 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education and I'm Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls Ruby College, University of Allahabad. And today I'm going to discuss a topic under the theme of qualitative research methodology that is FGD, Focus Group Discussion as a Qualitative Research Method. Okay. In the last few days, we were talking about the qualitative research method that we had read a lot of methods and approaches. There was FGD, we had read it, Naturalistic Inquiry, Ethnography, Ethnomethodology, Phenomenalogy, a lot of things. And if we complete the work of FGD, then major approaches will be covered under qualitative research methods. And the lecture will be in bilingual mode as usual and will be very useful for various teaching examinations. Your normal BA, MA, BA, DEMET course, not in BA, EMET and MA course and for your research work as well. Okay. So do subscribe as well, my channel. Let's start. First of all, FGD. FGD means how qualitative research methodology is used. Focus Group Discussion says that it is frequently used as a qualitative approach. I mean, it is often used as an approach to gain an in-depth understanding of social issues. What is it? It is a group discussion. It is a focus group discussion. I mean, we have to do GD, but we have to stay focused on the topic. We don't have to get involved with the topic. This is the proof of it. To gain an in-depth understanding of social issues. And we know that qualitative researches work on social issues. We need an in-depth exploration. We have to explore the issues. Because all of that cannot be done through quantitative research. It cannot be done through experimental research. It cannot be done through control. It cannot be done through natural settings. So the method aims to obtain data from a purposely selected group of individuals. We also know that there is no random sampling in qualitative research. Because we can't randomly select participants who can get data from a purposely selected group. Or those who are involved with the group. So rather than form a statistically representative sample of a broader population. This is also a topic. Focus group discussion is perceived to be cost effective. And promising alternative in participatory research. We are also saying that it is cost effective. Because generally when we interview, we talk one to one. We talk about the time. We have to do the setup. Along with that, there is a group of six to eight. So cost effective. And promising alternative in participatory research. Offering a platform for differing paradigms and wild views. It means that people from different viewpoints can come together and win. This is what Huba is saying. So let's think about it. And what is FGD? A focus group is a type of in-depth interview. We know that it is an interview. But it is one to one. It is in-depth in a group. Accomplished in a group. Which is what we do in a group setting. Whose meetings present characteristics defined with respect to the proposals, size, composition and interview procedures. The characteristics of the group that we are going to discuss. The focus or objective analysis is the interaction inside the group. This is the most important thing. This will also come out somewhere. How can we justify the interview? Why are we doing FGD in our research? Why are we not doing an interview? Because the interaction inside the group is not possible in the interview. This is the focus of the interaction. This is the interaction. This is our goal. We do not want the people who are sitting with us, talking to us, listening to us. Bring them to our consensus. Don't do this. This is not the purpose. Rather, don't focus on one issue. Don't focus on the issues we want to study. How do we interact with the group? This is what we want to see. The participants influence each other through their answers, through their ideas and the continuity of the discussion. How does our sample influence each other? The general characteristics of the focus are people's involvement. How do people get involved in the group? This is their specialty. A series of meetings. There are a lot of meetings. You will go to FGD and you will get the data and the situation. There are a lot of meetings. The homogeneity of participants with respect to research students. The issue should be shareable. They should be specific. That is why they are talking to each other. You will not understand the way of the data. The generation of qualitative data and discussion focus on the topic, which is determined by the purpose of the research. The course of the discussion is usually planned in advance. You have to plan the participants first. How many of us will have to do FGD? Where will they do it? All the things. It is important to say that there is no pre-planned quality research. You can start the research in a vacuum. Most moderators rely on an outline or a moderator's guide to ensure that all of their interests are covered. For example, if I had used FGD in my research, I would have done the characteristics of adolescent girls. We will have to note the characteristics first. We will talk about these issues. Then, what are the questions on those issues? Sometimes, you ask a question and you get an answer. You understand what the next question is. We have a lot of preparation for the probing question. Then we go to the field. Otherwise, you will fail. You don't have to ask anything. If you are asking one-to-one questions, we have a moderator and a guide. We have a guide to ask questions. What do we have to ask after that? If you want to ask, what is the answer? What will be the next question? What will be the next question? There is so much planning required. If we go to its history, the focus methodology can be traced back to Inmori Bogardas, who in 1926 described group interviews in its social-psychological research to develop social-distance. It is not very old. He used it in 1926. Then, in 1991, a marketing and psychological expert, Ernest Decker, coined the name Focus Group. Before that, the group interview was going on. But in January, the group interview was going on. The term described meetings held with a limited group of participants was a