 Is there any points in people wearing those masks? So I was persuaded two years ago to do some testing. We have a particular machine that we use in the lab because a lot of the studies we do is the way that the virus survives in air. We have a machine where we can nebulize flu virus into small droplets ac ar y ddweud y bydd yn ymddangos yn cael ei ddweud'r sêl fel eich rhan oherwydd cael ei ddweud. Rwy'n ei wneud eu hunain, mae'n ddweud mae'n dweud y bydd ymddangos yn ei ddweud, a'r dweud sefydliadau yn y ffyrus ar y ddweud, a'u ddweud, a'u gwneud ar gyfer y ffyrn. Rwy'n ei ddweud ar y ddweud, nid yw'n meddwl gael eich ddweud, three-in paper, very cheap, very easy to get, 99% of the virus was blocked by the face mask so thats fine But there are other studies where people, for example in Hong Kong got students to wear face masks and wash their hands or where face masks had not wash their hands, et cetera The problem with wearing a face mask is that you are tempted to touch your face in other places, for example in your eyes. We do know that flu can enter the respiratory tract through the eyes. There is a danger that wearing a face mask gets a false sense of security, and then you forget about touching your hands and not touching your face. You can still end up with virus. Felly, rydyn ni'n bod y facemask yn y gallu gweithio ychydig o'r ysgol, ychydig i ychydig i'r cyflwyno'r cyflwyno dda i chi ar gyflwyno'n gyflwyno gyda'r cyflwyno, ond ymgylch ei ffordd iddynt i gael gwybod yn iawn i gwybod a chydig i'r cyflwyno'n gweld. Yn ni'n gwybod. O'r ffordd? Mae'r ddych chi'n gweithio'r летig yw'r cwylwch o'u gwyrnas i'r gwir. Ie, gofyn. Felly nad oeddwn i gŵr bod yn diwedd allanodd ar gyfer ymddangos Cymru. Rydw i'n gjhwyl yw'r angen oes i gael ffordd ymddangos Cymru. Llyfr o'i bwysig ymddangos Cymru i gŵr yr rhannu dros y rhan sydd wedi'iaru symud ar y dyfodol. Rydw i wedi gael gwybodol sydd ydy bwysig yw'r rhannu dros ymddangos Cymru o wneud ar y Ffyrddol. ac mae'r bwysig wedi cael ei wneud yn ymgyrch yn gallu bod yma'r ysgol yn fwy oed yn ddyddol. Ond yw'r ysgol yn gwneud yn ddod, yw'n ddweud bod yna gweithio'r ffugol yn ddechrau'r wyrdog ac mae'r ffugol yn ddechrau'r ysgol yn ddod. Yn y gallu gwybod y mynd ar gweithio'r ffugol yn ddysgu'r ffrugol, mae'r byw yn ychydig yn rhan o'i peribwyd yw'r bwrdd ychydig yn ddod yn ddod yn gweithio'r byw ac mae'r ffordd yn gwneud yn meddwl. Mae'r ffordd yn gwneud yn ffodol, ac mae'r ffordd yn gwneud yn gwneud yn ffodol. A'r rhai cymdeithasol, mae'r ffordd yn gwneud yn y hollod yn maeth i'r ffordd. Mae'r ffordd yn gwneud yn y hollod yn ei pethau. Mae'n rhai cyfwlad m3, i gael eich ffyrdd y ffordd yn gwneud. A'r rhaid i'r genedlaethau i'r byd o'r modd Ac yn ei gynnal, mae'n rhaid i'w ffordd rhaid i'w ddweud o'r ffrifatau rhaid i ddweud, a'i edrych i'w ddweudio'r hynny i gael i gael i ddweud, ac mae'n dweud i'r gweithio'r ddweud. Mae'n rhaid i'w ddweud i ddweud i ddweud i ddweudio eu lwythgu a'r ddweud i gael i ddweud eich ddweud. Dwi'n ddweud i'r ddweud yna, yna yna hynny, byddai'n rhaid i gael i ddweud. Maen nhw ddim yn ei wneud bod ni wedi ei i wych yn gweithio i'r cyfnodd, mae'n cael bod ni'n rhywbeth wedi cael digwydd ym mwyaf. Mae gennych ar y cwm. A i chi'n gweld i'r cyfrystio cyfnoddau, mae'n byw i'r cyfrifio'r cyfnoddau sydd wedi'u cei ddim y ffliw, ac mae'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio, mae'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio yw'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio? Yn ychydig mae'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio'r cyfrifio? Mae oedd eich gyfrifatus o'r llunau ynghylch. Mae oedd eich gweithio ychydig o'r cip i'r wneud o'r llunau a chyfgrifwys, a diogel o'r chyfoysgau nhw, ac ydych chi gael chi o'r llunau a ydych chi'n cael chi o'r chyfgrifwys oedd ychydig o'u chyfgrifwys ar y cyfrifwys. Rydw i'n fydigau gyda'i gweithio eich cifadau, darThis chicken that you would make your founder chickens that you breed from and in fact the cultura industry is faced because it's a breeding industry because chickens have been so intensely bred for trades for decades.. There are two or three huge popularity producers in the world that's it, it's almost a monopoly and their own father birds ynчil pob bydd yn ddatblygu bod y ddweud cymaint. Mae'r eu bodai ei wneud seithio y tîm y pïdd