 Do dahliaeth fel dyín ap ychwaneg мешwch. C Twenty Three has by had it not come with me. If I'm about to go I can start, what can I do to know? Write in the notes. Anghen yn'nm chef hwnnw a por gref rapidodd, hwnnw. ..wyddech chi ddim yn gyhoeddwch. Ychydig yn tryn iawn. Felly mae'n paljon. Metod ni'n brif, mae'n olygu dwi'n meddwl i gael. Felly mae chi gyn нужd. Felly mae gyn nhw'n gwneud yn gweithio? Felly mae gennyg. Felly... Yn olygu'n ni'n siarad yna, mae'n diwylliant. Yn olygu'n diwylliant. Felly mae yna ymolio o 11.20. Unrhyw ddim o 11.20. Eryddu i 12.40. Mae eich trio i ddim. Yn dwi'n ffordd i ddim yn ymweld? Doedd yn lle i ddim yn ymwydeimlaeth. Mae eich ses WINTER. Oh, mae fwrdd i ddim yn un. Hele. Rydw i'n roi ymweld. Yn rhaid am y ff hamweithio yr cyfnodd. Rydw i'n ddim yn lle i ddim yn ff armgyngell. On i fod yn ymweld. Os ydydd yn ei gweithio. Fodd y rhaid i'r alu'r ffordd i'r washwyr i ddim. They look very interesting. They were obituary. It's awful as that. So it's not a die feeling? How much influence does she have over that? Mine's down to dying it too much and it kind of being mae'r bwysig na bach y cefnod i nhw'n cael pwysig. Rydyn ni wedi taeth, cyルクled o'r ll綱 yn cael bwysig. Mae hynny'n meddech chi'r rhai bywyd yn andan o Eliddelig. Rydyn ni d ganzebectio'r hwrdd Aquaman, yn rhoi, mae genlygu o'r rebfer Pen Nadolig am hyn deобletwar会ff ac sydd ei hwyl gyblod drwbl. Roedd eich g quién o'i siwyd. Dwi ddim ychydig i'n meddyliau meddyliau. Dwi ddim yn meddyliau, oherwydd mynd i'n meddyliau. Mae'n meddyliau tr�au i ddau. Rydyn ni'n meddyliau. Wrth ddim yn gwybod o'r oedd yr adau rhai. Yn ymdattau sy'n gweithi rheinol â'r broses, yna rhanmar arall, coreo angiwch yn gweithio bryd yng Nghymru. Roedd yn fwy o'r adau? Ac amlawni Metwch yn effaith. Yn Llywodraeth 5? Onw'r gwradd, oes i'r olyw'r ddefnyddio fel hyn yn bosb ar y ysgol, nid ydych chi'n arno'n eu cyffinion i ddim yn ohon telefonio'r llyfr. Rydw i'n ddenud a'r fawr yn fawr. I'r bydd yn ddechrau. Ond rwy'n rhaid i'r Llyfriddor Rachry. Rydw i'n i dweud chi chi'n gweithio'n rhoi. Maen nhw ydych chi'n oed yn oed o'r orngodd fel bod hefyd. Ac mae'r liaison cymaint o'r Ffyrdd-y-rhyw-y-rhyw, o'r newydd o'r cyffredin ar gyfer y tafnod hefyd. I'm trying to get round and help to make sure that both the Drupal Association understand you and you understand the Drupal Association. That's my job. It turns out to be quite difficult. It's quite a lot of work. But we're enjoying doing it and we hope that if you have any things that the DA can be doing that you'll come to me and based in Europe, this is our big move into kind of having a proper presence in Europe and I hope it kind of goes down well and so on. So I recently stopped coding and started talking to people which is interesting and listening. But I still sprint, I still mentor and I still go around to Drupal camps on my motorbike because I love it. Not this one though because frankly it's snow. No, just not doing that. OK, so I wanted to do a talk about my tech heroes. There's nothing to do with Drupal but actually everything to do with Drupal. The reason that I wanted to do this was it's got a bit of history. So at the beginning of 2017 I was reading tweets and a study, actually the study was in the US, it was a US study but it applies here as well, about why young women currently don't apply for STEM university subjects as much as young men. STEM, science, technology, engineering and maths. Math I think it actually said on the paper. I kind of got a little bit angry at this because I thought well there's loads of and they were saying the reason people didn't do this was because they had no heroes to look up to, no role models. And I was like there's loads of role models. And I kind of rattled off a few in tweets, in angry tweets at the start of the year like a bit of a rant last year. And then I made this kind of ridiculously rash promise for one to better description where I said I'll put slides, I actually said three and in the actual fact I did one. One slide at the start of every presentation I did in 2017 about a different role model, a female role model in tech. And they did quite a few and that went well, it seems to go down quite well, people seem to like it and I thought I'd just do one session, this would be the only time I do this, where I put them all together and just talk about the people. So I'm not going to talk about any technology, just people. And I kind of went around and as I said I kind of got involved in a few things and talked to a few places and did these things. Okay, I thought well I'll put these things into chronological order, all these people I wanted to talk about. So we'll start at the beginning. If I'm going to talk about technology and computing particularly because it's a subject of mind, where does it start? Where did we first start talking about computing as a subject? As a practical subject? What time? What year? Well it was early enough that actually the only photo I've got of someone isn't actually a photo, it's a bit of painting. So The