 Presidents, fellows, and guests, many of this evening is to introduce you, if you don't already know it, to Castle Rush, from its origins of Prince of the Seat, the North Kings of Man and the Highlands, around 1200, to the revestment of the regularities and customs of man in the English crown in 1765. These two events, perhaps, are sufficient to emphasize how detached the story of man from England, or for that matter, Scotland, Wales, or Ireland, or places I've seen. But it's not isolated, it's more a cultural confidence to cultural isolation. Castle Rush has been strongly designed to have more authentic type of a message. But, perversely, there are the occasional documentary references to the formation of the Seat, the beginning of the Stanley launch. By which time the regularities and buildings on the sides was largely completed. So the early narrative depends on meeting the fabric against the historical background, the only uncertainty that it entails. This was done in the context of the conservation plan, or next national heritage. A pleasure to work with you. England, Southworth, Lansing, and Bramford are here this evening. The task was hugely helped by the survey plans and sections by James Breville, who should be here at the start of the trade. These, which you can see from the level of detail in this have a lot more to deal with yet, were almost only scratching the surface. What I would say to 19 women was all to literally process involving many scholars, or at least say, me as an interloper in the archaeology of man, and perhaps my words of depth, so to more of you in fact. It was, of course, the first to study the castle. Building on the work of Henry Oswald, a wonderful, unreliable user of fields, which we own at the age of 1011, and to Arabic numerals, are only the new way, on the top right. But he did observe the conversion to a prisoner in 1816. More reliable, it was arbitrary to limit the architectural restoration in 1904 to 10 after the prisoner moved out, under the direction of the island's gut no more regular, and you see him sitting among his works on the top left. A fellow writer, me, reduced the perceptive paper about the movement by 1951, much more research in the mid-1980s, for which unfortunately, all of the high views for excavation by David's quick set of published, was under the Scandinavian moon by late last century. Whereas in subject two, where the moon was in the surrounding kingdoms, the alternate regions, the things more there. The Kingdom of Man and the Islands was one of the volatile, had gone and lost some other political entities around the western sea road, around the western islands, and in the heavy leaves of the Shepard, and going and looking beyond. George Krugman, a King Aurea, Pat Stupor, conquered the island in the sense of nine, and it's even found within the still, which lasted until the death of King Magnus, who closest to the five had passed away. The first documentary records the place at all, and the problems it had. This is the political context of the origins of the castle of the island, as good in the later and two principle worlds. It's the earlier ones of Peel, the north side of the island, and the island divides very much, along with the south spine, geographically, and in need politically. Peter Davy, in the late Gynoske, established the question, was the name of the treaty, on which Russia was founded in 1134 or 1138, that you're going to source a new political upheaval. My King, no matter the thirst, or having the ire, the young, the son of John the premium, it was founded over the axis of S. He means to how and where. By the middle of the 12th century, it was an integral part of the identity of the world, the house, where it's built, buried. Whether or not we heard the oral answer in the area we did, that the Davy haven, over here, was an important land in place on the south side of the island. Russia was established on the opposite side of the south side of the island, here, on the house that's on the bay, Silverland being the river that links the castle. And we, the castle was founded on land directly in the looking, the land on the abbey, which was on this side of the river, all of this within the old parish, on the moon, under the church, up here. Now the basement and part of the upper floor, at the great tower, about 16 square. I'm full of the base of the essentially book, so now keep it. And there's a problem, nothing at the end of time that I've retained in way to work, but one can see it with the light red on the elevation, and it's brewing here to put us through a off-center, hanging beyond that floor, it's a flat floor, and in some way, rough-brawling retained in the later. We can now add a single window in here, but no other technically going to be there. It's here, that's what it looks like on the wall. And we've walked up that stair many times before we spotted it. And the north front here faces towards the bird in the heart. The entrance front, where we have to be, the north front, and probably by our whole building, some of it's nice items. The great thing, the excavation part, is this inch here, which, whose laying can be continued because of substance, and the meter needs to be building here. It's close to the window of the tower, but further off south on the north, and because it's so close, our shoes, the clutch of the up-cuts, form the maximum. So that's around possibly a count as big as that. The entrance is on the land side. What we have here is, it's fairly clear, and I don't quite understand which, is the basement of the great town, and