 Okay, good morning everyone and welcome to today's event resilience in light of COVID-19 climate action on the road to COP26. I'm Juliet Thunstool, IID's events officer. Please allow me to introduce Jagan Shabagan, Secretary General of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies for our introduction and opening remarks. Thank you very much. Thank you so much. Ladies and gentlemen, colleagues and friends. It's my honor to welcome you to this timely event resilience in light of COVID-19 toward COP26 and beyond, co-hosted by E3D and IID in partnership with the Global Commission on Adaptation, the Global Resilience Partnership and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. The human impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are being held everywhere. This is truly a global crisis. No one is immune from its effects. In the past six months, I have seen the grave threat that the pandemic forces firsthand in particular through the brave work of the staff and volunteers from our 192 Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. But I have also witnessed the window that this crisis presents to not just build back better but to build a better future. Today's problems came from yesterday's solution. Let's not recreate them. We have an unprecedented opportunity today to build a safer, more equitable and resilient world through the decisions we take now. If we fail, we risk COVID-19 deepening inequality and exacerbating vulnerability to the looming threat of climate change. The pandemic will not stop for climate change nor will climate change stop for the pandemic. Today, floods are threatening 4 million people in large areas across Bangladesh that are already grappling with COVID-19. The Bangladesh Red Crescent Society is implementing early actions triggered by a forecast to protect people most at risk before the water reaches the denser level, while at the same time practicing physical distancing to contain COVID-19. Compounding risks like this will be the future of our humanitarian work and we must be in the front foot. We have been collectively planning for the future in this mistaken belief it will resemble the past. But we know that due to climate change, epidemics, floods, storms, droughts and wildfires are going to get worse. Australia has this reality last summer with devastating bushfires that are now 30% more likely because of climate change. This risk will then be compounded by other drivers of risk as we see now in the pandemic. We need a drastic shift in mindset by all actors from governments to businesses and civil society. We need to start putting the last mile first by basing our decisions and investment on what will bring the greatest benefit to people most exposed and vulnerable to climate and health risks. From our humanitarian perspective, COVID-19 has led there where regular systems lack the capacity to cope with today's compound risk and where we need to ensure greater attention to people in vulnerable situations. This includes people living at the margins of society such as those in overcrowded urban slums, migrants and displaced persons, the homeless and many more. These people are most exposed to infection, at least able to access care and treatment and most impacted by loss of income. Unsurprisingly, it is the same people who are most at risk from rising climate threats. We must use the knowledge and insight into our vulnerability to change this status quo. We also know that with advances in early warning, we can act before disasters start and reduce the impacts on the most vulnerable population. Last year at the Climate Summit, the Honorable Sheikh Hasina Wazid, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, announced the risk-informed Early Action Partnerships, or REAP, a joint commitment of governments, international organizations, civil society to greatly expand the ability of people to act in advance of climate disasters. The partnership aims to make 1 billion people safer from disasters by 2025 by bringing together the capacities and investments of the climate, developmental, development, meteorological and humanitarian communities together. This includes scaling of forecast-based financing, which releases resources based on forecasts for preparedness actions before disaster strikes the vulnerable communities. Just as Bangladesh Recreation is doing right now in anticipation of ocean flooding. None of these solutions will count, however, if communities lack the information, capacities or resources to act. Local knowledge is often best at identifying the most effective solutions. COVID-19 has clearly demonstrated this. The success of our global response has been entirely dependent on the action taken by local actors, communities and volunteers. It is time to invest and support the capacities of frontline responders who will also be leading our response to the impacts of climate change. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown us that we need to collectively create a new path in our quest to restore jobs and livelihoods. Will we rebuild our economies as they were for perpetuating patterns of social injustice, economic inequality and environmental destruction? Or will we use this opportunity to set a safer, more resilient, inclusive world through a green, inclusive and resilient recovery? These are important questions for the leaders of today to reflect. Investing in the scale of resilience and adaptation now through whatever means available is part of COVID recovery, climate adaptation, development action or humanitarian response is key. We humanitarians can provide the diagnosis of where to invest to build resilience, create jobs and make our safer way forward. We have a window to act. Let's use this extended time we have before COP26 wisely. We must focus our attention on communities facing compound impacts of climate and COVID-19 and resaping nationally-determined contribution to bring greater ambition on resilience and adaptation. With these reflections, I'm honored to present to you to distinguished ministers who share my passion on these critical and defining issues of how times to share their keynote addresses. I would first like to invite the right Honorable Alok Sharma, the UN FCC COP26 president-designate and secretary of state for business, energy and industrial strategy of the UK to take the floor first. Honorable minister, the floor is yours. Thank you so much for your opening remarks and thank you for your kind introduction. Well, ladies and gentlemen, it's a pleasure to join this session. And as you will all know in recent weeks, we have seen some unprecedented heat waves in Siberia with areas which would usually see really low temperatures reaching 25 degrees Celsius, quite unprecedented. Across East Africa, we've seen flash floods which have displaced hundreds of thousands of people. Over 150,000 acres have been destroyed in Arizona wildfires. There have been earthquakes in Mexico, floods in central China, and a tornado in India. And I think this has the most profound impact on people on the frontline of climate change. Those who have contributed the least and have the fewest resources to adapt. The first and last international travel I did as COP26 president before the world went into lockdown was a visit to the United Nations in New York. And I had an opportunity to talk with a whole range of colleagues. I spoke particularly to the permanent representatives of the small and developing states and least developed countries. And it was a really powerful reminder and a tiny reminder for me of the urgency we need in tackling the threat of climate change. As a representative of one of the small and developing states said to me, tackling climate change is an existential issue for us. If we do not get it right, we will no longer have a place to call home. So ladies and gentlemen, the small island nation states do not have the luxury of time. We collectively do not have the luxury of time. And that is why we must act now. And that is why it is so vital that we are in fact coming together today to speak at this event. And I'd like to thank the organizers E3G and the International Institute for Environment and Development for bringing us together. As we look forward to COP26 next November, our aim is to ramp up ambition towards a climate resilient zero carbon economy. We want all countries to submit more ambitious NDCs driving further cuts in carbon emissions by 2030. And we want all nations committing to reaching net zero emissions as soon as possible ahead of the summit, we have defined five areas which need particular attention to help us achieve our goals. Clean energy, clean transport, nature based solutions, finance, and of course the issue that we hear to talk about, which is adaptation and resilience. And we must help people, we must help economies and the environment to adapt and prepare for the impact of climate change. Adaptation and resilience is vital. And this was a personal priority for me when I was International Development Secretary in our government at the United Nations Climate Action Summit last September, working with our friends in Egypt and our friends from the Netherlands, Malawi and Russia, we launched a call for action, 118 nations and over 80 organizations committed to raising their ambition. And when I revisited