Countess, Ada Lovelace is where I want to start. Now Ada Lovelace's history is kind of interesting. She was born to parents of Lord Byron, the poet, and Ann Isabella Milbank. Lord Byron is a very famous poet but he's also a bit of a famous, how shall I put it, he was an interesting guy. He kind of moved around about actually Ada Lovelace was his only legitimate child but he had quite a few from what we could work out. And Ada's mother Ann was, how shall we say, when Lord Byron just decided, oh I'm off, I'm off to go to Greece and fight in some war in Greece of independence or something like that. And generally other things too, he was an interesting guy, he just left the family, a month after Ada was born. Byron being a poet kind of gave Ann a bit of a downer on poets for want of a better description. And so she taught Ada maths, engineering, math, science, all that type of stuff and really pushed it on her. And she was good, she was really good at it and she stood it like mad. And she wrote a lot. She also made a friend with a guy called Charles Babbage, very strong friendship, that's all it was, and the birth work both worked on his idea for a machine that could do calculations, I think on a difference engine, that's what he called it. Now Charles Babbage kind of saw it in a very simple way, but it was Ada that saw the huge potential of this. She saw this as a much bigger thing, a thing that could change the world. And this is her writing about it. This is actually a letter from Lovelace to Babbage proposing what the calculations could do. And the machine could work things out before people even knew how to work things out. She realised this was a big deal and she took that further. Now Charles did some simple things on it. Ada wrote in, and I'm going to have to get this right now, 1843, the first published algorithm. So the first example of someone doing something automatically is actually working at the new numbers, which are quite important sequences of numbers, all the way back then, 1843. And the difference engine, as it was designed, would have actually been successful at doing this. So not only was she good at what she did, she was good at the mathematics. She was also good at realising, kind of, you have to have a life as well. And maybe there's a lesson here. It's okay doing the coding, but remember to go and have a life too. She was very good at realising apps, put this aside, go in and out on a horse, which frankly, no, I hate horses. But no, if there's a lesson here today, I'm going to go through some of these things. She put things into context. She also was very good at teamwork, her and Charles. Charles Babbage was very clever with the machine, very clever at designing his machine. He was rubbish at selling it, in raising the money to make it. We're talking about engineering that was needed at the time, mechanical engineering to make this thing that was cutting edge. This was hard at the time to make the gears and pulleys on all those type of things that made this work. It cost a lot of money. Ada Lovelace knew how to communicate with Charles in a way that Charles would listen. And get him to give her the ability to go sell this to other people and to raise the sponsorship, etc. Because Charles was never going to do that. This is probably another lesson here. As developers, and by that I mean not just PHP, I mean everything, the whole. It was creators for want of better description. Our job is 10% code, tops. Our ability to communicate with each other matters far more because you can't do everything. You need to be able to communicate with the co-workers in a way that works. Spend time getting better at that. If there's something that you learn in 2018, if you can improve how you communicate with people, you'll be a better developer. Without touching a single bit of code. That's Ada Lovelace. Her stuff came to an end. It wasn't really used until Alan Turin used a lot of Ada's notes for building his papers. A lot of his stuff comes from Ada's work. In the same way that a lot of Ada's work came from Arabic stuff and so on like that as well. I want to move on to somebody else. Heady's Ace, I love Heady. Moving up a few years, Heady Lamar, she was born in Austria. She married early but someone who would never let her fulfil her potential wanted her just to be a lovely wife. That's not really what Heady wanted to do. She wanted to be an actress and actually she wanted to be an inventor. She left her husband, jumped on a ship to America, as you do, and met people on the ship who owned a studio in Hollywood. By the time the ship birthed in America she was an actress. Quite how she managed that, I don't know. But she became a really successful actress in leading up into the 1940s. 30s and 40s, loads of films, she was really good. But in the evenings she wasn't doing the normal going out and partying. In the evenings she was going back to her trailer, wherever at the set. She was working on her inventions. It's kind of bizarre. I love it. I think it's fantastic. She was good. She invented