yn y deall pan o'r ffordd, ac mae'n iawn ei hwych o werth ddechau ei bodai'r ffordd. A'u bod cael ei bod yn cael ei fod yn hollu'r wdechrau hwnnw, yn y ddweud hynny mae'n gwneud roedd o'r pwynt yma. Yn y gwyfod blwydd, yn rhai biologi, Mae'r penedigau genedig arddangos iddo. Mae'r cyfnod ymgyrch, mae'n ddweud y cyfnod yn enwedig yn unig iddo i'w ddweud yng nghaelwyr. Mae'r ddweud yn unig i'ch cyfnod yn gwneud amdano. Felly mae'n unrhyw o ddweud yng nghylch o'i cyfnod o'r cyfnod i'w ddechrau'r ddweud. Llywodraeth yn fwyodol, yn cyfnod y gwir, ac dyna'r Llywodraeth yn ei gwir. Rwy'n meddwl, rwy'n meddwl, mae'r gennym iawn, yn y gwir. Dyna'r gwir yn bwysig. Mae'r gwir? Rwy'n meddwl. Rwy'n meddwl, mae'r gwir. Rwy'n meddwl. Yn gwir, maen nhw'n meddwl yma. Rwy'n meddwl, mae'r gwir yn eich bodai'r bodai'r cyfrifolio yma. er mwynhau i gyda sydd wedi'u gwneud y maen nhw'r un genedliadau ar y modau. Mae wir yn ysgirio'r cyfrifol i gael sydd wedi'u gwneud yr ysgirio'r cyfrifol i gael, ac mae'n gwybod. Fy gwybod â'r cyfrifol i gael a'r cyfrifol i gael sydd yn ysgirio'r cyfrifol i gael. Mae'n cael ei gael i gael yn ysgirio'r cyfrifol i gael'r cyfrifol ar y modau. that it looks like almost every one of the genes of this 1918 virus was sort of souped up, it was a really powerful virus, and you're quite right it did replicate very very fast. Fast replication because say it doesn't always make a very dangerous virus, but replication in cells where the virus shouldn't be does, and replication that makes mistakes because it's going too fast and not being careful enough Mae'r bwysig yn dda i fel hynny oedd y byddai. Mae'r bwysig i gyrraedd y byddai yn ystod, y byddai'n amlwg, ac mae'r bynnag yn y ffaith yn y rhaid, mae yna hwn yn ei wneud i'ch gweithiau. Ond mae'n bwysig i'r byd, ac mae'r bynnag yn ymgyrch yn ymgyrch amddangos i'u cyfnod oedd yn ymgyrch o'u cyfnod. Yn ymgyrch yn dda, dyma'r pryd, mae'n gweithio bod yma'r trafodyddau yma yn 1918-1930, Look at it, everyone else, what percentage of the world population is that at this time? The 15 only? So the case fatality was 2%. And I think that, so 2% of the people who got infected died. And I think that about half the world got infected. But I don't think that's quite as with the maximum you want me to do, Mae'n bwysigd, fy ffaith c lif i fyf. Cymru o'i amsaint? Felly.. Mae fod yn gallu i'w sainr bod. Mae'n bwysigd fel y chwarae difícil neu bywyd o aglwysiadau yn enwedig ar gyfer amddangos naglwydd. Efallai'u hynny rydych chi'n ffais o'r edrych a bwysigd gyda'i, a'r ffordd fe'n yn oed yn lleiwyd yr hynny. Maen nhw i'n gwybod, mae'n gweithio ddi o rhai o gyd yn ddylu'r gweithlu a chyddo'n gwybodaeth o'r gweith raefa. Toon has been put into building new vaccine manufacturing plants that work on cells like cultured cells instead of chicken's eggs. The chicken's eggs have been used for decades because the chicken's egg is a sort of wonderfully sterile environment, and you can get them very cheaply. But we do now make lot of other vaccines in cells that we grow artificially in huge culture vats. We do know how to make flu vaccine in cells Felly mae'r cyfgwlad afael ond nhw ar croedd rhai o'r fle diwydd i'w pwysig yn cael gwybodaeth yn hyn arweinydd. Mae'r rhaglenau maes, mae y gallai bod yn llunio gwaith. Y bydd y gwybodaeth yw wedi bod hynny'n sukfa thym ni'n niad i gwellio cullig yn chi addysg ond'r flaue sydd maen nhw yng Nghymru yn cael gwybodaeth. Mae'n ddwy o'r holl gweithig na oeddi, ac mae'n sylfa gwaethaf proses i ddegodig ar gwybodaeth I won't stop using a vaccine plant which they've been using for years and makes the money and start building a new one which in the longer term will be better. You just have to wait for them to decide that. It would be lovely if authorities or governments put a little more pressure on that to happen. There are some very, very new ideas as well coming through where there are new types of vaccines. amendment him today. A few years ago people thought about DNA vaccines, where you just synthesize very cheaply and inject people's arms into your own cells. Make your own vaccine within you. That's undergoing a sort of revamp at the moment a self-amplifying RNA vaccines. There's a concept there where you can make it so simply and so easily that you could have vaccine plants in every country all around the world on a very small scale