discussion. Why? Because we had to hold meetings for 15-20 years. You can't do that because there is no group interaction with each other. With the objective of the discussion, a focus-to-discussion is a good way to gather people from similar backgrounds or experiences to discuss a specific topic of interest. This is a good way to talk to people of similar interest. The group of participants is guided by moderator and group facilitator. You have to be a group facilitator of your research. You don't want to be involved with the topic. You don't want to have any problems. You don't want to talk to other people. You don't want to have any problems. You want to talk to other people. If you don't have time, who introduces topics for discussion and helps the group to participate in a lively and natural discussion amongst themselves. You have to introduce topics for discussion. You have to help the participants to have a healthy discussion. But a natural discussion is not just a natural setting. You should pay attention to this. FGD's setting is not a natural setting. People come and are part of a group. You can bring this into the interview. You can bring this into the interview. You can bring this into the interview. You can bring this into the interview. You can bring this into the interview. When Robert Martin died in 2003 when his death took place, his obituary in the New York Times should headline him as the father of the focus group. According to Roger's 2004 interview with Martin, he and Ledger spelled the basic format for focus group on November 23, 1941. When they were working, they didn't realize that the father of the focus group was the father of the focus group. In the following years, Martin and Ledger spelled employee focus groups to develop a number of programs to benefit the father first. After the war, Martin and Kandal described this approach to interviewing and from the years, the two of them along with Majority FISC's published several minographed version of the book, they became the focus interview. You can bring this into the interview. This was a focused interview. I saw the focus group in the back of the editor. Historically, the focus group's function was a primary qualitative method. Marketing research was mainly used for office, for education, for sociology and psychology. Marketing research was launched in the market. So, you can talk to them about the product. Its main focus group was from there. There are many types of focus groups. The key feature of a single focus group is the interactive discussion of the topic by the collection of all participants and the team of facilitators. There is one group in one list. One group can sit in one place and talk. The most common is the classical type. Two-way focus group, this format involves using two groups where one group actively discusses the topic whereas the other observes the first group. One group discusses the topic while the other observes the topic. Then, the reflection is shown. Then, the dual-modulator focus group. Two moderators work together. Working together, each performing a different role within the same focus group. The dual-modulator focus group involves two moderators who purposefully take opposing sides on the initial topic of the administration. We will debate whether the two moderators will sit in one place and talk about the other. We will discuss the topic. Respondent-moderator focus group In this type of focus group discussion researchers recruit some of the participants to take up a temporary role of moderator. What will be done? We will moderate the participants for a while. Then, we will see what kind of responses are coming and what kind of interaction is going on. Research design. If we take the focus group discussion with the research methodology then what kind of research design we have to make for my research. First of all, as usual, we have to define the objective of the study. We have to define the objective of the study. Then, we have to define the purpose of the focus group. What is the purpose of the focus group? Tell me. Developer list of key questions. We will have to make a schedule first. Seek ethics clearance. We will record them in general. Because you cannot note all these things. So, you have to take the ethical clearance that you will not get their name and that these things will be published. If you are a researcher, then you will have to face all these things. Then, identify and recruit participants. Then, we will choose which participants will be our FGD participants. We will recruit them. Then, what will we focus on? Ensure homes in the competition. We will have to give gender. Then, we will get those things. Education, language, etc. If someone speaks Hindi, English, Tamil, then how will you communicate? Decide on the number of participants. Identify a recruited facilitator and an assistant. You also need an assistant facilitator or a moderator. You have to discuss everything. You have to look at the direction. You have to pay attention. You have to look at the gesture. You also need an assistant. Decide on the number of participants. We should be aware of this. If we do FGD, then our topic should be covered. Identify a suitable location so that all the members are at ease. If they feel at ease, then you also have to finish this. Select an accessible, reasonably sized venue away from distraction. Dispatch distraction now. Look at the railway station. There is a lot of noise. There is a lot of train noise. Dispatch distraction. Then arrange materials. Recording equipment, consent, forms, name, assets. You will have to arrange all this. In data collection, we have pre-session reparations. We have to prepare before the session to familiarize with the script, group dynamics, seating preferences, who will sit, equipment, recording, etc. Facilitation during the meeting. How we will prepare during the meeting for the participants. Introduced, randomized, self-introduction, consent, confidentiality, wrong rules. We will set all this. Discuss, that is, record and observe the discussion. Observe and record the discussion. If you are only recording audio, then you can record gesture. You have to observe it. You will have to note down who, who, when, when, whose