some serious stuff. This one's particularly beautiful to me. Long story. I used to work for a defence company. Heady, in 1942, worked with a musician guy to look at torpedoes. Because torpedoes are quite useful when you're trying to defend your shipping in the Second World War. Because they wanted to be able to control the torpedoes, send them left or right. But if he did that by radio, then the ship could just block the signal. What heady invented, or co-invented to be more strict about it, was she invented a method of moving the frequency from one place to another apparently randomly, but actually it was a preset sequence, that meant that it couldn't be blocked. So somebody couldn't block the torpedo. They could steer it with impunity and it would hit the target, probably a German battleship or something. That was the thinking. She got her patent. She approached the US Navy. So this Hollywood actress walks into the US Navy officers and said, I've got this patent and it's for a torpedo and it's going to do this. It uses the same principles of a player piano, like the card and stuff. What do you think the US Navy said? Yeah, on your bike. They just didn't take it on at all. Of course, by the time of the Cuban Missile Crisis after the Second World War, we also were talking 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, something like that. This was standard in every US Navy submarine. Frequency hopping not only became standard in submarines, in torpedoes, it's also the principle of making the signal more reliable in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, GSM, LTE, basically virtually every radio protocol we use these days where the devices are moving around and a mobile uses frequency hopping because it makes the signal more reliable. That all comes down to a patent that Hedy Lamar did in the 1940s. She didn't stop there because that she's on the events of Pridium was something we all use every day and in fact we're all using right now. She had a really good kind of relationship with a guy called Howard Hughes. He was used to design and build aircraft. At the time Howard Hughes' aircraft were not very efficient. In fact, this is afterwards after Hedy had done some work. Hedy spent time, learned aerospace engineering from scratch, something you do after you've been doing your day job, and then redesigned Howard Hughes' aircraft based upon the principle of looking at the fastest bird and the fastest fish working out what was the common denominators. In other words, using them to design shapes and then building those into aircraft. Howard Hughes himself described her as a genius. But really what she was doing was learning how to do something first then proposing a solution. She just put the effort in to learn. We can all do that. Some of us have got a huge opportunity at school to do that. Hedy was a bit of a character and she wasn't really recognised for all this work while she was doing it. She was only really recognised later. In 1997 the EFF wanted to give her a kind of recognition so they awarded her an honour. Hedy at the time had become quite a recluse due to various bits and pieces and lack of appreciation from people. She'd become a bit of a recluse and her acceptance speech for this award was literally, well, it's about time. I couldn't like that. One day I'll get to use that. Okay, I'm going to move on to another person. Well, six people. After the Second World War, Jean Bartic and all those other people. You might recognise the name Bartic, by the way. Let me know if you do. Was one of what was called six human computers. Because the term computer came from people. It used to be a job to sit there and work out the numbers. People used to just sit there with a piece of paper and work out calculations all day long. That was their job, to do maths all day long. We were called them computers. After the Second World War, someone actually built a computer called Eniac in the States which was one of the very early computers. If you read enough Wikipedia, you'd think it was the earliest, but clearly it wasn't. That was a British one. There's a lot of American stuff on that. So Eniac. There were six people who were employed to programme Eniac, to make it do things. So all these people had built this computer and then they got six old women to sit there and programme it. But it was the first one that had been built in the US. And it wasn't as though there was reams of documentation saying how to do things. There was literally no documentation. The actual system was masses. This is actually Eniac and people working on it. If I could remember which one was Jean Bartic, I would tell you, but it's one either the left or the right. I can't remember. They had no documentation. They had a circuit diagram. That's it. So what they had to do was create that documentation and learn what to do, and mentor each other on all the different bits that they learned. They worked as a team. Over five or six years, they made this thing do what it was meant to do, which sadly was work out armament, how