the UN in March, I met these partners to discuss how we can translate these political commitments into on the ground action. That is what matters at the end of the day. I look forward to sharing the results of the coalition's work later in the year. But at Anchor, Uncus, the UK and convening partners also launched the risk information early action partnership, REAP as it's known, and REAP aims to make one billion people safer from disasters by 2025, bringing together key actors from the climate, and other development communities. The partnership will transform global capacity to act early against climate extremes and disasters. We will understand that better early warning systems and robust early action plans will give communities more time to prepare for extreme weather and ultimately save lives. The REAP sectariat backed by the UK's Department of International Development is working closely with partners to develop a plan on delivering its ambitious targets. And we will work with the donor community to push for the 500 million pounds in commitments to make these targets a reality. The UK has already committed 80 million pounds. And of course, finance has a crucial role to play in adaptation and resilience. The UN environment program has established that adapting to intensifying climate change impacts could cost anywhere between $140 billion to $300 billion per year by 2030. So ahead of COP26, we will work with donor countries with the multilateral development banks and other public and private sources to increase access to finance for adaptation and resilience. And this is an area where the UK is leading by example. Since 2011, UN International Climate Finance has supported 57 million people worldwide to cope with the effects of climate change. And in September, at the UN General Assembly, Prime Minister Boris Johnson committed the UK to doubling our contribution to 11.6 billion pounds over the next five years to support developing nations. But I think we all recognize that public finance alone is not going to be enough. We must also mobilize private sector finance and make sure that climate risk is affected into every single investment decision taken around the world. That is why the UK is working with a coalition for climate resilient investment, a private sector led initiative which is building resilience on the ground by quantifying by pricing and reducing the climate risk faced by new investments, particularly in infrastructure. And since its launch last year, the coalition has grown rapidly to over 50 members with over $8 trillion of assets under management. And I would urge any financial institutions here today to join this coalition. Ladies and gentlemen, friends, I believe that we are at a positive inflection point in our joint endeavor on climate action. As we recover from the coronavirus pandemic, we are seeing governments, we're seeing business, civil society across the world, uniting in their calls for climate action. And according to polling from Ipsos Maori, two thirds of the people on our planet believe that the climate crisis is as serious as COVID-19. Of course, countries around the world have responded with urgency to helping their populations through the COVID pandemic, as we have done in the UK, and that is absolutely the right approach. And as we turn our attention to the economic fight back, we need to also reflect this desire to address the climate crisis in our economic response. On Tuesday, some of you will have seen that Prime Minister Boris Johnson unveiled an ambitious economic strategy for the UK, a new deal to help build our economy back to health, to build back better, and to build back greener. Of course, this opportunity doesn't just apply to the UK, but indeed to every country in the world. We all have an opportunity to create a fairer, greener and more resilient global economy, one that puts adaptation and resilience right at its centre. And we can only achieve that in partnership with all of you. So I look forward to continuing to us coming together in the lead up to COP26 to build on what we have already started. Thank you so much. Thank you so much, Minister, for your very inspiring words and incredible commitment. So thank you so much. I would now like to invite Honourable John DeArc Muzawa Maria, Minister of Environment of Rwanda, to share her reflections. I hope I pronounced your name correctly, Adam. Yes, yes, sir. Thank you very much. Distinguished panellists and speakers, ladies and gentlemen, a warm greeting from Kigari Rwanda. It's a pleasure to join you today for this important discussion on resilience and how we can improve our collective capacity to adapt to the warming of our planet. I am honoured to share some of Rwanda's experience and plans in this area. First of all, I would like to extend my gratitude to E3J, an International Institute for Environment and Development for organizing this event, as well as the Global Commission on Adaptation, the Global Resilience Partnership, and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society. While we can't be together physically, these events are an important platform to advance the many policy challenges we face in our daily work. There is no doubt that resilience must derive at the heart of our response to the climate crisis, and indeed act as our North Star guiding our climate action. For many countries, including Rwanda, we understand that even with significant year-on-year emissions deductions by the major polluters, significant climate change is already rocked in and we need to prepare accordingly. In response to these growing challenges to both citizens and economy, Rwanda has put in the press a strong legal, policy, and institutional framework to deal with climate change and climate variability-induced risk and economic rosy. Our main goals are to reduce vulnerability and build resilience across the whole society and the economy. As part of this effort, we recently submitted an ambitious updated NDC, Climate Action Plan that prioritizes both mitigation and adaptation. Under the plan, Rwanda aims to reduce greenhouse gases emissions by 38% compared to business as usual by 2030, and has committed to spending on $5.4 billion on adaptation over the next 10 years. We have support from our different partners. We have decided to focus on a number of key adaptation intervention areas including water, agriculture, land and forestry, human settlement, health, mining, and other cross-cutting interventions. These include initiatives such as disaster risk prevention and monitoring, integrated early warning systems, and disaster response plan. Because we know that climate change will leave no sector of the economy untouched. We are working across government and with the private sector, civil society, and development partners to implement our green growth and climate resilience strategy. We have 14 programs of action from efficient transport systems to disaster and disease prevention. The strategy is guiding Rwanda to become a developed climate resilience nation by 2050. Enabling us to implement the strategy and achieve this goal is the Rwanda Green Fund established in 2012. The fund invests in initiatives that foster green growth and climate resilience. Over the last 80 years, the fund has mobilized more than $180 million and its investments have created more than 140,000 green jobs. Most of which have been for women and supported 110,000 vulnerable citizens to cope with the impact of climate change. We aim to scale up the work of the fund with our partners to implement our NDC. Ladies and gentlemen, the final aspect of Rwanda's approach to building resilience is developing a robust and effective measurement, reporting and verification system. Such a system will enable us to report in line with our international obligations, monitor the effectiveness of our mitigation and adaptation measures, and facilitate access to climate finance. Ladies and gentlemen, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us that none of us is resilient until all of us are resilient. We are far too interconnected and far too dependent on one another to ignore the challenges we face, both as individuals, nations, and collectively as an international community. That's why it is critical for all countries to reduce their emissions and support each other, both technologically and financially, to develop the level of resilience that enables us to expand and expand prosperity for all and for generations to come. Without destroying our own home. That's why it is critical for all countries to reduce their emissions and support each other, both technologically and financially, to develop the level of resilience that enables us to expand prosperity for all. And for the generation to come without destroying our own home. We have no plan B home, but you can give and have a plan B home for next generation. We owe a better home to our children. Let's have a better post-COVID recovery. Thank you very much for your kind attention. Thank you. Thank you so much, Minister, for sharing the experience from Rwanda and, you know, your focus on putting the legal policy and institutional framework and having a climate action plan. You know, that puts the attention both on mitigation and adaptation and so inspiring to see the emphasis you have put on the resilience of the