 Good afternoon. Thank you everybody for attending this session. Today, I'm going to present you some of the ideas that we have discussed after a year of working in our project, which is supported by the Collaborative Research Center Resource Cultures of the University of Tubingen regarding this case, the landscape use and the use of resources during the Bronze Age and this other Iberian Peninsula. The name of our project is Use of Resource Landscape and the Social Cultural Change in the Iberian Peninsula and it intends in its archaeological component characterizing the use of resources, the conformation and use of the landscape during the Calculative and the Bronze Age periods. One of the main objectives is identifying and characterizing different elements that had a role in the social and cultural change that occurred during the transition between these two periods. The first phase, which finished in 2017 and was conducted by Professor Martelheim, Felicia Smith and Javier Escudero Carrillo, was focusing characterizing the landscape and the use of resources during the Calculative period in the Guadalquivir Valley. One of the main goals of this phase was identifying the different types of resources that people had during the Tribulation before Christ, which implied activities as archaeological survey of mineral resources as well as the survey and excavation of Calculative sites in order to identify biotic or fauna resources. So for example, the archaeometallurgy survey focused in this area of the Iberian Peninsula. This is a map from Professor Martelheim from 2007, but the survey of mineral resources focused in this area, which was plenty of mine or copper, of course, and combined with the water and different biotic resources provided by the marshes next to the river of the Guadalquivir river, allowed to the team identifying several types of resources that people had during the Calculative period. So for example, it was possible to identify the use of fresh water for irrigation of fields, fishing as well as the collecting of other marine resources as shells or even salt. Along with other marine resources, it was also important identifying forest resources, evidencing different iconographic representations in funerary contexts as this one in Montevideo, which allowed the team to explore about the possibilities of having agropastoral economies within the HESA type landscapes during the Calculative. Other type of resources were identified, for example, in this site next to Carmona called La Loma del Real Tesoro, which according to the evidence is found after several excavation campaigns, it seems that it was used as a cultural and social central place, which led to consider the possibility of having also immaterial resources that shaped not only the landscape, but also the social relationships among the Calculative people. This is just a very schematic resource of the first phase, sorry. I'm not going into detail about this first phase because I'm in the second phase of this project, but if you maybe are interested in knowing more about this first phase, you are welcome to add some questions at the end of the session. So now at this moment we are in the first year of the second phase, which intends to characterize the early and the middle Bronze Age in the same area where the first phase was developed. It means the middle and lower Guadalquivir valleys. We intend to characterize as well the use of resources and the landscape use, taking into account different particular elements that we found in this period, for example the possible effects that climate could have. And here we highlight some elements from the landscape use, for example the settlement patterns and the mobility. The resources taken into account some of the results that we had in the first phase, we can start to consider some elements that could be part of these resources as water, minerals, fauna, plants and crops and the knowledge itself. And also the climate because during that period there was a climatic event that has a very huge impact in Europe and led to different social and cultural change among this whole territory. So we are also considering this character of the climate as a trigger of also social and cultural change between the Calculative and the Bronze Age periods. So the transition from Calculative to the Bronze Age implied several changes in the ways of living and its changes are a focus of this project. So we are interested in identifying some of the characteristics of these periods that have been already evidenced in other areas of the Iberian Peninsula. And when I mentioned other areas of the Iberian Peninsula, I want to give you a brief example. So this is a map that you can find in Wikipedia. This is a Wikipedia map of the Bronze Age. I decided to start with this map because this is the first thing people that are not archaeologists will find on the internet if they look for Bronze Age in the Iberian Peninsula. You can see very well defined the already known areas of El Argar and something that here is written as the Atalaya Group, here in Portugal. But if you have worked as archaeologists in this area, you know that this is not known as the Atalaya Group. But anyway, this is how Wikipedia displays this information and millions of people will find it like this. These are now other representations now done by archaeologists of the early and middle Bronze Age groups in the southern Iberian Peninsula. Something in common or maybe this popular Wikipedia map got this shape