powerful ones ok also the period is more or less 6 months 0.5 which is very good since that solar panels they work ok so it's also kind sustainable and the prediction of ways are much better than the prediction of sunshine and wind they say so more predictable they say ok some conclusions some conclusions is that ok modular design and flexibility are quite good it is necessary to improve a little bit more how to save the device when there is a storm ok because we can see that it will be crush so we are taking to drop down to the bottom of the sea the device will be the prediction of the storms also better you know it's better it will be better to make to optimize the cupcakes it means now we are in the size of the price of the device the income of money you can get is a little bit high is more or less 3 times more than what we expect but think about that during the panel the solar panels development the solar panels in the very beginning couldn't pay even the money you know that was invested to construct it it was in the very beginning it feels like the lack of energy of the new technology will drop down for shoes 100 or 1000 because we really drop without there are years to have simple materials in order to be changeable ok I have to finish and changeable it means it's better to do something you can replace to have too much heavy and expensive ok thank you very much for your attention this is actually the time is over but so there is room for one question and then there will be a lunch lunch westerns does anybody want to you have a question quick one ok thank you to to balance out the energy by the storage by the you put energy into keep it rotating by those who store it into the question why don't store the energy in the flying wheels for example where you have these small drops of the energy where you are not producing why don't you use the flying wheels to store the energy to store the energy we store in a battery but you put also energy in to keep it rotating at the same speed no no no no it's like how to say you please switch on and switch out ok so there is this one if I have the right if I say I have a right condition you switch on when I switch on the control system you start to you will be in a certain range in a certain range you will also let it oscillate as I said because this is much more comfortable ok if the balance of keeping me to find the carrier and the balance of the energy you just switch off and say ok these are not the right conditions I need ok if you put at least you give a small amount of energy just to keep the turbine working sometimes from the test we did you don't need to put any energy because it is oscillating at itself your question is why are you producing? no no no my question is just about your point of putting realism in the image if you have it already stored in a flying view then it keeps your time the point is that there are two points the first one is that the amount of energy due to the time it will accelerate the turbine will give energy and if you want to keep the energy it will be a higher energy the second is that you don't know exactly how much energy you have to put because weights are irregular it is white but we started to think about whether we see that we will be putting some weight in order to get the energy to be done ok machimo thank you ok how we are going for you ok now we have Merel Verbeek speaking from Teubend go ahead Merel thank you I am a physique candidate in Teudelft and I am working on one of the first build tidal arrays in the world so turbines placed next to each other in the Oeschelden and I am talking today about environmental monitoring of this installation I like to focus today on the impact of the tidal turbine on the environment of this specific installation for you to understand to place the project a bit in the context I will shortly also talk about production a bit more in general and of course it is important to learn about this type of technology is because we like to generate energy in a renewable kind of way Peter introduced you already into tidal energy tidal energy is a very predictable type of technology when comparing it to wind energy to solar energy you can predict it 100 times in advance and you know exactly when your turbine is going to produce compared to wind it has the advantage that the energy of water has higher energy density which means the density of water is 100 times higher but the velocities are only 10 times smaller so you need much smaller rotors or smaller turbines the potential source around the world is around 3% of the total primary energy supply in 2013 was quantified and this is not part of my studies but it is to give you a general idea and Peter highlighted that this is really a niche market so some countries could get 60% of their energy need from tidal energy for example England if they would use their source correct if they would use their sources in other places there is almost none there are three ways to harvest this type of energy you could fully constrain the flow this is where most of you know the tidal energy from like for example the big the the the barges for example in Lavage to partly constrain the flow this is one of the new technologies which is becoming really popular is dynamic tidal power you need very long very long barrier which is running across the coast personally tell me the kilometers not long to get enough so this is also working on head differences and the technology that I talk to you about today is about turbines that generate the energy from the flow and in this technology it is called the unconstrained tidal energy it is actually using free stream turbines so that is the type that looks like wind turbines and Peter has shown you many examples and the Osjes Gelder case that I will talk to you about today is also using this free stream turbine so the turbines need to fully block the flow part of the flow can actually pass which is maybe positive also for environmental impact when you are going to build such a new type of technology you should prove that you have what your environmental impact is this you need for certification for example when I talk about environmental impact the changes to their quality for example changes in nutrients nutrients going into your basin when your turbines block part of your basin entrance or changes in the navigation of mammals sea mammals in your basin changes in morphology but locally you could imagine the turbines bypass the flow maybe impacts the beds or further in your basin impacts the intertidal areas or the flats in your basin which might mean high ecological failure and changes in hydrodynamics which I mean the changes in your flow so the changes for example in the tidal amplitude the amount of water that's going in and out of your basin for example and it can also be local hydrodynamic changes or some changes in turbulence I'm actually part of a big monitoring project of one of these first built turbines that are placed in an array and also inside the coastal structure the installed capacity of these turbines is 1.2 megawatts and they produce approximately 1000 households in the southern part of the Netherlands they're connected to the grid already there are 5 turbines and they're in one of these gates and of the full storm surge barrier it's an attractive location it's a low you could say it's a low head situation because the water level difference is only 1 meter but the flow velocities locally are up to 5 minutes a second which makes it interesting for this 4 month tidal energy as part of my PhD I'm working on a research project with a lot of other researchers from Utrecht University from Deltades from Delft University also another researcher Wageningen Marine Research to look at the ecological effects of this tidal power plant it's located over