people and the communities. So with this, I really want to thank you ministers, both the ministers, for really, really inspiring. And I think we have had a great great start with your very, very motivating comments. And, you know, as Ban Ki-moon said a few years ago, we cannot have a plan B because we don't have a plan B. So I think we must have only one plan. And I think, you know, there is no alternative for all of us coming together and really making a huge difference now. I think we have this incredible responsibility for all of us as leaders of today to make sure that the today and the future is really protected and the massive investment on adaptation and resilience becomes extremely, extremely important. So thank you so much for both the ministers, for your time and for your involvement and for your contribution. Without further ado, we now turn to our two distinguished panels, which will explore how resilience intersects across different global challenges and recall some of the main lessons on resilience from London Climate Action Week. They will examine what needs to happen on the resilience agenda by COP26 and explore what needs to happen over this decade. I now hand over to Nick Mabe, the chief executive of E3G and co-convener of London Climate Action Week, who is moderating the first panel. So thank you so much and thank you ministers again. Hello. My name is Nick Mabe. I say I'm the CEO of E3G, one of the co-hosts. I'd like to welcome you to the first panel. I'd like to welcome you to London Climate Action Week Digital. London Climate Action Week is all about harnessing the power of London to shape global climate action. I can't think of a better event than this one to show that principle in action. And I'd also like to thank the ministers for such an inspiring set of opening speeches. I think the key element, the introduction element of COVID-19 won't stop for climate and climate won't stop for COVID-19 really sums up the point of this panel, which is to look at how we look at resilience in the broadest sense and complementarity across areas and get some real action moving. We've got over 300 people coming in and participating. We've got a very active chat, which I hope people will carry on going and I hope you're also on mentee to put your views forward and to show us what's going on. So the idea about for this first panel is very simple. It's, if COVID-19 is shown that our societies, our economies are not resilient, we're not investing enough in resilience. And it's clear that systemic problem. It's not something that's just in particular countries, it's not in developed countries in emerging economies and least developed countries. There's something about not just how many resources we have, but what we do with our resources. And this problem is not limited to one sector. It's clear across health, climate, food security, peace building. But as people have said, times of crisis like now are times of opportunity, times that we can change. And we have learned the lessons from the last financial crisis where perhaps we didn't do enough reform to improve the world after that when the opportunity of that financial crisis. In fact, on climate change, we built more high carbon infrastructure than low carbon infrastructure. It's vital we don't make that mistake again. So this COVID should lead to a recovery that invests in resilience, but also reforms that embed resilience across our societies and economies at all the decisions we make so that we don't sacrifice our safety on the altar of short term efficiency or gain. And that's the heart of this panel. And especially with the UK and Italy, shaping the global agenda next year, running the G7 and G20 and co-hosting COP26. There's a huge opportunity to put this agenda into action. So what we really want to do to discuss today is how do we get the reforms we need? How do we get things that benefit all different elements of society? Not just in silos of climate over here and health over here. How do we ensure fair access to resilience? Who is protected? Who pays for that protection? Firstly, we have a panel of very distinguished speakers from different sectors who will look across the challenge of resilience and talk to us about how they see the synergies and opportunities going forward and some of the practical actions hopefully we can take next year. And secondly, we have a panel led by moving to panel one. I don't know if we've got a word cloud from the mentee session yet just to put up before I introduce the panels. So we have a lot of London, but we have India, the Netherlands, Geneva, so a very international audience, South Africa, Edinburgh. Okay, so we asked people what the biggest barriers were to building resilience. Capitalism has come out strong, capacity, finance, coordination, vulnerability, political will, billionaires, inequality. So I think issues from practical to the political, the structural, all things which I hope my panel will talk to. So the panel is going to run. We're going to have opening statements from the panel of around four minutes each and then we'll move to a Q&A session. Hopefully if everybody will run to time, we'll be able to have Q&A. We'll be picking up Q&A off Mentimeter. So please be active online on the forms you've been given to put questions towards moderators. And first I would just introduce our amazing panel, which we've got here. Firstly, Professor Andy Haynes, the former director of London School of Hydrogen and Tropical Medicine, a real expert in the links between environment, climate and health. Emma Howard Boyd, who is the chair of the UK's Environment Agency, which looks after resilience in the UK, but also the UK representative on the Global Commissioner Adaptation. Salim Hock, who's probably one of the eminent people in the world working on adaptation, currently director of the International Center for Climate Change and Development in Bangladesh. Sheila Patel, founder, director of the Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centres. Last but not least, Dan Smith, who is the director of the Stockholm International Peace Research Center, one of the leading areas of peace research and working very strongly on the links between climate and peace building. So without further ado, I will pass over to Andy Haynes for his intervention. Andy. So I think we can hear, and Excellencies and Honourable Ministers, thank you very much for the introduction. I think we can hear very clearly that currently the planet is under great stress. So we're seeing the vital signs of the planet indicate that we as a species are influencing multiple environmental stressors that in turn threaten to undermine the progress in health that we've seen over coming decades, particularly since the middle of the last century. So we can't consider all these threats in isolation. We have to consider integrated responses to multiple threats, including pandemics like COVID, for example, the effects of climate change and other environmental changes. And we know that they have effects on human health through different pathways, the direct effects of increasing heat, the effects of changing ecosystems on vector born and other types of diseases. And the importantly, the effects on food production on crop yields, and also the effects of climate change on poverty and population displacement. All of these have important implications for physical and mental health. So we need to adapt and we need to create more resilient societies and how can we do that. Well, firstly, of course, we need to strengthen universal health coverage. Many millions, hundreds of millions of the people of people in the world still don't have access to effective health care. And providing that access is a key issue for international development. So for example, it would take only about $80 per capita, provide universal health coverage for those people living in low income countries. So progress towards UHC and the SDGs more generally is vital. Secondly, I think we have to focus on integrating adaptation and mitigation. We've seen from COVID that even health systems which appear to be quite resilient can be tested to their maximum when they're confronted by major changes such as COVID and increasingly climate change as well. So we certainly need to adapt. We need to have better surveillance systems, early warning systems, and so on. But we also need to address the root causes of these environmental challenges, tackling land use change, deforestation, freshwater depletion, but also of course climate change, which is a major threat at the moment. So we need, as we emerge from COVID, we need to stop subsidizing polluters. We spend about $400 billion a year on subsidizing polluters, and we need to stop that and divert those funds into resilience, into health care. And in doing so, we can also reduce the millions of deaths that are due premature deaths due to air pollution related to fossil fuel burning. So in emerging from COVID, we need to do so on an economic trajectory which protects health, sustains more sustainable cities, food systems, low carbon energy, and provides worthwhile and healthy employment. And as we do that, I think that we can integrate these prerogatives of both resilience and adaptation on the one hand, and mitigation on the other. So rather than seeing them as being intentional