 Thanks, I'm I apologize for this rather savage time restriction. You did you did brilliantly well and Mr. Parasaraman from the Tata Institute will do just as well. Yeah, sure. Thank you, Mr. Chairman the The slowing down of urban growth, I think it is happening As a paradox in the sense that the crisis in agriculture and And the displacement of people from lands and livelihoods both due to industries and due to ZZ I think is creating a condition of of a greater push out of villages. I think that's that's that we can see across the country now Still it doesn't translate into People moving on to the urban areas and that is also in a context of you know jobless Growth you have a context of jobless growth along with The displacement of people from urban areas. I think Susan talked about the Informalization and and and and the critical problems associated with this. I think you have a situation at this particular point in time the rural push is Happening along with the time the urban push out of the urban areas or such There is that there is that contradiction that one sees there Professor Susan also talked about the The informalization is low-cost It is largely enacted on the backs of more vulnerable workers and the households. I think in in urban context as such I think one of the one of the most important aspect which you see in urban context is the lack of compassion The lack of compassion within the society for people who are Decemberward and poor. I think The decide to make poor invisible Is is is is part of this particular process whereby the Informalization of labor along with You know displacement you want the poor people to work in the urban areas But you don't want them to be living closer to you to be to be part of your system I think this is a greater problem in it The time of the logic of globalization the economic globalization person that has begun to structure all aspects of human life It you can see it in every aspect of urban life as such whether it is in terms of Access to health care whether in terms of access to affordable housing in in in in urban areas I think this is where the greatest problem you find Won't talk about the statistics relating to poverty It's possible to earn two dollars per day But then the cost of health care is so great in a context where there is deteriorating Urban environment for poor people to live in you might earn two dollars But the cost of health care the cost of education the cost of water for poor people is so great that it doesn't really make greater sense. I think the difference between above poverty line and You know the depth you can hit is so great in this country and particularly in in urban areas as such The retreat of the state. I think it is a it is a very important phenomenon both in our rural areas and in urban areas We need to look at what's happening to to to slump context in Mumbai slump context in other parts of the country that That there is there is a gradual withdrawal of the state in many aspects of life of the poor people and and and and poor people depend more on state. I think the Protection of their rights to health care rights to education And securing freedoms can can result mostly from the state support But I think it is in poor people's life in urban areas that the state has retreated to a greater extent and That's a that's a enormously worrying point in our context I think these are these are some of the critical points that came up I can there are many other issues which people will be bringing up. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you Thank you very much, Professor Pashraman Could I ask Lindy Bremner to Temple University Thank you I'm going to respond to just one point that Saskia made with a few brief remarks And that is the point about how globalization is wired into urban spaces In ways that are quite specific to those spaces and their history And I'd like to do this by looking for a moment at the economic histories of two places When I'm very familiar with Johannesburg and when I'm not very familiar with Mumbai Johannesburg's economy was a mining economy requiring vast reserves of capital and labor To entice the earth to spit out its wealth These conditions have produced a centralized Quantifiable city on top of underground Conurbations whose function was to transform people into machines and sap from them their vital entrepreneurial energies These two characteristic spaces of the modern mechanical metropolis the vertical shaft and the underground Stope have been increasingly disconnected by the entrepreneurial flexible Logics of contemporary urbanization and because of this producing a fragmented city of Ruins and frontiers Mumbai's economy on the other hand was a textile economy Producing a city whose architecture is an aggregation of human bodies a Continuous horizontal network a flexible fabric. I think it's a kind of biotechnical environment Closer to an agricultural system Linked to seasons cycles weather and the reversibility of crops more to the paradigm of urban government This foresaw I think the electronic thought of a web-based society where everything is associated and interconnected and Explains why this city has leapfrogged over the clunky Mechanical modernity for an era of fuzzy logics mass entrepreneurship and elastic modernity And this brings me to what I'd like to sit to propose as a Characteristic description of Mumbai's performance in global processes, and that's its elasticity Its ability to stretch without tearing to not break at the seams to expand and contract To be pushed and pulled to stretch around the globe and back again Flying here I was Sat with a young man from Mumbai who has worked for years as a ticket salesman at Houston station in central London With his earnings he has bought an apartment in Mumbai where his family now live He visits them twice a year He only plans to live like this until he decides to look for a wife as he put it When he will return to Mumbai to marry and raise a family I'm sure this is a fairly typical story But one which talks of the extent to which Mumbai cannot be confused with a single geographic location. I Think Mumbai is everywhere It's a Likrosity It's only Mumbai in so far as it maintains its capacity to Elastically extend and contract between London, Sydney, Toronto and California and Finally, I'd like to talk about a weak urbanization As I've listened to discussions about India's urbanization over the last day only I must confess What has struck me is how Inflexibly the categories of urban and rural of city and village are used to think about Mumbai It seems to me there might be a better way to think about the city as Part of not separate from its territory for who can tell where Mumbai begins and ends Instead, I think a concept of weak urbanization more accurately imagines the situation One in which an agricultural landscape survives in the presence of evolved but no longer totalizing urban infrastructures and services a City conceptualized as a field Irrigated by urban services in an innovative mediation a World no longer codified as urban or rural city or village But rather a sum of physical and virtual places that respond to different organizational logics that Penetrate and qualify one another In other words a concept which I think will allow us to think and plan differently. Thank you Thank you