 Eukaryotes have many types of non-coding RNAs and NCRNAs that play important roles in regulating gene expression and controlling various biological processes. These include housekeeping NCRNAs, which are involved in basic cellular functions such as DNA replication and repair, and regulatory NCRNAs, which are involved in more specialized processes like development and metabolism. NCRNAs interact with each other, as well as with proteins, DNA, and other RNAs to form complex networks that control gene expression. Transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications also affect how NCRNAs function. By understanding these mechanisms, researchers can gain insight into how NCRNAs influence cellular processes and how they may be used for therapeutic purposes. This article was authored by Zhang Kejing, Wu Wenyi, Chen Qi, and others.