 Welcome back to another session on dentistry and more. Today's topic is Ciflometrics. Ciflometrics we know that it is the backbone of ortho-londix without Ciflometrics. Ortho-londix is we cannot perform anything in ortho-londix. We know that Ciflograms or Ciflometrics we can use it for ortho-londic diagnosis and treatment planning and also the classification of skeletal and endel abnormalities and also for evaluation of treatment results and also we can use it for predicting growth related changes and also changes which is associated with surgical treatment. So there are n number of uses for Ciflometrics in ortho-londix. So today's session is about basic landmarks on the skull that is Ciflogram. So various types of landmarks are present such as anatomical landmarks, constructed landmarks that is like derived landmarks. Anatomical landmarks are which is actually present in the anatomical structure. Derived landmarks are which is obtained secondarily from anatomical structures in a Ciflogram. So we constructed another classification we can say heart tissue landmarks and soft tissue landmarks. So that is just an introduction part. So let's move on to the heart tissue landmarks. So the first one we have nasium. So this is nasium. Nasium is most anterior point midway between the frontal and nasal bone on the frontal nasal suture. Okay. So this is a nasium point. So we have frontal bone, we have nasal bone. So it is the midway between frontal and nasal bone and it is placed on the frontal nasal suture. So you cannot see the suture here, you can just see the sides of frontal and nasal bone and keep in mind that it is between the frontal and nasal bone that is a nasium. Next one is orbitaly. Orbitaly is here. Orbitaly is nothing but lowest point on the inferior bony margin of orbit. So we know that we have two orbits that is why it is on right and left side. So it is the lowest point on the inferior bony margin of orbit. Okay. So we have two orbitaly point. Next one is porion. Porion is here. So porion is nothing but highest bony point on the upper margin of external auditory matter. So we have covered nasium, orbitaly and porion. Porion is highest bony point on the upper margin of external auditory matter. So somewhere here it is external auditory matter is coming. So we are talking about heart tissue, heart tissue landmarks. We have soft tissue also, we are just covering heart tissue landmarks. So that is porion highest bony point on the upper margin of external auditory matters. Next we have cellar. Cellar is here. This is cellar turcica. Cellar turcica is nothing but the point represent the midpoint of pituitary fossa that is constructed point in the midsojetal plane. It is a constructed point not an atomical one. It is a constructed point, it is the midpoint at the midsojetal plane of pituitary fossa or cellar turcica. So that is cellar turcica. So we have cellar turcica here. Now we have point A. This is point A which is also known as sub-spinal A. Point A is also known as sub-spinal A. It is the deepest point in the midline between anterior nasal spine and alveolar crest between the upper central incisor. Okay. This deepest point in the midline between anterior nasal spine. So this is anterior nasal spine and alveolar crest between two central incisors. So this is one central incisor. So between two central incisors alveolar crest and anterior nasal spine. So this is point A, deepest point in the maxillary bone anterior region. Now we have point B. So point B is here. So point A is point A. And we have the deepest point in the midline between alveolar crest of mandible and mental process. So we know that it is the deepest point in the mandible. Exactly we can say that it is between the two central incisors between alveolar crest of mandible. Similarly, point A between the alveolar crest of incisors, this is mandible and this is maxillary. That is point A and point B. Point A and point B. Point B is also known as supramentalia because it is between the mental process and alveolar crest of mandible on the midline. So both A and B present on the midline. Next we have baseon. This is a baseon point. Baseon is nothing but median point of anterior marginal foramen magnum. So foramen magnum is coming somewhere here. So it is an anterior margin, that is a median point of anterior marginal foramen magnum. Similarly, bolton point. Bolton point is the highest point at the post-contalar notch of occipital bond. This is the bolton point. So we have covered baseon bolton. Bolton is nothing but highest point at the post-contalar notch of occipital bond. So you know that it is the back side of the skull. Oxypital bond will be covering this side. The most posterior point, one of the most posterior point is bolton point. Now we have anterior nasal spine. This is the anterior most portion of maxilla, which is a very sharp bony process and it is also in the midline. So anterior most portion of maxilla in the midline is anterior nasal spine. So we cover anterior nasal spine and next is gonon. So we know gonon is here. It is a constructed point, not an anatomical point. Constructed point at the junction of ramul plane and mandibular plane. So we have ramul plane here, mandibular plane is when it is joining here. This is gonon. So gonon will be on both right and left side. So it will be 2. Next we have pognon. It is the most anterior point. You can see here pognon, most anterior point on bony chin and the middle plane. So there are a lot of structures, middle plane like point A, point B, pognon. Pognon is the most anterior point but menton is the most inferior midline point. So this is menton, most inferior. So we have covered pognon and mentron. Pognon is the most inferior, pognon is the most anterior. Next we have nathion. So nathion is coming in between. It is the most anterior inferior point. So this is most anterior, this is most inferior. So this is anterior inferior point. That is nathion. So next is coming articular. Articular is here. You can see articular. Articular is nothing but point at the junction of posterior border of rams and the inferior border of basilar part of occipital bone. So occipital bone is coming here. So occipital bone and this ramal pognon. plane is joining here. It is the junction of posterior border of ramus and inferior border of basilar part of occipital bone. So we know that occipital bone is coming here. the inferior portion. So inferior portion joins here. So inferior basilar part of occipital bone and posterior ramus. That is articular and it is also bilaterally present. Next we have condylon. Condylon is the superior point on the head of the condylon. So condylon is superior point on the head of the condylon and it is also bilaterally present. Next we have prosteum. Prosteum. Prosteum you can see here. Prosteum. Prosteum is nothing but the lowest and most anterior point on the alveolar bone in the midline between upper central incisor. It is also called supradentalae. It is also known as supradentalae between the maxilla. It is nothing but lowest and most anterior point on the alveolar bone of midline between upper central incisor. It is also known as supradentalae. The posterior nasal spine is the most posterior point of maxilla ribone. Which is like a continuation of anterior wall of the palatine fossa and the wall of the palatine fossa and floor of the nose. Next we have glabella. So glabella is here. Glabella is we know that it is a not a heart tissue landmark which is a soft tissue landmark. Glabella is a soft tissue landmark which is the most prominent point in the mid-sajetal plane of forehead. So this is glabella. This is a soft tissue mark. So we have covered bns, gonion, profsion. So that is glabella, porion, progonion, mentone, nathion, gonion. Now we have another point which is known as infradentalae. So this is infradentalae. This is infradentalae. Infradentalae which is also known as inferior prosteum which is the most superior and anterior point on mantibular alveolar process between central incisor. So it is nothing but most superior and anterior point on mantibular alveolar process between central incisor. That is infradentalae which is present in the mantibular alveolar. The last point is ptm point. So this is ptm point. So here you can see ptm point. So ptm is also bilaterally present which is nothing but present on the terrigum axillary fissure. At the most inferior point of terrigum axillary fissure is ptm. So this is ptm. So that is all about the landmarks. We have covered almost all the landmarks. Glabella, nasion, orbitae, ns, pns, pointae, prosteum, infradentalae, pointae, progonion, nathion, mentone, gonion, bolton pointae, baseon pointae, articulae, salatoseca, ptm pointae, porion, and contele pointae. So these are the basic sephalometric landmarks, heart tissue and soft tissue. So soft tissue we do not know how much. That is only glabella is here. And some are unilateral and some are bilateral. This is very vital in understanding on the all the analysis. We have more analysis coming up, downs, analysis, strainers and tweets analysis. So we need to understand basic points, the landmarks and its location exactly. Then only we will get the idea of all the analysis. I will come up with the analysis in my next sessions. So thank you.