 Cell adhesion is a fundamental process that allows cells to attach to each other or to their surrounding environment. It is critical for many biological processes such as cell division, migration and tissue formation. Researchers have developed techniques to study cell adhesion in vitro using artificial surfaces with varying material properties to mimic the characteristics of natural extracellular matrices. Factors such as surface topography, surface chemistry and surface energy can all influence cell adhesion, which is crucial for understanding how cells interact with their environment. This article was authored by Kai Xu Xi'an, Wu Chuan Xi'an, Yang Wen Guang and others.