and represented the Bronze Age like this, maybe because all these representations done during the history of the research of the Bronze Age in Iberian Peninsula has this particular characteristic. And it's maybe the use of the territory, the representation of the territory as something that particularly has the middle body of the Godelki River as an empty place. Here you can find so how the maps of representation of the Bronze Age intend to separate the areas. They characterize it. For example, here they intend to separate El Argar or maybe the Bronze of the southwestern. Despite these representations, some archaeologists have explored and have done questions about how developed the early and the middle Bronze Age in the middle Godelki River. Here there are some examples, just three examples that trade this issue. And indeed, they consider it the lack of evidences of the amount of findings that has not been the same as El Argar, for example. Other examples are the text of Medeiros Martini in 1996, where the chronology of the Bronze Age barely includes sites from the middle Godelki River valley. And the text of Escasena Carrasco of 1995 that literally talks about the Bronze that never exists in the pre-colonial Tartesos. So another issue is the lack of evidences that let us know how was the transition from the Calcolitic to the Bronze in the middle Godelki River valley. Some studies have identified, for example, in Cori del Río in Sevilla or in the lower valley of Cadiz and Malaga, some sequences that shows the Bronze Age layers that are above the Calcolitic layers. But this is not the case in most of the studies that identified sites of the Bronze Age in Sevilla or Córdoba, for example. So there are actually more studies that show a hiatus during this period or just an abandon of the Calcolitic sites showing a change in the settlement patterns of this area but not really something that explains what's happening to the population in this area from the third to the second millennium before Christ. So, but it is possible that some of these absences or voids can be just the result of how the research was done during the last decades or even from the first time of 19th century when the Syriac brothers started to excavate El Argar. From our point of view and after looking at different studies done in Andalusia, we consider that there is a bias in the statements about territory and settlement patterns towards El Argar and the Bronze of the south-west and there is no signal that the middle Godelki River valley has been just an empty place. Anyway, we don't discard the possibility that this area has been abandoned. But first, let's have a look to the different interpretations or points of view about what happened during the early and middle Bronze Age in the middle Godelki River valley. So, according to the state of the art of the research done in the middle Godelki River valley, it has been considered in three ways by archaeologists. So, first, this middle Godelki valley was considered as a periphery of the Argaric territory. The map of the Argari territory was defined by Taradel in 1963. And since then, the history of the research focused on studying El Argar as a territory enclosed in a center which was placed in the provinces of Almería and Murcia and then it expanded until getting to the mountains of Haen and most of the province of Granada. But after 60 years, the site of Peñalosa, for example, was considered as the most northwestern village of the Argaric territory and some studies have been focused on looking relationships between center and periphery, understanding periphery as the settlement's place in this area of Haen and Granada. However, there are some questions about the way the history of the research has configured the idea of an Argaric territory. So, for example, how must we read the concept of Argaric territory, this concept of territory? An enclosed one with borders, a center and a periphery. If so, what happened beyond that border? It means in the middle Guadalquivir valley. How was the relationship with the center and how was the flow of resources between both sites, for example? I will let these questions open, of course, because my intention is just to let some reflections about it and maybe open a further discussion. The second way, the middle Guadalquivir valley has been considered as a corridor and this corridor has been expanded in two ways as well. First, as a place between the Argar and the southwest, where the flow of resources led some traces of the communication between both sites, or maybe as a place where the Calculative groups were still present during the early Bronze Age, whereas the Argar, for example, social and cultural changes led to radical changes in settlement patterns, funerary practices and the material culture. One of the expressions of the mixing of both Argaric and Southwestern societies was in what is called the Bronze de la Campiña Cordobesa. Some sites in the countryside of Cordoba have been considered as places where Argaric and Southwestern societies communicated and led evidences of this interaction. This interaction could be again considered as the relationship between two population centers, for example, and the middle Guadalquivir valley as the place where this interaction occurred. Another point of view is one that expresses that there was a migration of groups from the southwest to the southeast during the end of the Calculative and the Early Bronze Age, which led some traces in the middle Guadalquivir