 Continuing our discussion on the use of radiation technology in pest management, if you just recollect the list which I gave in the last class, you know majority of the insects belong to diptrus insects and also coeliaptrus insects, very few belong to lepidopterus insect. One of the feasibility of using this set technology for lepidoptera is very limited because these lepidopterus insects are highly radio resistant because they need high doses for 100 percent sterility, mainly because of holokinetic chromosomes which are located on the DNA which need high radio resistance and more than that because of the somatic damage which induces behavioral incompetence that is the mating of the sterile insect is affected in the parent generation that is why the success rate in lepidopterus insect is very limited. To overcome this, you know a modified sift technology or F1 sterility technique or inherited technique is followed in case of lepidopterus insect pest suppression. Here the employment of F1 sterility is done very successfully that is the use of F1 which has got a sub-storile males in the parental generation itself is used using less amount of radiation even in lepidopterus insect males need very low dosage compared to females for radiation for sterility induction. So this behavioral difference within the species can be used to our advantage. This induction of inherited sterility in F1 is very, very competitive with the natural wild males or the wild females. So inherited sift technology is useful in lepidopterus insect pest management. This can be better explained in this slide. Now in case of diptera, we use fully sterile gamma dose wherein in the parental generation itself the males will be sterilized. When they mate with the natural females, we find sperm altered with genome in case of sterilized male whereas the womb is unaltered in case of natural female. The cross between these two leads to inviable gycote which is 100 percent sterile in the parental generation itself. But this thing does not happen in case of lepidopterus insect wherein we use a very low dosage for partially sterilizing using the gamma dosage. So inducing partial sterility in case of the parental generation. With this partially sterilized males when it is mated with the normal females, we find the two cases. One is inviable gycotes are also seen with the dominant lethality gene. In the other case also we find viable gycotes which carry a recessive lethality. So when this is further mated with this is considered as F1 progeny. When this F1 male mates with the normal male then we find again inviable gycotes in the F1. So that's why this has got the full sterility or the partial sterility in it. So this technique is most useful for lepidopterus insects. Let us take an example of the successful case of the calling moth and try to understand how this shit technology was most successful. You know calling moth is an important test of citrus, apple and pear in temperate reasons extending from South Africa to Canada and parts of USA. You can see the amount of damage done to the citrus fruit almost 50 to 60% of the ripening fruits almost ripened fruits are damaged resulting in severe economic damage. Even the pheromone trapcatches also indicate high number of moths per day basis. You know as I said the six principles of shit technique they standardized the rearing technique using artificial medium and then they rare it in these small glass chambers each chamber contains around 100 larvae and they standardized the duration that temperature, relative humidity, photo ferrite required for multiplying the larval stage and then they blow the adult which emerges from this rearing chamber huge number of adults involving both male and female are collected. And these adults will be later radiated using gamma cell 500 with the dose of 150 gray they have standardized this sterility dosage also and then you know the radiated the adults are put into these small plastic containers with a hole and they are stored in refrigerated the situation of around 8 to 10 degree centigrade before they are released in the ecosystem. They also had a light weight sand particles mainly to prevent the damage done to the adults and they are further released into the apple trees using these small vehicles and these adults are blown to the trees sometimes they also use small flights helicopters for aerial distribution if the area is quite large. I have here in this table a successful figures indicating in one of the area wherein they released 2000 moths per hectare per week during the fruiting season with 7 to 8 releases and they integrated this with the mating disruption technique of the pheromone for 5000 hectares the staff required is hardly 7 staff and 2 technicians they were producing per day 60,000 adults per day sterile insects. See the figure here number of sprays reduced from 12 to 2 very significant reduction in the number of sprays and these 2 sprays were given only in the beginning of the season mainly to reduce the population significantly and the interesting feature is 100 percent of the share is from the Hortigo this is a farmers owned group they outsourced this technology to a company known as Entamon they multiply the sterile insects they undertake their lease programs and they charge almost 3000 rand which roughly works out rupees 18,000 per year per hectare to the farmer. You know in terms of comparing the figures of the effect of this seed technique you know in Alfansetto river valley between 2006 to 2013 if you see with 10 to 12 applications of insecticide they used to trap 13 moths per week per trap of the adults after 5 years of this seed technology imposition it could come down to only 2 adults per trap per week such a significant decrease which further came down to less than 0.5 adults per trap per week such a significant reduction in the trap catches we can see with imposing the seed technology even in terms of economic damage to the final product if you just see it is less than 1 percent damage we see to the fruits at the packing level in the packing storage conditions about the fruit sucking this with 10 to 12 applications of insecticide even they have recorded 6.5 percent damage at the packing level such a significant effect we see because of this seed technology even in pink bowlworm in USA also the results very clearly indicate the higher rate of success. If you see this table the extent of refugia planted up to 2005 is around 37.4 which drastically reduced to 3 percent giving room for more land for beauty cultivation which also increased the total cotton productivity. Then if you see the percentage of infestation of PBW which used to be 15.3 percent up to 2005 which came down significantly and the percentage of reduction is 99.9 percent reduction if you see the pink bowlworm moth caught per trap it is around 26.7 which also gave about 99.9 percent reduction in moth catches if you see the number of sprays undertaken for pink bowlworm management was 2.7 before the seed program introduction after this in production not total elimination of sprays was done in terms of money value the USA spends almost 18 US million dollars for managing the pink bowlworm which came down to only 0.17 US million dollars which increased the net profit because of the seed technology integration with the IPM schedule. This technology is in operation in India on various insect pests particularly the seed technology is undertaken by bark on potato tuber moth by Delhi University on tobacco caterpillar similarly bark again is working on red palm we will NRL is also working on another store grain pest red floor beetle and the F1 sterility as I said for lebedopterous insect work is progress in bark as well as in Delhi University US University of agricultural sciences right sure has also undertaken the seed technology for red gram webber which is an important pest of a red gram. In addition to this the radiation technology is also useful in disinfestation of stored products. So radiation as a source of disinfestation measure for stored products which carry lot of coeliapterous and lebedopterous insect is one of the important technique they have almost standardized 0.5 kilo gray has been suggested as the safe dosage for the treatment for wide range of commodities practically to control all these pests little higher dosage 0.6 to 0.7 kilo gray is required to knock down the noxious mites from these stored products. Another most important thing is in the plant quarantine the radiation technology has become a prerequisite for the plant quarantine anybody to export outside the quarantine program the radiation technology is a must it should carry a phytosanitary certificate wherein one should declare that the product that they are exporting has undergone the radiation treatment clearly 10 kilo gray has been approved by the FAO and WHO as the safe for use against any food product. Similarly one kilo gray has been approved as a disinfestation for fresh fruits and vegetables unless they have this the material will not be allowed to export certainly the radiation technology is in the primitive stage in India but has a lot of scope for its integration in IPM packages across the agree ecosystem across the horticulture ecosystem across the forest ecosystem in India. Thank you.