 to the presenting work that we have done with Miguel on redistributive effects of social protection in Namibia. So I'll present and he'll answer the questions. Here is the outline of the issues that we're going to be talking about. Just a little bit of introduction, why social protection in Namibia. And from there we look at the structure of social protection where we have contributory schemes that are linked to labor market participation and non-contributory schemes that we introduced by the government for various reasons we'll talk about them. And then a brief look at the analytical methods that we use and then the results. We are still working on this paper and your contributions or your questions will be very useful in improving it. So if you look at the background of Namibia, when they got independent in 1990, there was significant inequality between the different groups that were there. The colonial administration then was in extension of what was happening in South Africa. It was controlled by South Africa. So the same apartheid system that was in South Africa was applicable in Namibia. And generally the indigenous Namibians initially were not allowed to join the social page and that was introduced them. But then over time they did relax that but the earnings or the transfers were different between the groups such that what the white population was earning was far much larger than what the blacks were earning. And even within the black community there were some groups that were favored over others. So you have some divide and rule of some sort that allowed some guys to earn more. Then when independence came, the government decided to address those issues and part of it was to try and reduce inequality between the groups as well as to take care of the aged among the Africans who initially were not benefiting from the old age pension, which had been inherited from the South African system in the 1940s. This is the structure of the social protection as it stands in Namibia. They have quite a number of provisions and the legal framework allows for quite an elaborate system. And here we have the contributor schemes and all these ones are linked to the labor market. If you are working, you contribute, you benefit from all of these but there are some that we have not discussed. We are trying to put together data on that and some have not yet been introduced. They've just the framework that they need to come up with a pension and medical aid fund but it's not yet in operation. Then here we have the non-contributory schemes where the government introduced some of these social protection measures saying we need to improve the conditions of the disadvantaged members of society and the ones that we are going to be focusing on that we have grouped as social assistants are the ones that I've highlighted there. This one has been studied quite a lot the old age pension scheme in Namibia and it's a flagship of what some African countries can learn from in order to help the old age persons. So these are the methods that we use the general poverty indices. We try to look at the level of poverty within the society. Then the genie coefficient as well as a disaggregation of the genie coefficient by income sources so that we can tell which of the different main income sources has what effect on inequality. So here are some of the results. First just to let you know that we here we used the Namibia household income and expenditure survey for 2008, 2009, 2010. As with many countries I presume in Africa data is a real issue and to give credit to Namibia I think they are doing well if you compare the 1993 survey to the 2003, 2004 and this one. The earlier ones are not easy to correct because there's no code book that explains you what they did, they just give some variables which you are not quite sure where they come from. But we are going on that and hopefully we'll be able to decent something useful from the 2003, 2004 one so that we can make comparisons between what was happening in 2003, 2004 and what we find. So using the analysis from the National Statistics Office Namibia Statistics Authority, the poverty lines that they used for 2009, 2010 are those and we use the same information for our analysis. So that's the poverty situation. Generally there is a higher level of poverty in rural areas than in urban areas and the severity of the poverty is also worse in rural than in urban areas. If we look at the Gini coefficient we realize there's greater inequality in urban areas than in rural areas. Interesting because it is from here that when we analyze, when we decompose the GDP we tend to figure out the labor market as one of the drivers of the high inequality that we have. It's more vibrant in the urban areas and that's where you have greater variability in terms of income. We have people who are really poor and some who are earning quite significant amounts of money and that will take a high income inequality. And here is another picture that emphasizes what we have here. Inequality is generally been declining over time if you look at the overall figures but if you look at the quintiles generally between quintiles there's been growing inequality. If you look at the second poorest group less the bottom one, this is what has been happening to the control of income that they have that the difference between those groups has been increasing. The same for, I think the worst is between the second richest 20% and the middle 20% that over time they've been going up even though the overall figure shows a decline in inequality. The only group that seems to be consistently, to be consistent with the national figures or the aggregate figures is between the richest 20% and the fourth richest group where over time inequality between those two has been declining. Right, so what else do we have? Now here we have the, using the survey data we try to disaggregate the genie figures and we realize that if you look at labor income generally a percentage change in labor income contributes to an increase in inequality between our households. But if you look at the other income sources where the social protection measures that are linked to the labor market we grouped