valley. This conclusion was set by some colleagues the last month of June in Paris, and some of their claims are still in press, so it's not any publication yet, but the idea was that during the 4.2 Clujer event, this massive drought at the end of the 3rd millennium before Paris led to the migration of groups to the site where it would be later known as Argar. The third way, the middle Guadalquivir valley, can be considered as a low-ranked territory. Let's say as a place where the resources were not as good as the ones presented in Argar or in the southwest. This due to climatic events, and here comes again the 4.2 Clujer event as the trigger of a series of challenges that could have led to the reduction of population in this zone after the Calculative period. However, the relation between this climatic event and the settlement patterns during the Bronze Age has not been well characterized yet for the whole southern Iberian peninsula, or at least the studies regarding this issue have not been yet published. I have to refer here again to the study made by our colleagues from Keele that is precisely focusing the characterizing this relationship between the 4.2 event and the settlement patterns of this area. We are expecting the results to know what's happening in this region. However, there are other studies as this one that claims that the impact of this event was not so strong in some Argaric areas, whereas this one claims that the climatic event impacted seriously the terrain due to their identification and the reduction of cultivable areas. In this first case, the study is focusing on understanding the dynamics into the Argaric territory, what led us to consider again that maybe the situation was very different in the middle Guadalquivir Valley. Maybe in the second case, which is closer to our study area, it is clear that the middle Guadalquivir Valley is considered as a place not able to get important resources as water for cultivation and of course for human and animal consumption. Well, just to finish, we are going to present what we have done in this first stage of the research. What I just told you was the analysis of the quality of information that we have collected by biobiography and then with all this information we elaborated a database which is portable to geographic information system and this database allows us to not only compare or place the sites, the different sites that we had identified in the middle Guadalquivir Valley into the geographical information system but also comparing the different material culture that is present in these different sites. One of the results is this one. You can see here a hit map and this hit map shows that as you can see in the eastern part of Andalusia the amount of research done is huge and that's why you have a number of sites that you can identify as Argaric sites for example and then in this middle Guadalquivir Valley you can see again that there has not been too much research done. So that's why we have this gap and it's not matter of representation of the territories or it's just matter of the historical research. Okay so in order to fill that gap we did an archaeological survey in March and April but the results of this archaeological survey were unfortunately not Bronze Age sites found. We found several sites from Roman periods, Calculative periods but not yet the Bronze Age sites and then what I wanted to tell you to show you is that I would like to compare this map of Caligido from the 1980 and 1989 which if we compare this map with the different sites that have been reported by different archaeologists and that we have collected in the database we can see that there are more sites and there are more evidence that indeed the Bronze Age existed in that area of the Guadalquivir Valley. Okay so we are crossing now this is an ongoing research so we are crossing this information with other types of resources like quarries like mine ore also the use of soils we are collaborating with the some geographers and some soil scientists to analyze also the use of the soil resource and we are also studying transhumans and traffic routes that led us to understand maybe the other hypothesis that we have about maybe the communication between east and west and also the communication between the Guadalquivir Valley and the Guadiana also to up to the north. Okay so to conclude I just wanted to do some remarks and is that this according to what we have found there is indeed the Bronze Age in the Guadalquivir Valley but the interpretation depends on three factors the first one the transition from the late copper age period to the Bronze Age is still not clear it's not well understood so we need to study further research about it the second that these changes and experience it were related to climatic social and cultural phenomena that were not independent from other areas of the peninsula and it means that it is possible that we could investigate these changes as a general phenomenon affecting the whole southern Aberian peninsula but without without using the representations of both border territories separating different like state-like societies separated one from each other but maybe considering the Bronze Age as a general phenomenon and maybe different responses from the societies from the southern Aberian peninsula these are the final remarks that I wanted to do so I we got future perspectives but yeah this is an ongoing research so that's why there are some more to do and yeah thank you so much I'm sorry