 We are talking about cluster A disorders, where we had already talked about paranoid personality disorder as well as scissor personality disorder, personality disorder in cluster A is scissor typical personality disorder, where once again you would realize that there are basically a whole set of inappropriate behavior, behavior that are inconsistent with the sub cultural norms. At the same time, the major part that you see here is the eccentricity of behavior, the fact that one has a great degree of deficit in terms of maintaining interpersonal relationships. The whole of the effective response gets adversely affected. The another cluster of personality disorder is named as cluster B personality disorders. Here are some of those personality disorders where you would find that many a times a good number of people do involve in such type of activities. We consider that to be a behavior which shows inability to abide by the law of the land. Here you get a different perspective that there could be a possibility that such behavior actually reflects one or the other type of anomaly. So, we first come to antisocial personality disorder. This is a disorder where you find a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, which starts usually at the age of 15 or so. Then there are 7 prominent symptoms minimum of 3 of these 7 should be present for an individual to be classified as somebody suffering from antisocial personality. Remember that there has to be a pervasive pattern of violating the rights of others. Now, nowadays we find too much of a reference to human rights, rights of children, rights of women, rights of minorities. Rights of a whole subset of the population is being talked about and therefore, one needs to be very cautious about interpreting these norms. When you try to find out that whether it is a violation from a legal viewpoint or is it a violation that is a reflection of a psychological problem, a behavioral disorder. The major symptoms includes failure to confirm to social norms with respect to lawful behavior as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounded for artists. Now, actually you know you keep on repeating a pattern of behavior where the law of the land is being violated and the law enforcement agencies can hold you responsible for violating the code of conduct from the legal viewpoint and you could be arrested, you could be sent to prison. To deceitfulness as indicated by repeated lying using of aliases or conning others for personal profits or pleasure. So, by default you have an inbuilt tendency of being deceitful. You keep on lying, you keep on cheating and you derive pleasure out of doing that. Remember one thing, lying you would find as a normative principle in the culture where by and large people suggest that you should be truthful. Some are cultural context if you see, there is a Sanskrit sloka which says that sathya muryat priya muryat. But this means that you can speak the truth, but only pleasant truth has to be shared. And the unpleasant truth need not be openly shared that is what our cultural norm says. And therefore, drawing the line becomes important. Remember that these are the A P A guidelines, the guideline that has come from the American Psychiatric Association. And therefore, in most of the cases it would say that no it should know actually be violating the cultural norms, sub-cultural norms. What those cultural norms are? What those sub-cultural aspects are? That needs to be taken care by the local people who belong to the culture concerned from where you have the practitioner, the clinician as well as the client coming from. Then impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, a tendency to act in an impulsive order, difficulty in terms of planning things beforehand, irritability and aggressiveness which basically leads to frequent fights, physical assaults, reckless disregard for safety of self and others. So, when you engage in such type of aggressive acts, when you get engaged in act of irritability you do not think in terms of how much harm it inflicts on you or how much harm you are causing to the other person. Consistent irresponsibility which basically shows no great degree of failure in terms of honoring certain type of behavior that is an obligations that is expected from you including financial obligations. Lack of remorse. So, you do not repent for something bad that you have done. Lack of remorse as indicated by being indifferent to or rationalizing having hurt, mistreated or stolen from others. So, out of these seven minimum three has to be present for an individual to be classified as somebody who suffers from antisocial personality. The other thing that although you know you find that this pervasive patterns although the onset is since 15 years the individual is supposed to be at least 18 years of age. And that is the reason why you have the juvenile court of justice and the court of justice which actually runs trial for adults. There are reasons we are not going into the details of it. There are reasons to suggest that the brain of a human being till the age of 18 is still prone to training. And therefore, such people should not be given harsh punishments. There could be a possibility of molding their behavior and therefore, the court of law makes a distinction between juveniles and adult criminals. And there is an evidence of conduct disorder with onset before the age of 15 years. So, basically although from legally your legal view point you try to see that the offense should be committed by somebody after the age of 18. But you do try to trace it back if you are trying to assess the individual from a clinical view point that whether the onset was before this age or not. Then comes another