the capos and the ceremonial spaces that are on all types of walls. But of course, this doesn't exist in isolation. It needs availability with other buildings to function as a world or a new residence. And the building is just in my boundaries in the 1869 town plan, up here, characteristic type of it from then, when I really started, started 100s beyond reflecting some of the infrastructure here. And so, what we have here, I think I'll do the southern aspect, in your map, in contrast to the ancient, defended island tours of people in the north side, and looking to even the development in Scandinavia. Arguably, a symbol of redemption, clear statement of cultural affinity with New Wales, and a more involved part of New Wales. But who actually initiated this? We'll ask the first, the entirely Russian Abbey, made in 1853, as a contender, who spent part of his years depending on the first or the input. So, the Abbey and Castle are the same concept and the other sets. That is, something that will come into account in a few minutes. Letting culture, resources, gifts and some valuable and decides incredible, who's sister of Rika, married John the First, born in Commonwealth Ulster, attempting to resist King John, but around from a four-legendary homage to John, and recovered immediately after failure. The relevance of this art from the Abbey connections is that the foreseeable began character as Castle, something we thought long ago before. And the footprint that actually characterizes that is more in the context of Russia, the sighting on the sea and not on the community. So, I think the strong of circumstantial evidence for whether or not in Russia, about the total commitment, as a center of the Gingshift Justice Administration, that status more than defense. Visible, very visible from the sea. A bit like the castle on very, very small scale, a metaphor isn't there to the realm. For the last of the Great Ministry, Agnes, Dave, Peele, who was the northern asset of the Church and Church, set in there the arses of Sodomentsus, modern Sodom and Man, was established, leaving Russia with the Civil War at the same time. But we know nothing more beyond those very acts. What then follows is after a lot of reverence that we might use in the past. We've got ragged corners of the upper story incorporated in the beginning, and clearly act back to get a fair and get a sound surface in order to build up this next phase, that was against it. But this time, for lots of course climestone, coming out of the liberal limestone because it's only each an effect in regular blocks. And so it looks as though the castle reduced to something, not much more, than the basement story of the offset here. And this must be because of the events in the military as a cosine structure. Second, when people were forced into collapse, and the first thing that was done was to build a secret bank. So we didn't contest for a castle falling into neglect, pedigree and demolition in Warhol. And that's really reminded me of the death of Magnus in 265. He left over the legitimate sound and was claimed by Alexander in the Scotland. Norway accepted that. The spots mounted in the 27th of July expeditions against the Magnus rebels, really with us. Edward I of England had possession by the 13th century, and really there was competing claims to the Magnus throne and successively with theoretical grants, launch it over the territory of England and Scotland. In May 1313, Robert of the Bruce granted it to the Elder of Moray and then 1316, which was a manor of England behind it, and England finally, after the English defeat of the Scots, English defeat of the Scots of Hamilton killed in 1333, the maximum was finally settled and the castle was built in hands and behind it. The great event in all of this that he's noted is when he was Robert of the Bruce's Sea in 1313, and it's a humidity slight of the castle. There's no real clear evidence of this. It's been reputed and gained a really high reputation, but what is clear is that he gained damage slightly with the people. Well, he's well reflected in this period in turn, while in that certainty also reduced to the appointed ones. So, after a clear response, it was the third to recognise that the monarchy was right, politically granted, that his grandfather was the people of man. Montecute was created over the shortest length of three, succeeded by the son of William, or who soon ran to William's room in the second, two. So really only two, William's father and son, the rest, the same. And really very responsible for the fact that we don't need any castle. It's complicated, it's un-documented, but certainly architectural belongs to that period. It begins with the first steps towards reconstruction. I agree with, make it rapidly defensible, belongs to a temporary house, so temporary houses can go on, and the purple and red side to the basis of two towers buried on the south and west as part of that. These franking towers, with a solid base to leave, where it's still in, were always intended to go higher, because certainly the western one has two private charts, and the characteristic of this work is, we say, when the vaults, the chamber groups, very much are involved in the vaults from about 1350, and these are also distinctive to the phase, we have these new-embroidered seats. And shoulder-distance tables come on the same as in the next phase, so there's no great facts at all. The internal plans. The internal plans are intended to have a tight courtyard, we have a star of the world here, and there it is in a phase that has a different