far guns would fire and stuff like that, because artillery tables are quite important if you're thinking that World War III is about to start. So Jean and the team, they kind of worked on that. They became mentors for each other. Mentorship and learning isn't something that you need to wait and it can be an official thing. You're all doing it in your jobs right now. It's a good thing. You grow and it's how other people grow. Work together. Jean herself went on to take this massive plug boards and instead of having the programme put into the computer by plugging in wires, she actually made it so that the programme was stored in the actual memory of the computer. I say memory, it only had 300 bytes or something. So, yeah, that's something that she did and that was one of the first stored programme computers. It's kind of incredible. Jean was over in the US, so I think I need to talk about someone who was British for a change. Mary Lee Woods. That's not a typo actually. I'll come on to that in a minute. Mary Lee Woods, born in the UK. She was one of the people that was employed to programme was a developer, because it was a big win thing then, of a computer called the Feranti Mark 1. This was the first computer that was commercial. You could buy time on. So, if you were a business who needed all of your accounts doing, maybe, or something like that, you wanted to do some calculations, you would buy time on the Feranti Mark 1. Now, not only was Mary really kind of good at doing that and was great, she worked in a whole team. The team was mixed. There was guys there, there was women there. Whereas, how can I put it, they talked to each other. They discussed their salaries. And do you know what? The women were paid less than the men. So, in the 1950s, this was early 50s, I think it was 52, Mary Lee Woods had a little bit of a problem with this. In fact, all of the women on the team had a bit of a problem with it, and basically, it's not on. So, she was elected to be a spokesperson and went to the owners of the company and kind of said, come on, this isn't on. 20 years before the Equal Pay Act in the UK, Mary Lee Woods got guarantee from Feranti to change that, and they were all paid equally from that point on. She did that, and she later got involved in some of the Equal Pay Act types early kind of getting that up and going. But she definitely achieved it completely within her own company, which is kind of a really big deal. Not only that, but she then moved on from there, because when she was at Feranti, she met a guy, Conway Bernard Lee, and they got married. And Mary wanted to leave Feranti, so she did, so when her first child was born, she left Feranti, but she enjoyed developing. That's what she did. So, she actually became, when she actually termed it at the time, cottage industry programming, she became what is possibly the first freelancer. I wasn't till recently. OK. So, Mary Lee Woods is the first freelancer, and she kind of worked from home while she was looking after her son, Tim, Berners-Lee, when she was working on things like London Transport Executive, working on simulations for bus routes and stuff like that, so you didn't end up with the buses bunching up together. So, she did that kind of from home, freelance. It was kind of cool. It makes me think, I'm sure there's been a Drupal project last year that was something to do with transport and trains, but I can't remember who was working on it. I don't remember who it was. So, quite apart from the fact that Mary Lee Woods, Mary Lee Berners-Lee, that's a lot of Leeds, was amazing in the fact that she worked for Equal Pay, and the fact that, you know, we are all equal, simple as. She also developed this whole freelancing thing all on her own just because she kind of felt like it and made it happen. Quite how she was working from home at a time before the internet. I have no idea. Was she doing this all on cards? I don't know. I couldn't find out, actually, how she did it. I might try and give you a chance to find out later. Okay. Next person. Oh, I forgot to say what this was about, didn't I? When they were programming, the Ferranti Mark one, it was direct machine code, yeah? And they had a keyboard, you know, a traditional typewriter keyboard, and they would have the instructions, so they knew the instructions, the machine code instructions, and they were all binary numbers. This is how they would input stuff. So if they wanted to input a zero, literally on the keyboard, they'd press a slash. If they wanted to input a one, they'd press an A. A two was an ampersand. That's how they were doing it. That's actually, for a better description, how they were inputting the instructions into the machine code to create programs. They were typing that. Don't ever complain about PHP again. Yeah, you can complain about SAS, it's okay. Okay, so... Ah, Leeds, now we're talking. Okay, Sophie Wilson. Sophie Wilson is ace. Sophie started her career in the 1970s. When she was at university, studying computer type science, she just in an Easter break