or opposing, we must integrate our strategies to ensure that we guess the best from from both of those approaches. Thank you very much. Great. Thank you Andy. And I think the key issue of integration, and in very practical terms, the G20 is in charge or has a commitment to unsubsidize fossil fuels, which hasn't been progressing that well. But as you say, moving the money from subsidizing fossil fuels into universal health care and reducing air pollution has multiple benefits, also would include improved economic security for countries who wouldn't be exposed to fossil fuel prices. So let's move to Emma Howard Boyd from the Chair of the Environment Agency for her intervention. So Nick, thank you very much for inviting me to address the and be part of this panel today. I very much like to build on the points that Andy has just made around integration, absolutely keen in the work that we are doing right now as we come through the stage of the coronavirus pandemic to really focus on a green recovery and very much taking what our Prime Minister has said earlier this week around the build, build, build that this absolutely needs to be building back better and greener alongside bringing pace to the way that we operate, not least because we all know that this decade, this decade of action has to be a decade of delivery on making sure that we are heading to net zero, but also building adaptation and resilience into everything we do and making the most of nature because we know we've got vulnerable countries, we know we have vulnerable communities and that very much chimes with the work that I do as Chair of the Environment Agency. Throughout this pandemic, the backdrop for me has been water too much and too little. So we started this year experiencing floods in the UK, very much showing how communities are vulnerable to climate change. We also have environmental vulnerability and at the heart of our recovery, we need to be talking about the recovery of nature as well. And it's very clear from the work that we're doing on both flooding and drought here in the UK that nature is a strong part of what we need to build into all of our responses. Being the UK's representative on the Global Commission, I was participating in a commissioners meeting and chaired by Kristalina Georgieva, who is one of our co-chairs and also managing director of the International Monetary Fund. And she was talking about this is a crisis like no other. We've seen a response to date like no other. We need to make sure that there is a recovery like no other. And whilst we've all seen the language of build back better, building in terms of its use and understanding where it originated in vulnerable countries, we also need to make sure that we're building forward better. And therefore it comes down to action. I was really pleased to see the response that was given to the report from the Global Commission on Adaptation back in September. And to see it as that it's being picked up as one of the key documents to influence the way we recover. But what is so important about that document is its focus on action and action tracks. And as we head out to COP26, we need to make the most as we've done this week with London Climate Action Week. I know there's going to be another phase two of it in November. We have the Dutch Adaptation Summit taking place in January. We need to make sure that on route to COP26, we're building on each of these moments around the world to to heighten our focus on adaptation and resilience, knowing that finance is also a key part of not only the plans for COP26, but a key part on how we are going to deliver on adaptation resilience. I also think there is a huge role for leadership. And whilst we know that we need to see a global response, we know we need to see a policy response. There is lots that we can do as individual organizations in collaboration with others, whether we're public sector organizations, private sector organizations, or third sector organizations, bringing all three together to collaborate and show leadership ourselves. So that's something that I'm very much focusing on as chair of the Environment Agency. We made our commitment to reach net zero by 2030 last year. We know we can only reach net zero by working with our partners and making sure that we are building the right skills for a just and climate resilient economy. We have to do that with others, but equally, we all need to show leadership, make sure that we're joining in the race to net zero, but in a way that nobody gets left behind. And I also love the emerging thinking about racing to resilience as well. This has to be integrated has to be through collaboration and individual leadership to thank you very much. Thank you, and I think this again the issue the next year's agenda of the Convention on biological diversity, as well as nature based solutions and how that needs to integrate with resilience, and particularly the financial agenda. It gives us some really practical spaces to move forward. I'm sure Salim will have lots to say on this Salim please your intervention. Thank you very much Nick and thank you to organizers for inviting me to this August panel. So you've heard my name is Salim will have time the director of the International Center for Climate Change and Development, based here in Dhaka Bangladesh at the independent University Bangladesh. And I've been working on adaptation and resilience particularly focusing on the most vulnerable communities in the most vulnerable countries, primarily the least developed countries for many many years. And I am very pleased to be part of this discussion to bring forth the, the experience that we have gained in working with these vulnerable communities across the world, who are not only suffering from the impacts of climate change but are not going to go away because of the COVID, but are in fact suffering from COVID, the public health emergency of the virus itself plus the lockdown measures which are particularly affecting poor people living in informal settlements in in big cities like where I am. And at the same time, we are facing biodiversity depletion and ecosystem destruction as well so it's a triple whammy from our perspective and a very good example. And his introduction made that Bangladesh is right now suffering from floods and a few weeks ago, we got hit by a super cyclone unfun that became a super cyclone while it was in the Bay of Bengal because the sea surface temperature of the bay at that time was elevated beyond normal cyclones are not unusual they're not human they're not climate change related, but the intensity of cyclones is related to increase temperature of the atmosphere which is over a degree, and hence sea surface temperature which then makes the intensity of the cyclones much more destructive. And apparently for Bangladesh that cyclone didn't cause a lot of debt because we have one of the best cyclone warning and protection systems with the red cross and red present being one of the major implementers of that and we successfully evacuated more than two and a half million people, and the number of cyclones, for example, in past decades cyclones of that magnitude with it killed tens of thousands and did kill tens of thousands of people. So, on one metric Bangladesh will turn very very well, but nevertheless it still causes a lot of loss and damage, it particularly hit the forest because a lot of damage to the flora and fauna. So what I'd like to sort of bring up as an opportunity going into COP26 is the experience that we have had in Bangladesh, being one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of climate change, of trying to figure out what we can do. And Bangladesh has invested quite a lot of intellectual, social and financial capital of our own in doing, preparing our non-national climate change strategy and action plan and our own climate change trust fund and investing in actions and activities and learning from them. In fact, we now have a national budget, in the last national budget, we have seven and a half percent of the national budget allocated to 25 ministries to take climate action. So we are mainstreaming climate action into our national development. And the opportunity that I'd like to raise is the fact that Bangladesh, the Prime Minister Bangladesh Shekhasina has just recently taken over the chairmanship of the climate vulnerable forum, which is a leaders forum of nearly 50 of the most vulnerable countries around the world. And she will be its leader for the next two years. And that will cover the COP26 presidency and event at the end of next year. And we are looking forward to using Bangladesh's experience in adaptation and resilience to share that in a South South manner. That's what my center does in Dhaka. We do a lot of South South learning with other least developed countries and vulnerable countries to share our knowledge and experience. One of the lessons we've had on adaptation and resilience, you cannot do it top down. It is very location specific. It is very, it varies on different places, depends on what the climate impacts are that you're tackling, whether the droughts or floods or cyclones. And it depends on the social and economic conditions of a country. But nevertheless, there are many, many things that can be learned from each other. And not only South