 Terrorism financing refers to activities that provide financing or financial support to individual terrorists or non-state actors. A government that maintains a list of terrorist organizations normally will also pass laws to prevent money laundering being used to finance those organizations. Laws against money laundering and error financing are used around the world. In the United States, the Patriot Act was passed after the September 11 attacks, giving the government anti-money laundering powers to monitor financial institutions. The Patriot Act has generated a great deal of controversy in the United States since its enactment. The United States has also collaborated with the United Nations and other countries to create the terrorist finance tracking program. Laws created attempted to thwart the financing of terrorism CFD and money laundering. Initially the focus of CFD efforts was on non-profit organizations, unregistered money services businesses MSVs including so-called underground banking or HAWALAs and the criminalization of the Act itself. The financial action task force on money laundering FADF made nine special recommendations for CFD first aid then a year later added a ninth. These nine recommendations have become the global standard for CFD and their effectiveness is assessed almost always in conjunction with anti-money laundering. The FADF blacklist the NCCD list mechanism was used to coerce countries to bring about change.