cluster B personality disorder that is borderline personality disorder. Borderline cases we had talked about right from the beginning. You remember when we were looking at the whole set of behavior that could be possible by somebody who is not able to reproduce an offspring. You remember that example that we took right in the beginning of the semester. There also we had that normal set of reactions, pathological set of reactions and in between we had the borderline cases. So, here we have the borderline personality disorder which basically is reflected in terms of pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationship. So, the interpersonal relationship that you initiate you have great difficulty in terms of maintaining it. Enability of self-image, affect and marked impulsivity which begins in the early adulthood and present in a variety of context. Once again out of these nine situations minimum 5 should be present in the individual. What? Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment. A pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships characterized by altering between extremes of idealization and devaluation. Marked and persistent unstable sense of self. So, even you have not only problem with maintaining relationship with others. You have great degree of inability even in terms of that the image that you derive out of your own self. Recurrent societal behavior, gesture or threat or self mutilating behavior. Self mutilating behavior we had discussed using the cigarette bar muting making a cut on your own body stuffs like this. Effective instability due to marked reactivity of mood. Chronic feeling of emptiness. Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling your own anger and transient stress related paranoid ideation. So, basically out of these nine different types of intense symptoms minimum of 5 has to be present for somebody to be classified as borderline personality disorder. The next one is the histrionic personality disorder. Once again this has to do with excessive emotionality more of attention seeking behavior. Again begins in the early adulthood and out of the eight minimum of 5 should be present. We will just quickly browse through it that one has discomfort in situations in which he or she is not the center of attention. So, you always feel comfortable only when you are at the center of attention. Two interaction with others is often characterized by inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior. You display rapid shifting and shallow expression of emotion. Consistently using physical appearance to draw attention to self has a style of speech that is excessively impressionistic expression of emotion. So, more and more of emotionally laden expression shows self dramatization, theatrically and exaggerated expression of emotion. So, usually people in your culture do not express the feelings the way you do. Highly suggestible means you are far more gullible in terms of your what you call inclination towards following the suggestions given by others and considers relationships to be more intimate than they actually are. So, when you consider that x is extremely intimate to you it is all error of judgment x might not be that intimate, but you always make that error in terms of evaluating the intimacy of the relationship. Now, we come to a very different type of personality disorder what is called as narcissistic personality disorder. Narcissism is basically a word used to define personality characteristics which reflects love for the self. And there are beautiful books rather know on a narcissistic behavior, but I would suggest you should not read those books because it can entirely know shift you from the normal trend of life that you are leading. Because you start questioning most of the things in life and when I say most I actually mean everything in life it is very difficult to digest such type of interpretations, but you would find beautiful books in psychology on narcissistic behavior which basically endorses that you love yourself and only yourself first all is fabricated. So, you do not love your parents you do not love your children you do not love your spouse you do not love your friends your love is actually for your own self this is what the narcissistic view point is. We are not going to that view point we are coming to the narcissistic personality disorder where one shows pervasive pattern of grandiose. So, I am great that pattern of grandiosity either in fantasy or in behavior need for admiration lack of empathy again it will begin in the early adulthood present in a variety of context out of the nine symptoms written here five or more should be present for somebody to be classified as having narcissistic personality disorder one has a grandiose self a sense of self importance why does the world exist because I am right now here why does it exist because I have a taken admission here why does this class exist because I have registered for the course. So, grandiose where everything is dedicated to the self to preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success power brilliance beauty ideal love. So, all all all things in the most exaggerated fashion three belief that he or she is a special and unique and can only be understood by or should associate with others special or high status people or institutions. So, you have great degree of problem relating to others why because I do not consider the world to be of my standard people to be of my standard and therefore you consider that you are so special that unless and until you find somebody very very you know equivalent to you either in terms of individual or in terms of collective status as an institution or as a different body you do not feel