to South, they can also be South to North. And in last year's London Climate Action Week, I actually organized an event at the Royal Geographical Society in South Kensington in London. Which was how Britain can learn lessons from Bangladesh in cyclone preparedness and warnings, which I mentioned, we are very, very good at. So my observation and my final point would be under the Climate Vulnerable Forum. We also have a separate forum. It's called the V20. But it's actually the minute the finance ministers of all the 48 climate vulnerable countries who have their own actions and and agendas investing their own budgets. They are not negotiators. They're not going to come to the COP, but they are meeting on their own and they are developing actions that they will be investing in themselves. And that's a very big opportunity for us to think about engaging with finance ministers so that the recovery plans that they are organizing and preparing for the post-COVID period are genuinely green and not just green, but green and equitable. To me, the equitable part has to be there with the green because green by itself may not necessarily ensure equity. So maybe I'll stop there and I'm happy to respond to any questions that we have later. Thanks a lot, Salim. And I think the issue of particularly South North transfer. I think there's a lot developed countries can learn from what Bangladesh has done as necessity is the mother of invention. You've invented a lot of things we need to learn, learn better. And I would love to see the V20 and the G20 come up with a joint agenda this year. So I think there's a very practical process to take forward there. Sheila Patel, can you please intervene next? Thank you, Nick. And thank you all the organizers for inviting me to attend this event. All the three speakers before me and the two plenary speakers I have laid out our collective commitment to address the issue of climate change with social justice and equity. So I want to present on behalf of the network of organizations that I'm a part of, to look at what does that mean in practical terms and what challenges does it put to us. So just as an introduction, while my day job is the director of Spark, I'm part of an amazing global movement of urban poor communities called the Shaq Twellers International, which operates in 33 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. And it's a globalization process from below, which seeks to help communities that have been marginalized, isolated, kept invisible in the unequal and terribly Inequitable conditions of cities globally in the south, and we attempt to create two dialogue negotiations to evidence basis of the data that we collect strategies, solutions, alternatives, options to our cities and to our governments. Because we want them to see us as partners in transformation. In the past, this has been very difficult to legitimate. We have to contest with conventional vertical hierarchies where most of the people who represent our constituency end up being treated as beneficiaries and consumers of development strategies, development projects, development assessments, research, you name it. And so as consumers, we just have to consume, but we don't have a right to design to develop to execute and to assess whether it works for us. So my presence as a commissioner with somebody like Emma and others who are politicians and people who are in the global world of development Is a very interesting transformation of giving voice and agency to those of us who have so far been the consumers of various development processes to actually become active members and my role as the adapt in this commission has been to bring to the attention of not only the commission, but the development community. That covered itself has demonstrated that local action is really the litmus test of producing transformations until local communities and their leadership adapt to a transformative agenda. It won't work well. So since I have just one minute more. My challenge to all of us is that we started as urban activists. We now want to work with social movements in all the eight tracks of the commission in order to give voice and agency to those communities and make them partners in development and change. And we want to demonstrate that people can help reach silos. They may be different departments, different specialties, different traditions, but people have one body which impacts is impacted by everything. So how do we create that and the solution we believe is strong aggregated mobilized constituencies of people in similar conditions that have lived intergenerational in poverty and who now Stand confident and ready to work shoulder to shoulder in designing not only the investment that they need but to participate in what is good for climate for everybody. So we welcome you to get to know us. We welcome you to recognize us when we come to various events and work with us. And we hope that this exploration will continue. Thank you. That was brilliant. And I particularly like the The shift from a more technical approach to a more political approach and the focus on the rights of people to design their own resilience, which I think is a critical part of integration. People often think of integration as something which is technical and complicated when actually in many ways it's just giving the right people, the right voice. And there is a convention called the arhous convention on environmental democracy, which precisely does that. And we could be a centerpiece of how we bring that convention which dates from the Rio convention to actually give citizens the voice they need to, as they say, protect their one body. They're not concerned about the differences between health, climate, conflict, etc. They just want to be protected. And I think that's a really powerful message. And finally, last but not least, I would like to turn to Dan Smith from Cyprii to get his views on again how these integrated approaches come and what we can actually do over the next year or 18 months in particular to make resilience more central to all our decision making down please. So thank you very much for the invitation to join you and thank you both to E3G and IED and to fellow panelists. There's two points which I want to make this morning. One is about the security agenda and one is rather about resilience as a general quality. On the security side, I think that the arguments are getting clearer and clearer and unfortunately I have to say the evidence is getting stronger because it's being provided by experience. That climate change and the other aspects of the multidimensional environmental crisis that we're facing are bringing with them a severe security risks. We are seeing this in swathes of territory through Africa, sub-Saharan Africa that are held upon to North Africa through the Middle East and into Central Asia. We're also seeing a link obviously between climate change and those environmental issues and the pandemic which we now face and in general the issue of pandemics as a risk because there's zoonotic there. So many of the current diseases that we face are transferred from animals to humans. And climate change is not, as when one thinks of it in the security dimension, it's not simply a question of direct impact. In fact, it's rarely the direct impact of climate change which is the problem. It's the way in which it interacts first of all via water security through food security and therefore livelihood security for ordinary people and the way that it interacts with governance structures and social structures and inequality which several people have been referring to as a fundamental issue to be to be looking at here. So I think that what we clearly see is a set of worrying impacts on human security, first of all at the local level but then also at the international dimension. In part, as we've seen from the pandemic, this is through the impact of on supply chains. But there are also other dimensions of this and what we look at as was referred to earlier on by the by the by the minister by Alec Sharma. There's a existential problem for many small island developing states and the number of states which seriously face island states that seriously face a risk of inundation, the combined population is about 2.3 million people. That is a very serious issue to be addressing, but one should also think about coastal plains. There are 500 and cities 570 cities on coastal plains at less than five meters above sea level. 