them as social security and the other ones under non-contributive schemes that I mentioned we grouped them as the social assistance that's what the government is offering to try and help households. Then any other income plus cash transfers between households we grouped them as remittances and then we also have an asset income and other sources that could not be specified or identified within the data set. But what we find is social assistance and remittances they tend to have the effect of reducing inequality between households. If we come up with Lorenz schemes we can realize I think a number of interesting issues from the deco percent that we have. In this first graph here we have labor income contrasted with social assistance and the labor income is what we have in blue here that generally it results in more inequality between households than you would find if you compare with those households that have social assistance income. And take note that what we used here to come up with these figures are the households that identified a particular source of income as the main source of income. So there's more inequality in households that identified labor income as their main source compared to those that identified social assistance as the main source of income. In that one it's a comparison between labor income and cash and income transfers which in this table we grouped under remittances. We realize here that again labor income tends to be contributing more to inequality compared to these other transfers. If we look at this one, the fourth one is social assistance compared to assets. Those households with assets they tend to be any more and not everyone has access to assets and part of it is what was inherited at independence where the distribution of assets has not changed much. So the result is those with assets tend to be richer and the asset ownership tends to contribute more to inequality than if you compare to households that have social assistance as main source of income. The last one of the graphs we have social assistance income compared to social security. So again what we find here is social assistance is more equalizing compared to social assistance. Of course this will not necessarily be surprising if you look at what is happening within the labor market where the average incomes, the differentials are quite high as well as the level of unemployment that we find within the economy. So what are the key challenges that Namibia has to deal with in order to deal with the economy in order to deal with the differences in inequality across groups? A few issues that we've raised one is that there's needs to deal with the education system. Generally the outcomes don't seem to be that good. The quality is not as good as it could be but the waste of it is that it is generally supply driven rather than demand driven. That means you find people that a lot of people that are unemployed with certain qualifications but those are not the qualifications that the industry is looking for and therefore they are not finding jobs. Then there's generally been a neglect of technical and vocational education. Principally because among households the perception is that if someone has a technical qualification they are not smart enough they are not as bright but you must go to university if you are really intelligent. It just doesn't end up because what the economy is looking at are the technical skills which are not offered in the universities. These technical skills that we believe if that is emphasized that will help. Then if you look at health outcomes again there are some challenges there that the infant mortality is on the high side and the number of health professionals is not as high as it could be. Worse because they tend to rely more on foreign labor people from the get nurses and doctors from Kenya, from Cuba, from Zimbabwe. They have started training there on but the first crop will be in a few years time already quality issues have started coming up because there are a lot of challenges to their medical school. Then the last point that we think may need to be dealt with if equality has to be achieved has to do with corruption and nepotism. These are things that are not so easy to measure but you see them happening and every now and then they are in the press particularly when it comes to tendering processes and the tenders tend to be one by with political connections but sometimes the quality is not always as good and it's a problem. Now they have recently launched a national housing scheme to try and help the greater mass housing scheme to help those at the bottom. We have not been able to buy houses but the delivery system is not changed and it's mainly the big construction companies or the proper developers that are getting the tenders to do that and it's not going to have a big dent on housing in Namibia it's likely to keep housing still very expensive. So that's what we have done for now we hope as we continue on the paper we'll be able to use other methods of disaggregating the genie decomposing the genie and see which of the different components of income are driving inequality within the country. So what did we conclude from here? A few issues, the main one being that labor markets and associated incomes they tend to be the ones driving the growth of inequality within the country so perhaps if we address some of the labor market problems that we have in Namibia that may have an equalizing effect if we take into account that there are those households that have no people participating in the labor market but if we can help them get in there maybe that will help then generally the social assistance schemes tend to reduce inequality there are issues with access to the social assistance schemes particularly because the country is vast very very big and there are certain areas where access to this even though households qualify they don't access them another problem is literacy there are some people who are not able to follow through and fill in the forms to access these social assistance so basically that's what we have and I still have a few more minutes but it doesn't matter we can go on for the discussion thank you very much