relating with that individual or institution three requires excessive admiration know remember one thing that admiration is something that all of us like it boosts your ego it acts as a great facilitator for your behavior, but then here the degree of requirement is very high has a sense of entitlement which is now unreasonable expectation of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with his or her expectation. So, you feel that I am entitled to this and I should be given this privilege it is interpersonally exploitative. So, in the interpersonal relationship you try to exploit your partner take advantage of others to achieve once own end one owns goal lacks empathy which also includes that you are you do not so willingness to accept the feelings of others is often envious of others. So, you envy others or believes that others are having some degree of animosity for you shows arrogant behavior your entire attitude is no full of such type of arrogance. So, out of these nine five or more if somebody has it leads to narcissistic personality disorder. So, basically what you get a feel here is that you consider yourself and only yourself nobody else whether it is in terms of maintaining a relationship whether it is in terms of developing certain emotionally laden behavior whether it is in terms of achievement whether it is in terms of the admiration that you receive everything everything everything has to be self-centered. Then we come to avoid an personality behavior and you can recollect that we had talked about avoidance compromise and withdrawal as pattern of adjustment at that time we did talk about avoidance as a healthy pattern of adjustment. We just ended at that time with the statement that excessive usage of avoidance as a module of adjustment could be detrimental and now we come to that point where you realize that the whole dominance of avoidance as a tendency within the individual could actually be a reflection of avoidant personality disorder which is basically reflected in terms of the pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feeling of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, beginning which of course begins in early adulthood and out of these seven minimum of four has to be present for somebody to be diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder which basically includes avoidance of occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact because of fear of criticism, disapproval or rejection. So, when you realize that your occupational engagement requires you to be you know to remain corrected with some other individual or individuals for little longer you try to avoid it because you are scared of the fact that the moment you become much closer to somebody you could be a subject of criticism, you could be disapproved, you could be rejected, two is unwilling to get involved with people unless the one is certain that I would certainly be liked by that individual. Remember that in human relationship you cannot ensure somebody you like today you might develop dislike for that individual tomorrow, somebody whom you dislike today you might develop liking for that individual tomorrow. So, it is not that easy it is not that our likes and dislikes are that stable in life and therefore if you ensure that unless and until I am guaranteed that I would be liked then only I will know go for getting much more closure to you then it is a trap. 3 shows restraint within intimate relationship because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed. So, even in intimate relationships you are extremely scared about the criticism and the negative evaluation. 4 is preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations and that could be reflected in behavior like say you deliberately try to avoid situations say like you are invited for a party and you deliberately try to find a reason because of which you can avoid attending the party. The reason being that you realize that in social situations you could be a misfit, you could be a subject of criticism even if you are not being a subject of criticism. People will constantly know or group of people will look at you and they will keep evaluating you and this evaluation according to you could be negative in nature is inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feeling of inadequacy. Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing or inferior to others. And the last one unusually reluctant to take personal risk or to engage in new activities because you realize that they may prove embarrassing for you. So, all you ensure is that unless acceptance, unless appreciation, unless success is ensured I will not move ahead. In life nobody can guarantee these three things to anybody and therefore, this would ensure that most of the situations in life you try to avoid and therefore, it is classified as a personality disorder. This is an interesting type of personality disorder cluster B personality disorder which usually we do not think about. Dependent personality disorder which basically is pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of. So, you now start thinking that others should take care of you which leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fear of separation. So, you tend to cling to others so that you are not separated by people who will ensure that you are taken care of by them. Remember such type of behavior we had referred to when we were talking about neurotic nucleus and neurotic paradox. Now, out of these eight five of these should certainly be present for somebody to be classified as dependent personality disorder. This includes difficulty making everyday decision with an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others. So, all