 To je izglednja rečenja, ki je odličen na 5 vrštih nekaj, zato v 2007-2008. V Centrala Afrika je začal, kaj smo počkali, nekaj, kaj smo počkali, čen so milim, nekaj, kaj smo počkali timbera. Zgledaj sem, da bom se jo tudi podelo, da je to šta nešta izvah. S V4, moja kolega, Centra for International Forestry Research, Ustrelijačnevne Universtve, in spolah je značnjena na Unijski Unijski In Vrlo, in v vsem venej vsem vsem z vsem vsem. Pistim, da se vse bo nekaj v kongobezini, in jaz ne wiče in v kongobezini, je vse 5 kraj, ki je Kamerun, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DRC Republic of the Congo, and Gabon. To je vse 5 kraj, ki je vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse vse. Šte je bilo dano. Orije dobolje idemo vzpečiti kompani, ko je vzpečiti kompani이, vzpečiti kompanii ljudi, vzpečiti kompanii. Vzpečiti kompanii grej, koj ležijo, povedal je zidov. In vzpečiti kompovi, ko je pomesela da je se vzpečiti judno 7-8 milijon, in dve trensje, ki dovoljim 3 iteration in tudi. There are two major trends that have been ongoing in the last five to ten years. One is those concessions managed with management plans, and those concessions that are starting to have certification, in this case FSC certification. And the other trend, major trend, has been a kind of push from external, let's say, partners of this country, like the European Union, to sign what we call the Voluntary Partnership Agreement. So there's been an external push to produce only legal timber from this concession. Why did we decide to set up the whole research effort? Because we found that there was a lot of timber that was not produced within those concessions, but outside by external, not industrial companies, and not mostly for export, but for the domestic market. So the major difference between the domestic market and the industrial sector, so the red polygons that I showed there, is that normally the chainsaw miller are small scale, they don't have felling permits, techniques are mostly chainsaw, timber is sold on the domestic market, and for taxes and regulation this is mostly informal, so we also refer to it as the informal sector. And we wanted to have answers to the question, what happened, what will happen to these people when externally induced legalization effort or certification efforts impact on this specific part of the market. So the data collection, as I said, has been started in 2008 and it's still ongoing specifically in DRC. For the Congo Basin we collected data in these countries, oh sorry, I forgot Central African Republic, but we are also collecting data in Indonesia and Ecuador to have a sample from other continents. So this has been an effort that it's basically weekly data, night and day, on the roads, on the market, and you see here the number of points that we collected. As of today I think we are at about a thousand interview with chainsaw millers and about 500 market that we are following in all the countries. There's been already publication which you can download if you want to go in detail for each country. They are available on this website, so there is one for Cameroon, one for Gabon, one for the Congo, a general one and DRC and Central African Republic that are being published. But just to be sure that we are talking about the same thing, because when we present this sector abroad, people have normal different ideas of what we mean by small scale chainsaw logging. So this is what it means. It means harvesting with no protection in the forest where normally you don't have a logging permit, so you harvest everywhere in what we call the agroforestry domain. So a domain that is not supposed to be managed with management plan, there is no management plan there and then you process the log in planks normally or other typologies of product, the timber is carried out of the forest, it's mostly 2, 3, 5 km maximum on the head to the closest road and then loaded on trucks and then sold in cities. This is specific to Cameroon. You have big market open to everybody. It's not the same in Latin America for instance or in Indonesia. But the end use and of course some of this timber, though I said that it's mostly domestic, it's also exported. This is the Eastern DRC border and you can find this timber in Johannesburg or in Mombasa or in Nairobi. So timber is also going out of the region, but not to European Union, mostly not to European Union or to the US. And then it's used mostly domestically for construction, infrastructure, et cetera. So this is what it's used for. So three major findings that the research pointed out. One is that if you compare the formal production or so, large scale logging concessions with management plans, certification, et cetera, it makes up only for about 40% of the total production of the region. The rest is what we just saw. So it's informal, small scale chainsaw production. And this is important because this production is not recorded anywhere. When you look for statistics in the FAO, in the ITTO, everywhere this timber does not show up. So when you look for statistics, you say, how much is the production of Cameroon, Gabon, DRC, you name it, these things does not happen. So it's not there. You don't know who is doing what. And even the countries themselves, they don't record the production of this small scale timber. Second major finding is that these activities are a very big, important source of livelihood