here you can see the basin of the Oceans Gelder and this is the location of the tidal power plant the basin is actually and since it was blocked by the storm surge barrier the tidal flats in this basin are deteriorating they're becoming lower and this is a problem in this area so one of the main questions also of this project is what will the power plant add to this ongoing dynamics in this basin to be more dynamic you can see also the flats again I'd like to highlight how this project is a bit set up we have researchers working on the near fields for example me and Deltades working for example on the estimation of the drag that these turbines pose to this entrance of the basin this estimation you need to predict for example the effect on morphology in the remaining part of the basin so this is a map of the Oceans Gelder and in yellow you can see the intertidal areas so these these places and on all these scales we are doing research to the the impact of these turbines to the environment or to the flow today I'd like to focus mostly on the estimation of the drag of these turbines to be actually adds to the system because that's of course important to estimate morphological changes in the basin so other questions that are part of the project is to estimate how the ecology is effected my colleagues are doing this especially Wageningen Marine Research they are looking for the identification of sea mammals in the basin one of the questions which we would like to answer in the end is could we upskill tidal energy at this location are environmental impacts so little that you could use more of these currents that are passing the storm surge barrier and how could you translate this knowledge to other sites around the world here I shortly highlight the content of my project as part of this project I'm working on the prediction of the drag of these turbines the local flow changes that they I do this using monitoring of the full-scale flow using laboratory tests and also using theory and this is important for the morphological questions but also to assess the stability of the beds especially at the storm surge barrier but you could think that's quite an easy task you just measure the drag of one turbine and you can add up maybe for other turbines or for other places in the storm surge barrier but actually summing resistances like you would be doing in electrical engineering it's not that simple in when you put the turbine in the flow otherwise we won't be doing a PC of course stop so how does this apply or does this apply to the drag of turbines in the field so actually we are measuring as one of these is really special chance we are measuring the drag or all the loads of the turbines in the field to see what's actually the drag of one turbine and of the area of the turbines and we also measure the flow flow velocities here you can see cross-section of the storm surge barrier this is how the turbines are mounted you can see they are very close to the barrier also place to the barrier one of the things that we see in the field measurements and also in the experiments is that you cannot simply add also the drag of the turbine with the drag of the storm surge barrier so what you would do if you would do the large scale modelling of the whole basin just want to put some drag in your additional drag and then calculate what's already more logical changes but actually there is an interaction between these two we see that the turbines in the field measurements we see the turbines they reduce the turbulence the dark structures present in the flow we could confirm this also with the CFD model of deltadas also working on this on this topic I could already using theoretical modelling you could predict the drag of this sum of these two but for me now the main message here is that the combined resistance of this system is less than summing just the drag of the barrier with the drag of the turbines it becomes even more complex because the turbines are placed in an array this is one of the field observations we do in the fields here you see the lateral distance and this is the streamwise distance it's the top view of the installation and actually in blue you can see lower velocities when the turbines operate and in pink you see higher velocities so in between the turbines you speed up of the flow and this actually already shows you that these turbines they are interacting and you could also you want to take into account here too theoretical model which predicts the drag on this total array that these turbines interact they communicate with each other and they are not similar to placing one turbine in the sea when you put them closely to each other the drag is actually slightly yeah it's of this system is slightly less okay you could even go further and say the drag also is you could also talk about the communication of the different gates in the storm source barrier for now I like to skip this part because I think we have little time but in the end I'm working now on this theoretical model that should take into account the drag of one turbine in a storm source barrier where we developed the theoretical model we can predict what the drag is of the turbine when it's mounted inside the structure and we like to include the interaction with the neighboring turbines on which we have a lot of data also from the fields and the communication between the different gates in the storm search barrier and we will do this also partly using numerical modeling of this system and with this we actually saw that there is a non-linear addition of these different drags of these turbines in the system which is not the same as you would add the resistances in electrical engineering well actually the current morphological researchers are already running a hydrological model at the scale of the whole basin to predict morphological changes in the basin and they have used a very conservative approach so they have used actually just the drag of one turbine and they multiplied it as much turbines as they want to have in the basin and they already see for the current installation that the morphological changes are much smaller compared to ongoing dynamics the dynamics because the barrier was constructed there and you could imagine that with these results together that you would predict even less morphological changes in your basin as a result of these turbines that are now in the water which is encouraging because also Tokardo has a permit to put turbines in the water in the gates thanks to the ones that are now in the water the other questions on the severity of the bed protection will also be part of this later for now I like to talk a little bit still about the horizon you have seen that the extra drag that the turbine is posed to the barrier is less than just the drag than summing the individual drag of the turbine with the barrier that the morphological effects are still of this current installation are quite minor and my colleagues who work on the navigation of the mammals in the basin they are seeing no changes so far in the navigation paths of the mammals and no mammals hit yet by a turbine I think whether we could upskill either energy over here is I think more of a political question when we are discussing about the next gate with turbines of course you could imagine that there is a threshold you cannot continue filling these gates with turbines because certainly the morphological effects will become really large and become larger and you have to be careful especially in this system which is quite sensitive to change and definitely you could use these tools also if you are implementing a turbine in other sites in a storm there is a search barrier which is here shown to be quite attractive to the patient for that energy generation and of course I am interested if there are questions