you want is that others should certainly advise you they should reassure you come on come on do it is can be done unless that happens in your everyday life you do not move a step ahead. You depend on others for suggestions for approval to needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his or her life. So, you do not want to own responsibility remember for most of the things in life responsibility lies on the individual concern. You cannot say let say because my parents had arranged a marriage for me and therefore failure in relationship with the spouse is dedicated to the parents because they could not find a good match for me that you cannot say you do not have the privilege of saying. So, similarly you cannot you cannot say that fine I will ended up in a bad institution and therefore I got bad grades you do not have that liberty. And therefore if you start you know showing the fact that others need to assume responsibility for know the type of things that are important for your life that does not happen. And therefore it becomes a disorder if you start know assuming responsibility for all success and failures fine it is normal trend of behavior. Three has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of or approval has difficulty initiating projects or doing things on one on one's own goes to excessive length to obtain nurturance and support from others. Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone because again there is a fear of getting separated. Urgently seeks another relationship as a source of care and support when the close relationship ends. So, one relationship ends and you want to have a close relationship with others because you have the dependent personality disorder is unrealistically preoccupied with fear of being left to take care of himself or herself. Primarily this is guided by the fact that if there are not people around you to take care of you you would not be able to survive because you are incapable of handling the worldly requirements. And therefore this excessive degree of know dependence on others the tendency to of showing this clinging behavior to remain intimately closely associated with others right for everyday activities to major things in life. Therefore it is classified as a disorder and named as dependent personality disorder. Obsession compulsion we have talked about we would not go into the details of it. But what is important for us now is to look at the fact that when right in the beginning when we were talking about the dimensions of subjective adjustment we did talk about the extremes of behavior. For example if you remember with respect to selective awareness rigid and stimulus bound awareness was one end and fantasy and emotional laden behavior was the other end. Now although these are two ends you need to think things from two viewpoints. One is it a spectrum a band where you say that this is a rigid awareness and then here it is completely fantasy and emotional laden thing. Is it that the spectrum no lies in this fashion or in certain cases is it that no this is not actually a band but it is actually a circular trajectory where one step on this side or that side suddenly makes you do something else. And second important thing that although we are talking about fantasy and emotional laden behavior and extreme rigidity in behavior where you are hooked to stimulus. Now where do we draw the line that find emotion orientation fantasy to this level is normal beyond that you cross the line. You come to the last module where we have talked about all these details of pathological behavior. Remember we have taken a very small subset all we discussed during this course was impulse control disorder during aggression and then during our discussion on psychological disorders we have only taken adjustment and scenario disorders but otherwise whole range of disorders lie. Similarly know when we talked about indiscriminate acceptance of the self and the tendency of extreme rejection. Now when you talk of indiscriminate acceptance right now we talked about dependent personality behavior. When we talked about extreme rejection you remember we did refer to the fact that you consider that find unless somebody is of your status you do not feel developing a relationship. Now these are the extremes of normal behavior but the moment you make it little more intense it becomes a personality disorder. Similarly know rigid conformity and the tendency of compulsive behavior when you become extremely close system you do not allow anybody else to prick into your life to a point when you are extremely unstable where you have extreme construction of behavior and you have no satisfaction with minimal achievement in life to when you have a tendency of showing behavior or impulse control where you show compulsive expression of your feelings. Now you can make out that how closely this normal patterns of adjustment are to psychological disorders. Something which is otherwise normal you start moving on the spectrum come to a point where it starts bending heavily towards one side and you go one step ahead and you realize that the behavior is no more normal from a clinical perspective. So this is all that we wanted to discuss here as a part of our discussion on right from the first part where the focus was exclusively on extremes of normal behavior which makes your state to extreme of behavior which determines clinically that you are suffering from one of the other type of pathology. It is important for individuals to be aware of one's own behavior to be much more reflective in nature to be critically evaluating where do I stand once I know that this could be the possible range fine. So that was all about that we had to discuss we will end here.