for rural economies. There are millions of euro that are distributed every year to rural economies. It changes, it varies between countries, but it's a big source of income. And of course, even the costs for the chainsaw millers are still costs that you see remain in the local areas. These are wages to assistance to sawyer, fee to customary owners to buy the tree, et cetera. The rest remain on third party furniture for oil, et cetera. There is one important thing that also remains locally, but it makes a bit the governance of the sector not easy and that's the informal taxes. So the bribes that these chainsaw loggers have to pay at each step of the chain from the local official at the local level to official at all the levels of the chain. And these make it very difficult to manage. And one other important thing that we found during the interviews is that when you ask chainsaw loggers what are their problems in conducting their activities, the absence of a legal title is not a problem for them. So this pose as a question of what will happen when now all these externally induced trend of legalizing, certifying, so put these people into some kind of rule, what will happen to them, since as of today it's not a problem for them to operate without a title. So they could be put out of the market, et cetera. And this was the problem that basically forced us to ask the question, so let's see what's happening in other sector if we can propose some kind of solution. And of course the most important problem in all the countries is that administrative abuse of power, hassles, et cetera. There are few consequences that are very important for the area where we operate and that is this, a lot of these chainsaw loggers they don't really care about the law anymore because the only interaction they have with law enforcement agents is for those agents to come on the ground and ask for bribes. So every time these agents come on the ground and say, oh, there is a new law, there is the VPA, there is certification, et cetera, these harvester they are only looking for, okay, where do you want the new bribe coming from? And it's important because they don't have any more confidence in the state and there is a very weak legitimacy of the state to enforce any kind of law even if it's a good law, now they go on the ground and these harvester they know that they just want some bribe. This makes the operation on the ground very, very difficult. And of course in a perfect world we are discussing with all these governments and that's why we are also here to find solution from other sector about what are the solutions that we can propose. So one, of course, is that where is this resource located? In agroforestry areas, which by default are not supposed to be managed sustainably. So what do we do in these kind of areas? How do you manage? So what we are suggesting is probably you need to recognize these customer rights of ownership of the land, even if it's a small scale. And the rights to commercial use. As of today none of these people has the right to commercialize timber. They can only cut for their own personal use which is barely, it's unrealistic. It will never happen. Access to the resource is another problem. They need titles in the law that are adapted to their needs and of course access to the profession. As of today if they wanted to do this legally they have to ask logging titles as they were industrial sector manager and it's not realistic. And again these are the options for a perfect world but then we all know that there is the structure of the state in most of these countries is not the perfect structure that you may expect from the president down everyone answers to a good structure of the state. So we just published an article that put into perspective where these operations are happening in terms of governance and you discover that behind these operations there is a lot of money made by politicians and local officials but also by the army. Plenty of generals and colonels they transport these timber in their own army trucks. So there is a lot to say about these efforts on legalizing everything because the people that are supposed to put the law in place are the same people that today are making a lot of money out of this sector. And that's one of the reasons why you have resistance in the government also in implementing their own laws. And what you have at the end is this structure of the state in reality. So if you look every location on the ground there are little thieves that remain there managed by one or another official that only has the interest to keep the data for him or herself without putting the data out in the open and keeping the network of corruption within themselves and that's the problem because what do you do in this? What are the options for someone like the European Union or the US now with the LACI Act to say, OK, how do we legalize these activities with this governance background? So at this point of the research Louis had a great idea and he said, why don't we look outside of the box? Why don't we look outside of the forest? And that's why we are here with two panels with examples of sectors that have already been formalized or at least have made important movements towards formalization. And with this I leave the word to Louis who is going to show you a synthesis of all the cases that we will be looking at during the day. So thank you. Louis.