colour, because we can't actually move it stratigraphically. We have to be in the vision of these elements. It does seem to be a new piece. It gives rise in later building to this sort of misalignment in comfort corner, misalignment at this point, which is clearly reflecting an earlier role in answering this one. The stomping of a curtain in the middle of the wall coming out of the western tower, and in here the entire interval visits, and putting that into context, we have a surviving fragment here, an excavated foundation here, and fairly clearly it's going to have an entrance here, and we will need to re-build that area. So we have this machine work, which is related to an entrance, like the earlier phase, on Rand's side. Then the influence of three accounts in Ireland, here basically, on the Russian's disgust to Rand's view, and in fact there is an influence I think, because turning this one on its age deliberately, I can see the relationship between a whole building entering from the side, the tower is in this market, heavy to Russian, and mysterious and mid-wall, which is answered here. But this is three minutes, been 13th century old, it seems to me, at the back of the mind, we're going to be doing this, half a century at a later. But it was a very different course, we will cast a plan for you. Since Sandy's rebuilding, then follows major modifications of the internal plan, a bigger courtyard, and the realignment cast in from the students. This is the big change for capitals, when they abandoned all that earlier plan. Carried forward in stages, what they find is it goes, probably begun in the 14th century, and it starts in French when it used to be French. Castles started being held against the French, in 1377, at least in scholarship, I think it's just as a bit of propaganda. They began by raising deep another story, with the tower on the plan, adding the east tower, and all the rest of the ceiling that was there. But the internal plan was not foreseeable, it could be internal, the work of this radical departure, and that big space, and all the internal structures, and surviving the rise of this period. It was halted as a temporary living room here, there's the spout, there's the rain, there's the creasing of the lead works, there's some lead still in it, there's the top of the work, this period. So practically all this, despite the leaded rooms, the completion of the majority of the space here, on the front floor, but higher than originally intended, because all of these rooms are reached by stairs, down from the road walk, and the main spiral stop with more of them as well. Come back to how the plan worked later. Most of the openings are in slits, but where not, we have over-heated capital room rooms, and so room rooms, typical details, segmental arch, fireplaces, and arm and arm protruding into walls, and so on and so forth. You can see in this photo how distinctive in the right might and other conditions the different phases of the Masonry of the people are. That was a substantive potential for him, attention shifting to a new pattern for only the height of the wall. And this was anticipated, I think in that reason of the peak, more and more attention. Three phases, this one when you finish the return and the butt joint, this one more ragging, but clearly not a difference, but with all the detail developed as one goes. One can see no predicting our kisses here, and firing platforms on our kisses here, or its arms here. The curtain is formally in scale, and it still needs more work and a rise in the room. Less than a stake has all the firing platforms here. The second phase has modified platforms when we were solid kids, or with very unusual, arguably perhaps experimental gun ports. Above all, the third has standard gun ports. The inverted cuboid is kind of a shape. In times we have full insights now of this fact front. Again, I'm grateful to Malcolm Hyslop for all of your attention to this being an adaptation of how we narrowly went around 1937 and 1935. It was a really good example of a study that was here to this time. There's the plan of it completed at the floor with the law and protective law and beyond. Not by this particular nation on the rule that was the straightforward derivation. And of course, the Barbican is one of the beta-student direction. So this phase concludes with a three-storey gatehouse massive vaulted cellar and entrance passage chambers above. On the first floor these are hollowed out but the early plan is for less than so. Thus. And in section one can see a reconstructed spine a reconstructed spine um more here moving the roof line and centric part. Um the great vault underneath and the gorge pit still survives. Entered by this round arch so that when we look inside you've got the the great vault lower level you've got the gatehouse rising originally from the block bound to the silver line um and the entrance from the inside of the level. As to dating the second phase of the curtain was probably 13 since because of the earliest from the gun ports so that's dating after the 17th it was all probably commuted before the sale of this group in 1932. So then in the final state there's actually a lot of many of them seemed to belong to school. And that is the raising of the gatehouse tower um under the windows really similar to the surviving lines of the gatehouse. Um but in turn it might be different from what's below one large room um originally separated here by the springing across carried on to an athletic mortgage now known as the Hanukkah. This looks like a wooden sub status and it's inwards