gesture, how, how, when, what is speaking, your participant and what is written on his mouth, there is a discrepancy between them. You have to pay attention to this, non-verbal cues. Track questions for completion and follow-up on the themes of discussion and conclude. When you conclude, you should acknowledge your participants, you are unique, you are just happy, you are just complete. Okay then you do analysis. What are you doing in analysis? Listing, We have studied the coding and content analysis. We know the coding, content analysis, discourse analysis, conversation analysis. What will be the result of the reporting? We will decide on the target audience. We will decide on the academics. We will decide on the target audience. We will do the reporting. Can the policy makers take the clue from the policy makers and the participants of the study? Then your research will be complete. Then when focus groups are used? How can we use them? Focus groups are used for generating and commissioning collective views. When we want the same view, and the meanings that lie behind those views. And what are the meanings behind those views? They are also used in generating a rich understanding of participants' experiences and beliefs. If the participants have a special experience or belief, then what are the meanings behind it? If you want to know this, then use it. Suggested criteria for using focus groups can be used for what criteria. As a standalone method, you can use it only for FGD. Or use multi-method design. Use it for quantitative methodology. Or to clarify, extend quality and challenge data collected through other methods. If you want to translate, then use it for other methods. To feedback, results to research participants. To feedback results to research participants. Or to give feedback. What are the characteristics? How can we define the specific FGD participants? First of all, they will be carefully recruited. They will be 5-10 people. They will be 6-8 preferable guests. They will be similar types of people. And you will have to repeat the group again and again. You will have to work from one group to another. How will the environment be? Comfortable, simple seating. You will have to do a tape recorder. The moderator is a special person. It should be skillful to hold the group discussion. To manage it. Users, please determine the questions. You must think about the questions first. Establishes and permissive environments. You have to come to establish them. And for the analysis and reporting, this is systematic analysis and verifiable procedure. This is appropriate for reporting. Okay. What are advantages and disadvantages? because we have been using it for so many years. Focus on story data from a group of people much more quickly. You can get data very quickly. You can get data in low cost. Focus will allow you to interact directly with respondents. We can interact directly with respondents. In the content analysis, we don't get a chance to talk to respondents. Then follow-up question, probing question, response is a chance to do everything. Open response format of a focus provides an opportunity to obtain a large and rich amount of data. A lot of data will come out. Because we are talking to so many people. You have to know everything. You have to know everything. Then focus to allow respondents to react to and build upon the responses of other group members. From the responses of the other group members, how they are enriching their response, how they are removing what they are talking about, how they are getting it right. All these things come out. They are flexible. You can get data from children, especially illiterate people. It is creating the easier. It allows for exploring topics and generating hypothesis. And it generates an opportunity to collect data from the group interaction, which concentrates on the topic of the researcher's interest. On the topic of the researcher's interest, you have to sit with homogeneity and discuss with them. You will understand the issue. High face validity. We have seen and heard that what they are saying is in their minds. It gives speed in the supply of results and results come out quickly. But there are some disadvantages as well. This is small members of respondents that participate in several different focus groups. There is only one nature of most focus group, particularly in practices. Significantly, limit generalization to a large population. So this has always been the least qualitative. How will you generalize? 4, 6, 8, 10 people talk to each other. Then how will we cut it? We don't have any issue with the topic that we want to generalize the result. The interaction of respondents with one another and with their search group is too undesirable. There are two ways that people can talk to each other in their own directions. First, the responses from members of the group are not independent. We want to say something, but we have seen that the opposite of what Sanjeevi is saying, which restricts. Second, the results obtained in the focus group are biased by a very dominant and opinionated member. The other members are very close to each other. Then, the moderator may bias the results. The moderator can bias which direction the interaction is going in the control of the moderator. It is not based on a natural response. First, I said that there is no energy in the natural setting. There is no artificial setting. This is the disadvantage. The less controlled data of the moderator is less controlled. Data analysis is more difficult to be done because a lot of the data has gone out. It demands interviewers carefully trained if the untrained, unscaled moderator can't handle the FGD. It takes efforts to assemble the group. It takes a lot of effort to assemble the group. Depth of analysis can be a concern and there is a lot of room for error in the data analysis. So, this is the lack of in general qualitative research. Okay. I think there is another slide. Okay. So, thank you. I have completed all the methodologies and approaches that you are discussing. So, thank you all and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel Explore the Education. Enjoy my telegram group too. Done from my side.