but local. maenill, ac mae'n ddalfwlleu'n ddiffanol ar y cwrddol pan gweithio gweld yn ysgol Maes Wyrddol a'n ddechrau'u gweld o'r wlaffydd yn holl bwysig wahyddiad maenill dechreu'n s Sciplwll. Ond, gallwn gweithio'n ddiffanol, mae gwrddol yn hwrddol, a so hynny yn gallu cyfrifigorol yn ddiffanol ar y cwrddol a'r beth yn ddalfwll. ac yn ffapt, yn 1918, mae'n rhai bod Scotland wedi'u'n cael ei wneud o'r byddau o'r 50 miliwn. Yr hyn o'r 3 o'r ffordd o'r cyfrifiadau sy'n cael ei wneud o'r helpu sy'n gyd wedi'i gyrhysbeth meddygol yn ymddangos gwirio a'r wneud yn y pethau yn yr ysgol y gallwn gwirio ymddangos gwirio. Yn y ffordd o'r gwirio, mae'n amser i gael'r bydd, a oes o'r gweithio i gyfyrdd gennu. Roeddwch chi ddim yn ei mili. Efallai yn lleol o'r problemu sefydlu? Jo, os ydym wedi gŵr y casnwys y maes sydd yn ysgrifflwng a'r gwneud am casnwys yw bobl hwnnw. Ond mae'n gwineb am gweithio'n bobl hwnnw a diwg iawn ac on nhw'n mynd i'r awr. Yn ôl ond i'w ddechrau, ond mae'n gwneud o'r hamdyn nhw'n ei hunau yn ysgolwyr, yn ysgolwyr hyn yw, yw'r gwirionedd y ffordd, o'r ffordd y flw. Felly mae'n cael ei hun o'r gwybod, mae'r virus ydy'r gwasanaeth o'r ystafell, rydyn ni'n rydyn ni, yn oed o'r gwasanaeth ym mher, o'r ffordd y ffordd y gallwn yn y ffordd. Felly yr Aeol yn y blaen ymddangosol iawn o'r bwrdd y flw yn rhan o'r ffordd yn y rhan o'r bwrdd yma yw'r ffordd yn ymddangosol iawn o'r bwrdd ar y flw. Would you like to hear what happens when you can raise how far away people were sitting in the seas and who got through when? Don't think that the anything about the air handling makes much difference. I mean you don't need to worry whether the air is being changed. When you breathe out, the most likely place for the air to go is to be breathed in by the person sitting next to you, or in the room, up or down from you. mae'r cyffredin gyda'r cyfnodi, cyfleirion cyfnodi yn panffinolai ydy Reid yn mynd wedi cyd-hyfyddiadol hwn. Mae'r cyfnodi ar y mas, mae'n ffordd drwy'n ymlog gweithio i'w hyffordd agorio, mae'r cyffredin gyffredin gyffredin gyffredin gyffredin gyffredin gyffredin. is true for people, which is why the cool holidays were a public health benefit because it ffent the concentration of young people. The one, two and then three. Davies, yna mynd i yw gwir y maen nhw'n wneud? The Cruz was a sore storm and how did it trigger it? How did it trigger it? Yes, that's a really good question. So once people have got the sequence of the Spanish flu, they try to answer that question directly. And there are several genes of the Spanish flu virus which seem to contribute to the cytokine storm. So the virus itself is capable of very, very fast replication because it's enzyme, the polymerase that copies the virus is very, very fast. It also, though, has the spikes on the virus, the hemoglobin spikes, seem to be very good at getting into cells and particularly can let the virus into some of those immune cells that seeding or flu doesn't always go in. So it's a combination. You can't put it down to a single mutation. And that's why I describe it a little bit like a perfect storm. This virus came out from birds, but the eight different gene segments of that virus, a very single one of them appears to contribute in some way to the lethality of the virus. It isn't as simple. You can't assign a single one. It's all of them together that are working together. It's a sort of constellation that's doing it. Prevention issues before a war, a universal vaccine comes along. One of the previous speakers here said that the time of day in relation to your circadian rhythm was very important. He was a professor of circadian rhythms. Can you comment tonight on the issue of importance of the frequency of hand cleansing during a bad day? Yes, so definitely the state of your cell, which is being changed through the circadian rhythm, ought to know how well the virus can replicate. And in fact, one of my colleagues working alongside me in the department appears is studying flu and circadian rhythms and looking at that exact relation. And so the amount of virus, the numbers of viruses bursting out from any one infected cell will depend on what part of a circadian cycle that cell was in when it first got infected. And all of the cells of our body are going through the circadian rhythm the whole time, and so it does matter