of courtyard facing windows intended I think for solid tracer at the top here slides below. Um but clearly that was never done and these private limiters were certainly limited to the fabric. There's no sign that other than the interior here and also this providing tending with screens one appeared castle um fortifying the theme of the tower licensed apparently 13-1-2 and this has post-noobs which appear in this phase of Arsenal Russian in the Republic's time. Now this raises the pressure across the power of the community. Um by the Lord as team of downing residents that don't have the power of officers but not. Ground floor as clearly stores um the light entry was up the stair into this space often called the hole but clearly not because the penetration implies partitions as suggested there where it's crucial and their power goes. Actually I think it works by the progress being into this screens passage you could be like up this stair and into this room which is the hole which has the best part. Beyond which doesn't connect the other stair it's apparently private and it is a room in that overridden room treasury. Um chapel is above here and chaplains really probably here. Um there was a second best apartment just more level of access from this stair these two rooms these three rooms but again sharing this apartment so there's an area um in the kitchen from here. The gatehouse then contains the rest of rooms and the ground room in the top there. So we have basically two apartments um um of which this is clearly the mortgage of kings and plans of apartments is the best one. And just looking at this rest in the 1980s there's the hall the power place behind the rest high table. Um there's the room principle room beyond it's fire place through the passage into the treasury or through the room this is a hall that's in the public as a project. A castle town didn't have the institutions um of a banner the island was essentially looking through each step um we created segments from the development but the town which is outside the rooms is documented by a board from the 20s these property boundaries are here through excavation are being medieval to the 16th century um so the south east this area is the office location after we are lining out stone crates here the plan which is this area would be student rooms um and beyond the problem with the children are yeah um with the marketing it's present location but here or less and it's a very um base plan and some various is all because it's not around the actually the table originally of two um orders the inner shant that the outer square carried on a pool um that lasted the sector to three the page to go into the present best um and the southern stone is exactly the castle isn't really here's the um arches of the mile that is it normal waiting on the path um that's similar to the so Russian area in the walls transcept here uh remains of arches um into the capitals east and into the audience church starts when we are again calling out um and in your order whilst here where it's coming that's in Paris so but when we come back then to um the castle it was behind ground chamber arches again in your order so there's much speculation about the native of the capital in the Russian area but by feeling isn't they're all really that's in so much of the language um one of those spreader currencies that we've seen before and this really suggests would be wanted in the future um as the investor as a product of this so the castle in this phase really expresses the actual of the strengths that is going to a castle um but deploying up to being technology it's a fact the brutal um message of worship um of what we really I suppose like Caroline's a fully of these defenses against France and the allies um but it's also of course expressing the status of art in your work 15th century really when the um established takeover of the place um the um um um um um um um um um um um um um um um um um um the after-strengths down the floor very little of these around the castle very little is done to the next century are of the building here the building of Bailey and the of the little drive that's visible in there and following into this process so moving onto the system the century for this payment the castle will be updated with the latest manipulation the better to look down after the project um um classes here um round tower here survive the towers on the classes floor um um um probably back to the base of the key and upgrading the domestic combination is seen um I now agree though we um that like the most likely way that this is around if 40 it's um reflects the English device qualifications the same period um there's the gateway a bit for the castle which um in front of the building community which there is the classes in relation to the medieval custom period of the level in this firing point is that more less present moves for us as a firing point there's the classes isn't here there's no content in the car but so um and we get um the best view of this probably from the um Daniel King he really enjoyed the 1650s after the civil war still showing here the classes and the class town the castle where like as it's been survived there moving around to the west side and the larger town at that end and there looking down the market place here remember we're in the first century on but the difference in level between here and the the outer baby um um is reflecting the baby with fences minus time time limit and the round tower um essentially two floors on my floor and presumably related to the fences of earth