 The study aimed to analyze the contribution of specific obstetric populations to changes in caesarean section rates using the Robson classification in two WHO multi-country surveys of deliveries in healthcare facilities. The findings showed that the caesarean section rate increased overall between the two surveys and in all countries except Japan with the use of obstetric interventions increasing over time. Caesarean section rates increased across most Robson groups in all HDI categories with the proportion of women who had previously had a caesarean section increasing in moderate and low HDI countries. The study suggests that strategies to reduce the frequency of the procedure should include avoidance of medically unnecessary primary caesarean section and improved case selection for induction and pre-labour caesarean section. This article was authored by Dr. Joshua P. Fogel, MBBS, Anna Pillar-Batran, PhD, Nadia Vindevigil, MD, and others.