when you get infected. This was the vaccine, the circadian rhythm in relation to the vaccine. So there are studies too, where people have been vaccinated in the morning or vaccinated in the afternoon. And again, people have detected different antibodies, the different strengths of antibody responses. At the end of the day, these are fairly small and subtle differences. So I think that the biology explains that the state of the cell matters. Your cells do change as they go through the circadian rhythm and any virus infection will depend on that because the virus is such a parasite. It depends utterly on what the cell is doing. And your immune response also depends on that as well. But if you place that alongside other things that can affect the outcome of infection. So if I stand right next to you and you breathe a million viruses that I inhale, my immune system is totally overwhelmed. But if I stand here and somebody sneezes at the back of the room and one virus reaches me, my immune system is in a pretty good way of overcoming that and I'm going to win the battle rather than the virus. So the dose of virus you get and the route by which you get it and your other comorbidities are going to have a much bigger outcome on your infection in your circadian rhythm. Thank you very much for the talk. I was interested in asking you a couple of things if I may. Given the paratogenic potential of the new drugs that we are producing and the fact that the mutation rate is very highly against one of the 10% to 15% trials, and I was wondering if your ideas around the CRISPR, not so much the CRISPR itself, pushed proteins needed for the flu virus to survive, seemed to me to be the best target because mutations there are not going to happen. Yes. So what we know is that if we target the virus, the virus is a master at evolving very fast and therefore you get resistant viruses when you treat people and blocsivir sadly is really susceptible to this. So it's a fantastic new drug, it's being used in Japan, but you're quite right to say that 10% or more of the children who've received blocsivir are now shedding resistant virus. And once the virus has switched that way, it passes on to the next person and in the next person that drug is useless because the virus is already resistant. This is what happened in the early phase of HIV therapy where people were using antiretroviral drugs and using single drugs is hopeless because you just select one by one the resistive mutations. If you use combinations of drugs, the virus doesn't have anywhere to go because it can't mutate sufficiently to escape them all at once. And then if it only escapes one, the other one that's present can get it. So the way ahead of we're going to use directly acting antivirals is to use them in combination. There is a trial going on at the moment which is combining Tami Flu and Zofluza in the hope that at least for very sick people that's going to be the answer. But drugs targeting the host could be a better way. Maybe the virus can't escape that because the host has to stay the same. Maybe the virus will just decide to do things differently so it could still get around viruses of slippery beasts. So we have to wait and see. There are several drugs in very early trials that target the host. For something like Flu, I think it's conceivable because Flu is such an acute illness that it's only asking a person to take a drug that targets their own body for a fairly short amount of time. For something like a chronic infection, you probably couldn't take that strategy. But I think it is feasible for Flu, but there aren't any close to trials at the moment. There's a one over here. I think there was one. And then there's two more. One here and one here. Then we'll have to close. Thank you. I'm just wondering if there is a prospect that the virus will evolve in a way that will bypass the changes in the crystal that have been modified in the year-end. And if that were the case, hopefully quickly. You have to keep changing. I mean, it's an excellent question. It's exactly what we're looking into at the moment, which is why I said that the experiment is a very important thing. I think it's a great question. I think it's a great question. Which is why I said that the experiments we're doing are being done in a very safe and closed environment. Because what we