20 of those cities have populations of over 10 million. The combined global population on the coat on these low lying coastal plains is somewhere between 800 million and 1 billion people. The issue is not so much to do with inundation as to do a total immersion as to do with sea surges and floods and the kind of effect that Salim was talking about in relation to cyclones and Bangladesh. But these may well be occurring in numerous places that are not used to them. We need to project forward from where we are now and look at the science coming through from the IPCC and look also at the interrelationship between this issue and other aspects of the environmental crisis including pandemics. One begins to see that business as usual on the economic front and building back better without attention to greening the economy and also to greater social equity. Business as usual or anything close to it generates an essentially unmanageable security agenda and unmanageable global humanitarian burden in the 2030s. That is the risk that we're facing. So human security and hard security are commonly used dichotomy to explain to or to describe two different areas of work and security field actually come together very closely. I think that the demonstration that we see of that most vividly and tragically today is in Yemen where years and decades of overuse of water became water conflicts became low level disputes and lie behind a issue now which is a major humanitarian disaster and a major hard security issue in the Gulf region. Today's human security issues are tomorrow's human security problems and humanitarian disasters. So then if I take a look at resilience as a general quality, if you look across different sectors, you can see different things which need to be done in order to build resilience. There are some things, some two things that link all of these different efforts and if we do not invest in them, then all the technical efforts will go, if not go astray, they will be much less than they ought to be. One of those is called knowledge and the second is cooperation. And this is true at any level that you're thinking about people or municipalities or governments or international organizations have to be able to absorb information often difficult, new, sometimes unpleasant information, they have to be able to absorb it, disseminate, discuss, figure out a plan, act upon it together and then monitor what progress they're making. And if they're not cooperating together as they do it, then then nothing will work. I very much like the comment that the minister from Rwanda made that when no one is resilient until we're all resilient. I think this leads to two conclusions at the end. One is that toxic geopolitics that we see today is a risk for building resilience. It undermines the efforts. I think just a quick demonstration of that came in the UN Secretary General's call for a COVID-19 ceasefire, which fell foul of US Chinese wrangling over the World Health Organization when it came to trying to get the UN Security Council to put its weight behind that global ceasefire call. The second one is that what this means about leadership is that leadership is about building cooperation. Internationally it's about building the institutions, the norms, the arrangements, the treaties, and indeed about respecting those norms and the spirit that lies behind them and therefore respecting international law and commitments and arrangements that have been made. Every time international law is breached, the task of building resilience gets harder. On the national level, leadership means facilitating the social and economic conditions that allow cooperation to develop. Honestly, cooperation is the new realism today, and if you think you can solve these problems by yourself, you are totally mistaken. Thanks very much. Great. Thank you, Dan. And I think the issue of the political, whether that's at the local level, the national level, or the geopolitical level, is coming very strongly in this discussion and the fact that how many lessons do we need about consequences of inaction before we actually take a grip. It's not that long ago that we had the Arab Spring and the resource and climate impacts that led to that, and we seem to have forgotten the lessons that led to Syria and Yemen. We have a small amount of time for questions. I've picked some up from the Mentimeter. And the first question I'd like to ask is to start with Salim and then perhaps Sheila, which is very much. How do we actually get governments to listen to the voice of the marginalized and the poorer groups? What are some of the practical actions we can take? Because we always say this, but how do we turn that into an agenda rather than just an aspiration? Salim and then Sheila, if you can comment on that. Thank you very much, Nick, and thanks for the question. So let me just share the experience. In fact, something that Sheila and I have been collaborating on, which is trying to bring together the universities, which I represent, I actually run a consortium of more than 50 universities in Bangladesh called the Gorbashana, which is a Bangalore work for research, and also a network of universities in the least developed countries called the LBC universities consortium, which are working in these countries. And then Sheila represents informal settlements in many of the same countries as well. What we're trying to do is to bring universities as researchers collecting data evidence and having access to decision makers as well as a go between to ensure that we can bring evidence and information that will help the decision makers to improve their decision making. Activists, we're not challenging them. We're not saying they're bad or they shouldn't. They're not doing good things. We accept that they want to do good, but they're not necessarily know how to do it and we want to help them do that and Sheila represents the voices of the people themselves. University researchers, faculty capacity building. We saw that was one of the big things in your word cloud. We do a lot of capacity building for the trust group organizations as well as the government so trusted go between would be my answer to that particular question. So my work in this which has been for many years has a lot to do with developing confidence and capacity amongst communities to aggregate their voice and to demand negotiations. But we also realize that leadership in private sector in local government in national government and indeed internationally also required to change their perspectives on how they view vulnerable groups and that's why I said you see them as beneficiaries and consumers. You can see them as partners. We see that development assistance which is very very little compared to what it should be rarely gets absorbed because nobody asks for people what they want. But we have many many examples across countries across regions across municipalities where communities and this and the leadership work together to find solution and make such good use of the resources that they have spent together that they actually get more money to do what they do together. So the real the real impediment in this process is a belief that poor people can produce top class knowledge about how to produce strategy that will ensure that money invested in their resilience is worthwhile. The second thing is to acknowledge that most poor people's anger and their ability to be destructive gets noticed more than their ability to come to negotiations and discuss. And so I think as we deal with the covert crisis which is recognized in acknowledging all the deficits of the past. I think a transformative commitment that all of us have to make is to engage with each other. Perpetually and on the basis of the right of everybody to contribute knowledge that will produce change. So thank you. Thank you and that's a brilliant answer and I think anybody who's working Europe and the issues of the Gilles Jean or any other would say it would recognize all of those issues. They are not north south. And the second question directed. I think maybe to Emma and Andy is. And again two quick answers please. Really the theme is does money make you resilient. Does does having economic development make you resilient. Why are mega cities mega rich cities like London still not resilient. Just just quick one line is please. Money is a core part of this but it's also about integration into decision making at a very, very early stage. We found on resilience projects that we've worked on at the environment agency that if you're there right at the start bringing that expertise not just of resilience from to flooding and and drought but also to environmental resilience. You can deliver far more quickly, far more efficiently. So it's about how we're at what point you start with this considered thinking in delivering resilience. Brilliant Andy. I would also just add to that that a key issue is how you spend the money. And so, conducting or working intersectionally is absolutely vital. I think the old sort of siloed way of working wage sector works independently is not going to succeed. And so what we need to do is to integrate work across the different sectors, including my own in health I mean health is determined not just by the healthcare system, but also by those determinants of health, like equity, and like environmental pollution and other environmental factors. So we need a cross sexual approach and that means really looking at our governance systems because often they're not conducive to, to these kind of cross sexual intersexual working. Brilliant. I'm going to last give Dan the last word. We've had a lot of consensus about the need to go from the technical to the political to integrate at all levels, particularly high level governance to start early and think long term. I want to understand to you that the last word very quickly please, why is it different this time. It's not that people haven't been saying this for quite a long time, all of you have been doing amazing work for years. What's different this time how can we, how can we use this opportunity what is the opportunity to actually change things. Thank you very much. I