decided, oh, I don't know, what should I do? Well, I know. There's a company, there's a farm up in Harrogate, near where I'm from, who need to feed their cows. She designed in the 70s an automated cow feeder. That's okay. An automated cow feeder that was built on a tiny little computer with a 6502 processor, which is like a cheap processor at the time. Cheap 8-bit processor. That's just a thing out of college. Eventually, she kind of got into actually work and she was employed to work on initially some... someone had discovered she was working on slot machines. You know, you're going to pull the thing and all that. People had worked out how to get round them by making a big spark next to them and it would start paying out. It's not ideal. So she built a thing to tell the one-armed bandits not to pay out if this electromagnetic pulse spark was nearby. And they worked out how to deal with a little shortwave radio that was hidden inside the slot machine and so on. That's quite clever. Because of all this work, she got employed by ACON computers at the time. She was working helping design some of the early ACON British computers that were around. Now, in the early 80s, very, very early 80s, the BBC wanted to do a TV programme about computers, personal computers, because they were just becoming a thing in the knowledge of the public. They had approached a few companies. Sinclair was one, ACON was another, and said, we've got this specification for a computer that we want. It has to be able to do X, Y and Z. And Herman Hauser, the owner or co-owner of ACON, said to Sophie and her compatriot, Steve Furber, can you build a computer, a demo computer for this spec that we can show to the BBC? He told each of them that the other had said it could be done in a week. You know, from scratch, you know, like you do. Bit cheeky, really. I don't recommend doing this to your colleagues. And they literally sat down. Sophie sat with Steve, Sophie designed the whole system from Monday to Wednesday. That's a diagram of the inside of a BBC computer. They then got the soldering, literally got the soldering irons out, because there wasn't anybody else that was going to do this. There wasn't some thousands of people at ACON then. It was like a dozen people. That's including the accountant, you know. So they sat, literally soldered together a computer. Two hours before the demo, they had a computer. It was a working bit of hardware, no operating system. Sophie sat down with two hours to go until the guy was going to turn up from the BBC and ported over the operating system from another computer that was vaguely similar, ran on the same processor, basically. Renamed it BiggyCBasic, and not only did it part, but it was fully functional for the demo. So in a week, they'd ported an operating system and built a computer from scratch. It's kind of cool. It's a nice bit of teamwork. I think the thing that did matter though was not only did she do it, but she then wrote down how it worked. It matters. It matters that you sit there and you write the documentation. You communicate, you work with people, but you write that documentation and you make sure it makes sense. Cos if you don't, people are constantly going to be coming back to you asking questions. Being able to help other people build on your work is what makes tech hero in my mind. It's not enough to build something amazing. It's always thinking, who's going to come after me and build something from this even more amazing? So building that documentation was everything. However, being safe, it didn't stop there. The BBC was pretty successful. Lots of schools use them obviously. People bought them. They did pretty well. They wanted to do something new. This was the time when Apple were kind of bored of their Apple II and they were looking at something new. The IBM PC was kind of coming out. They thought, we need something a bit faster than a 6502 processor. What is that? They went to Motorola. They went to Intel. Way too expensive. What can we do? Oh, I know. I saw this presentation in Berkeley about risk processors, reduced instruction set processors. Maybe we should just build our own. Remember this is a small company in Cambridge. Not thousands of people. Over the next, some places it says 12 months and other places it says 18 months. Over the next 18 months, Sophie and Steve again, I don't know why they work together so well, designed a processor they called the ACON risk machine, which was a very small processor. None of these bits that you have in modern processors is called microcode where you'd have software running within the processor. It was all hardwired. Which meant, actually, it did some really quite clever things. Like, you could stop the clock. Which meant that you could take a processor that was running at, say, 100 MHz and say, well, actually, we don't need the processor for a while. Stop it. Maybe it consumes no power. Or you can slow it down. You can't do that if it's got microcode for some weird reason that is beyond my understanding. And it also only had 