don't want to do is to force the virus to change in a way which could make things worse. So we'll do it all very safely. We'll ask that the virus mutate to escape these things. And if it does, it may be a question of going back to the combination idea. So maybe we need to edit our chickens in two or three ways. Because for the virus to get round two or three problems is much more difficult than to solve even three problems one at a time. So if you put three things in at once, it's almost impossible for it to escape from that. So it could build up our crispar and have granny and grandpa chickens with three changes in all at once. That would be the solution. You talked about this genetic modification of them chickens. I understand its peace but it compares to it in European and the North American flocks. Is there a certain position in North America in certain groups? But what about the Asiatic subparmer who lives in Vietnam with his own little domestic chickens? Will you do what you find most? No, that's an excellent point. Of course there are different stocks of chickens. One can do crispar in such chickens and it is feasible to do. One would then have to ship them out. Bill Gates is funding at the moment or trying to get going an eggaday in Africa to improve protein intake in children in Africa. One of the things that are going to be looking at is whether to alter the chicken stock in backyard farms in Africa by restocking. I think that could be a timely opportunity in which one could improve the genetic stock in several ways that would also make them resistant to disease as well as giving them better fuel for eggs and meat. But you would have to do it separately on every breed. Finally? I want to ask you about seasonal food virus because you pointed out that that's a new colour and it's always changing and there's no error correction in the virus. So is it possible and is it known from sort of what you do what sequence changes could occur in seasonal food viruses that would make them better in the population? Yes. So seasonal food viruses come back year on year largely because they change the spikes on the outside and then all the immunity that we've accumulated through natural infection or vaccination doesn't do us any good because the virus looks different than the antibodies. Hugely, that doesn't have a huge impact on the behaviour of the virus inside the cell and doesn't lead to things like cytokine storms. The viruses have already settled down if you like to be pretty well adapted to the human host and remain seasonal. However, having said that there are random changes that occur and they can alter the behaviour of the virus inside the cell in ways that are still quite unpredictable. Some years we see that a flu virus is causing more disease even in the animal models which are well controlled and it can be myriad of different ways. So it's pretty difficult at the moment to predict. But again, I think those changes are fairly small in the spectrum of the pandemic in terms of cytokine storms and going back to the sort of evolutionary theory. A virus which increases its virulence or pathogenicity usually doesn't do very well in the longer term. So we might have one year where we had a very bad year and a lot of people got sick like that but that virus would not be the most efficient transmitter because people who are sick stay at home and don't go out and go to a point where the virus has become less and less. It remains to me to thank her super. In all and more which I'm sure many of you have been in there's a quote high up in the wall from the late great Alistair Gray and it says, it's left last to a flourish and instead of, by the fiction of the word he puts, by speaking the truth a typical Alistair Gray comment and of course some types of truth require evidence to be distilled and processed and defined and that requires people with the ability to generate the evidence not only to produce it but to distill it and to share it in the way that we've seen and heard this evening. And I was trying to remember to myself what the applause reminded me of and it was sitting in the concert for all the same commitment I made to be an immediate service and it's because audiences appreciate staff offered when they hear and being so ahead of tonight so please give your thanks to thank you very much.