think you got a left right hook on this the left hook came last year from the Fridays for the future movement and the, the build up of public awareness and knowledge that climate change and the environmental crisis more generally is a serious issue and then the right hook comes from realising how these issues do now and are going to impact everybody's lives. So I can talk abstractly about security agendas and so on, but the truth is that people are learning now through the COVID-19 pandemic. This is going to, this is going to affect the way I live, whether I'm living in a rich city or a rural area or in the global north or the global south or in the desert of the forest. So it, it's that double impact of public awareness last year and this brutal experience this year that makes it different now. Super thanks so much. I'm sorry we didn't have as much time as we hope for question answers but I have tried to bring in a synopsis of some of the questions in the Mentimeter. Thank you to the panel you've been amazing. Thanks for your brevity as well as your insights, and I'm going to hand over to Andrew Norton, who's the CEO of IID to run the second panel. All right, many thanks Nick and huge thanks to E3G for the great partnership on this event and all your fantastic work on London Climate Action Week as well. So this panel, the second panel focuses on summarising some of the rich discussions on resilience from London Climate Action Week and sharing those with you. And we're focusing on questions like what are the ambitious public policy commitments on adaptation and resilience that we need urgently in the near term. We're also going to be exploring the clear actions that the panellists feel are needed in the run up to COP26 and basically summarising those discussions. Before we go in just a couple of thoughts from me, which have come out of sessions that I've been involved with. We've heard this kind of persistent and appropriate emphasis on the need for COVID recovery to be both green and equitable. It's also a real emerging lesson that the resilience part of the green bit depends very much on the equitable emphasis, the emphasis on equity and transformation. We heard that there are obviously there are massive negative impacts, many of which we're still not really are not really visible and we're still getting to grips with the ILO estimated that have 1.6 billion informal workers in broadly precarious livelihoods that basically that group is severely at risk of losing its livelihoods. So there's much we don't know yet, but there's also positive possibilities. There was one striking thought that the pandemic can be seen as an aperture or an opening for change and that the door will close if action isn't taken fast to get money and power where it's needed. So there are two mentor me to questions, which will support the discussion in this panel, and one we're going to reflect after the panel speak in the form of word cloud. What should be the focus of resilience in the run up to COP26. And the second mentor me to question is a wrap up at the end. In terms of increased ambition. What do you think needs to happen on resilience this decade. So please do log on to mentor me to and offer thoughts and responses to those questions. The panel we have is composed of five speakers. We have Dr Amal Lee Amin, the director of climate change at CDC group who have just released a very ambitious and very welcome new climate change strategy that I'm sure she will speak to. The second speaker will be Premal Gopalan, founder and executive director of Swayam Shiksan Prayog SSP apologies if I didn't nail that quite. The third speaker will be Carlos Sanchez, director of climate resilience investment with Willis Towers Watson. The fourth speaker is Tenzin Wang Mo, the lead negotiator for the least developed countries group under the UNFCCC. And the final speaker will be Professor Nissan Khan, program director of the least developed countries university consortium on climate change luck, which Selima Huck mentioned in his contribution just now. So I think we can move to our first speaker at this point, who will be Dr Amal Lee Amin. Thank you. Thank you, Andrew, Nick, E3G for bringing us all together on such an important topic. So as Andrew, as you just pointed out, we, CDC, we launched our new climate strategy yesterday. And that does represent an ambitious agenda for CDC. I think important to emphasize that the strategy is really about a whole of organization approach. And we aim to address climate change through our investment decision making processes, as well as at the portfolio level. And we have three main building blocks of our Paris alignment agenda. The first is to be net zero by 2050. The second is around supporting a socially just transition to net zero. And the third is around adaptation and resilience. And I'll talk a little bit about that now. So we have set out, I would say yes very ambitious agenda to, to approach climate adaptation and resilience in two main ways. And the first to really ensure resiliency of all the investments we make, looking at future investments, but also, I think we'll, we're starting to develop an approach to look at our existing portfolio and how we can assess the extent to which there may be climate change and resiliency within our existing portfolio as well. And part of the reason we recognize the importance to do that is, I mean it's our new Paris alignment strategy but we are also committed to the task force and climate related disclosure, which is as many will be emerging good practice for financial institutions and corporates to effectively address climate risk, both physical and transition risk. So, looking at not just our future investments but also existing portfolio in that context is really important. And the second main focus on adaptation and resilience is how we can invest more and shape and develop markets for the types of businesses, business solutions, financial products that need to be available at the very, very much at the local level to enable climate risk to be better anticipated and managed for across all sectors. We know that, you know, many sectors are vulnerable then of course there's, as others said in the previous panel, that one you can't work in silos, climate risk in one sector can have very significant implications across another. And of course the water sector is a critical one, specifically for food and agriculture. So, you know, very much trying to understand some of those climate risks in, as we invest in the food and agriculture sector, but also we're seeing in our markets potential challenges for manufacturing, which are heavily reliant on water, as well as various other sectors. So, we're really I would say the beginning of a journey at this point. I think what's really interesting is through the TCFD we're starting to see a lot of new tools and analysis developing around this. We're very keen, however, to ensure that we develop our internal process for doing this effectively, because we will really need to understand and, you know, be able to adapt our processes moving forward. Just to perhaps maybe come back to this in the next round, Andrew, but you know, I think what's what we're seeing is not surprising. I'm sure to everyone here on this panel is there can be a lot of potential private sector opportunities in this area, but we do need to see the public sector. And I would say public sector at the international level, including the role of multilaterals, the IMF, the role of network for greening the financial system and thinking about systemic integration of climate risk, as well as the national level public sector where climate risk is more effectively integrated into regulatory processes where I think, as Emma said, you know, it's recognized and integrated really early on in the planning process. You know, all of these things really need to happen before we'll be able to see real scale of investment in the privates from private sector. And so, you know, I think moving ahead, looking ahead to COP26, how do we build that ecosystem at the international level, at the national level, and ensuring at the national level that it is very much working at the grassroots community level as well as at both federal government level and city level in particular. So perhaps I'll come back on a few more thoughts on that, Andrew, in the next round. Thank you so much, Emily. That was great, great contribution, but also again congratulations for the new strategy, which is a really important contribution, I think, in the, in the field of direct finance institutions. I love the emphasis on risk being multidimensional for businesses, as well as communities. This is something that's come up in a lot of the conversations, and the need to understand and work around understanding those links better. But also your emphasis on the different levels that we do need, as well as private sector engagement to make that really work. It's a kind of, it's a systemic thing. We also need the appropriate and energetic interventions from the global public sector, the multilateral, but also from national policy as well as a set of frameworks. So, huge thanks, Emily, and looking forward to continuing that when we come back to you later. So our next speaker is Premat Gopalan. Premat, please go ahead. I'm really pleased to