30,000 transistors. Sophie had designed this. She'd written emulators for the processor. She actually wrote an emulator for the entire processor weirdly in 808 lines of BBC basic. Quite how you do that, I don't know. The thing with ARM as it became known, and this is a very early example, I think it's in ARM too, is it got quite popular. Apple used it. Apple used it in the Newton. Who had a Newton? I did. I wish I still had it. I was giving it. It was amazing. And it kind of got picked up by a few things. It was really good at not using power. Really good. Also, because of the way that they then sold the processor, they didn't make them. What they did is they got other people to make them. They just sold them the design. ARM is now used in everything. So far as I can work out from reading and research, this has got 11 in it. Because ARM processors are not just used as the main processor. They're used in the Bluetooth module. They're used in the Wi-Fi module. They're used in the one that records me doing my steps. What's it called? Motion Co-Processors. Some rubbish, I don't understand. But they're all over because they're so cheap. You buy a license and you make as many as you like. Go for it. Last, what was it? 2010, this is years and years ago, 10 billion were produced. Basically, the world is flooded with ARM processors now. Everything from Sophie's work. That's what you get for doing good things. I hope they were interesting from last year. I've got some slides. If you've got an iPhone, get it out now. Use the camera because I've got some links for you. There are some TV programmes. If you point your camera at this, you should be able to get the link to the TV programme and bring it down. If you just point at the iPhone camera, it should come up with a link and you can save it. This programme runs out soon on the BBC iPlay website. It runs out in five days. It's been around for a while now. It's really interesting. It's really good. There's a whole film coming out about Hedylamar. I really, really, really wanted to show it at Nashville but for long, complicated reasons, I can't. Mainly because she's running around without a top-on in one of the things and it's kind of difficult to show that at a conference. That film comes out, go watch it. It's mega interesting. They sent me a copy of the film and it's amazing. It's really good, really interesting. There's a whole load of interviews with Mary Lee Burnesley. That's why I said Mary Lee Woods with a... First of all, because I can't say that. That's a load of interviews with her in audio format. Are they working out of interest? Is that working? Brilliant. First time I've tried that. And then one there for Sophie as well. That's the last one. She works for a Broadcom up in Cambridge. She lives in Lode, which is kind of eastern. That's my rant over. For all of last year, I was having a complete rant at every session. I am not doing this again. Moving on. Are there any questions? No, I didn't think so. Head of the Mar, yeah? So you're asking how did the barrier break down so that the US Navy used it? So my understanding from what I've read is that she was initially turned down and it wasn't that Heady did anything. It literally was... After the Second World War, after Heady had tried, completely by coincidence, a researcher at the US Navy was reading patterns and spotted the pattern. Not that it was connected with Heady in any way. They didn't know it was connected with Heady Lamar. The US Navy never paid their patent fees. Mind you, what you're going to do is argue with a 12-inch gun. It's one of those. They completely ignored the fact that he was Heady that did it. But they started using it because it was a good idea. In fact, it was a massively fundamental idea. I think that maybe they just didn't take Heady seriously when she walked in and presented to them. Read into that what you will. It probably was for a lot of US sailors, yes. It probably was. Literally tragic. Anything else? Oh, thank you very much. I hope it's useful and interesting and stuff. It's just what I was doing last year and having a rant about, more than anything. Oh, cool. Oh, brilliant. It's very easy to give me leads, actually. Oh, that's okay. Oh, thank you very much. Oh, God, yeah. That was a nightmare, wasn't it? No, yeah. Yeah. Oh, cool. Oh, thank you. That's a great place to be. I think yes. Yeah. Look at that. Mm. I'm reading the information. James. I haven't read that. No, I'd be interested in that. Yeah. I don't know. Yeah, I think it's because, yeah. It's the way they think, yeah. Yeah, I'll connect it. Oh, I'm glad you liked it. Oh, I used to work for a defence company. So that's not interesting. Well, I didn't personally. You did. Oh, no way. Yeah, yeah, absolutely. Yeah, they do. It does. Yeah. Yeah. It's amazing because, yeah, I mean. Yeah. Yeah, because I mean the company I worked for did like, torpedoes. Because there's a problem with torpedoes that when she was certain speed, the pressure wave on the front will stop a detect a sonar style, a passive sonar.