from the baby and across the on the road staring of all these boardwalk wall and here to me the fences with babies and still very much functioning the sky the domestic arrangement suffer major change here but he gets modernized by taking the floor out of this space the room with services and dropping the the hall down to that level and we build into our place into the wall and connecting with the floor down a normal gallery in here and then on the top floor arrayed gallery ultimately connecting the stair here to this end and the neutral apartment this was obviously not very satisfactory so a new board's house was built and vastly had a date from 182 to 3 for the building of this we were all waiting to maybe be able to work much older that's the only original window that's based on the doorway the extension to the gate house here maybe the chapel and the introduction of the clock I don't think I've mentioned clocks so very well done modern tradition has it came during a short period when the nation man reverted to the English power until the end of time and at least since how the northern mainland suggested that it is indeed its essence of that things finally the civil war and finally the new reaction James Stanley partially residences on from 1627 was got there inherited the title in 1602 he'd already left in 1639 to serve the kingdom after dismissing and the way the history of the attendance of the capital of the island he returned in 1643 when Christian actually that's as a main number silent to revolt he fortified an element around the king of the county's dependent their property in Lancashire leaving the house and Stanley returned to England and the country that's held raised the siege of the form then back to the island where he and the counties established the county court in Exxon with masks built on the unlawful diversions here we really do have so we cast the children to do so he had an extra war in the heart to do not the house in very basic construction the remains of the floor of the that will be doing partitions here there and a very basic pit house the western valley was on the mountain and all the rock and pretty bar in war the entrance reinforced and the bashery court in Lancashire the main threat was from the city of the city the game and your team was used a very helpful of this this one shows we start lodging his best perhaps they better remain in public under protection of the curtain as the the territory one is one of the English and Barbican strength something and there's two here should be used for the outside and perhaps not quite finished the team was the artillery platform on here here we will be forgot but only not any well on the side Stanley left in mid-sixty fifty one to prevent avoid this in the direction in the north the city of Wigan captured the Worcester explained the security of the criticism the county surrendered Russian parliament of February was the two perhaps the last war was the so him meanwhile Christian and facilitating parliament because that really did our position however after the restoration the third had been pried for treason in January 1663 on the grounds to put definitely in what apply to the kingdom man Christian was pardoned by the human council but too late as the earlier were any chance of guilty yet to keep people they were known and as forever since we were single perhaps nationals the single war was the last war connection what followed next was 1690s the war was lodging to improve for here for the area of human treatment we can actually identify the rooms more or less still on the side for a part of the case of us this is the tent to do so I would go into detail but surviving in the buildings quite a lot of production only paneling and not on the top store where we have the Lord's chamber or to guess him in the radius chamber in the sector was it blood so very high quality work lost in 1970s with residential conversion but certainly we can't really but it's from this period really we have the earliest plan of the building signed by one Fayyman but recently realized that the elevation was worked up from this naive speech which is in the ranks archives initials IA um a room with a James apple um and the year in heritage matters the span of the air is certainly 46 and this must be the original of this was the plan but by now um though still we see the line and more on the government management of the estates but the fading plan shows problems up into the spin shops and the outer ward and all things and here um and um whether it's the world was pretty talk true about after the investment of so much it's I was supposed to know you because of damage to English customs and revenues of the sparkling trade the castle became made out of poverty but that's a story because of the world and not of the air um I ended on the growth speed of five largely because it's in the society's own connections by this time the castle was a very popular subject and for artists but down to the early 18th century it's not unreasonable the sparring castle rushing because of the press palace um initially it was all kingdom near the 14th century in effect of the English prince palace the board still reflects themselves as kings at least until Henry VIII's time when it seemed and perhaps unwise to continue the balance of course between the rows of fortress and palace have shifted even in the time but they both are always being present what survives now is a near complete of illustration of a medium-sized fortress palace so you might be behind you too I think very much for you thank you very much