be here. And thanks to E3G, IID, and the Global Commission on Adaptation. I come from nearly two decades of experience. And the grassroot communities and women's groups that we have worked with over these two decades have repeatedly turned every disaster into an opportunity for not just empowering themselves, but also building more resilient communities. In fact, SSP, or Swayam Shikshin Prayo, is a learning and development organization and is a core member of VIRU Commission that works with grassroot women's groups and organizations in climate regions in more than 30 countries to build their resilience. So, from this experience, it's very clear. And I would just cite one or two examples of how the climate crisis and how people have coped with this climate crisis, especially the drought hit water scarce parts of Maharashtra and India. More than 70,000 small and marginal farmers, especially women, have accessed land from their families, but in a radical and very pro climate manner, they've converted more than 50,000 acres of land for food crops, which are biodiverse and use organic methods of cultivation. So post COVID, we saw these communities and these women not just being able to feed their families, but also managing to feed the most vulnerable and also finding jobs for jobs and loans for those migrants who had returned from the cities. And all this was done within days of the lockdown here in March, when we ourselves were really wondering what's going to be our next strategy. So this has been a return on investment of decades of building women's leadership at the grassroots. And whether it's in the earthquakes earlier or the tsunami or the floods and the cyclones, the response of women as change makers, but also as part of local planning. And now in post COVID, we're seeing that they have created circular economies. And what I mean is circular food economies, which have both catered for livelihoods and also been able to get communities to survive on a self-reliant strategy. However, going forward, economic recovery cannot really go ahead with business as usual, as all the other speakers have said, it has to focus on getting women at the center of decision making at all levels. Because the current leadership is not something we can trust where more than 1.8 billion children are out of school and Andrew said more than 1.6 billion workers out of their jobs. So the children are at home, putting an extreme caregiving burden on women. This absolutely needs to be considered. Women are not part of decision making. So going ahead, instead of building adaptation and resilience in communities, we might be doing more harm than good. So I think the call for ambitious and bold leadership is as Sheila said, is to partner with grassroots communities and their federations with farmers, producer groups, urban poor federations, urban and rural, to see that they are, they have a place at the table. I think out of box policies, but mainly incentives and resources are needed to support the organizations of the poor. We cannot say that people are invisible on one side and whatever has happened post COVID is a miracle. We need to analyze carefully that just by investing in technology, which is the current bus, we need to invest in people as well. So, Andrew, over to you now. I can see you nodding. Thank you so much. That was great. Thank you, particularly for those powerful examples of the way grassroots organizations led by women have stepped up to really be the backbone of the response in so many places. And your comments about getting women at the center of the response. This of course is reflected in many ways in as many people have commented in the record of those countries that have tended to do better in terms of immediate and urgent responses to the pandemic. So many thanks indeed, Prima. That was really rich and powerful. Now let me hand over to the next speaker on our panel, who is Carlos Sanchez. Thank you very much, Andrew. And thank you, 3G, for the kind invitation and to everyone for being here with us today. A real pleasure to share the stage with so many prestigious fellow panelists. And I must say that it's always challenging to come to intervene late in the panel because of the quality of the intervention so far. And I'm going to struggle to add some of the very great points that have been raised by fellow panelists in my intervention. So with that being said, Andrew, and responding to your question, first of all, about ambition and what does ambitious leadership look like in the run up to COP26. We always like to say that the very first stage in that road to real ambition must be to really tackle one of the challenges that we all face in the resilience and adaptation space. That is narrative and that we all should recognize that we are struggling to effectively communicate to key constituencies and across constituencies what adaptation and resilience is. How can we measure it? How can we prove success in this space? And that's an area where we are absolutely ready and showing that willingness to collaborate and to work towards a more consistent, robust narrative. At the end of the day, resilience and adaptation, they refer to the same thing that that is risk. And it's risk to the viability of livelihoods, the viability of communities, of societies, of economies, and of returns. But it all relies on the same level of exposure, which results in different levels of vulnerability, and that is absolutely true and needs to be equally recognized. From there, the next level to really build an ambition to COP26, we believe from the perspective, and here I must say more from the perspective of the coalition for climate of city and investment. We believe that we have an opportunity to align private and private actors and their respective incentive structures and the war incentives is absolutely key here because only then we can build solutions that facilitate the understanding and the management of that risk. And most importantly, we can prepare the groundwork for real commitments that mobilize real action and real investment to where is most needed. This is precisely the gold behind the creation of the coalition for climate resilient investment. Absolutely honored by by by Secretary of State Alec Sharma remarks and his mention of the coalition that that is that is a call of responsibility for us to keep the hard work and deliver for COP26 and we are definitely on track to do that. The CCRI was born as a commitment from the private financial industry to in collaboration with key public actors develop the necessary solutions for a better integration of climate risk in decision making, probably speaking, but maybe more specifically into investment decision making. Secretary of State Alec Sharma alluded to, we are now more than 15 institutions and committed to develop the solutions that that cover from supporting sovereign public institutions in how they prioritize and allocate often scarce fiscal resources to protect economic and social value in a given jurisdiction. To the moment that we invest in a particular investment or project to secure that that investment is going to happen in a way that is going to deliver when we need that investment to deliver that asset to deliver economic and social value. For for the development of the coalition. Of course, we are very proud of the members that have really supported and given us the real mandate, but we are equally or more thankful to the convening partners that really made the coalition possible. The UK government front and central, we are eternally thankful for for their support and convenient power that they have facilitated to us. But similarly, the World Economic Forum, the global commission adaptation global center and adaptation World Resources Institute without then we certainly wouldn't have been able to bring the coalition to to where we are. I would like to finish this first question touching on the important work that we're having with both OECD, non OECD countries because we see that there is a same answer and same exam question for the need to integrate families can I think that here I would like to touch on on what Emma said that that that at the end of the day we we find exposure in both OECD and non OECD countries and the that the market failure is felt everywhere in the in the imperfect integration of climate risk in decision making. And that we need to raise awareness about that is absolutely true. The most vulnerable countries require the immediate action and we are working in that regard with vulnerable countries in in facilitating not for them to only understand exposure, which is something that has already happened, but for them to manage that exposure and to raise more resilience out of this crisis. Just a final comment and to highlight the additional challenge when we talk about investment in resilience to highlight that one of the critical issues and challenge that we face is that as compared to mitigation and transition risk. So this investment is not about quantity of capital, and we all know that some of the quality of capital is about the quality of each dollar to maximize the protection of economic and social continuity in the face of increased exposure to physical families. And I may stop here and continue later thank you very much. Thank you so much Carlos really strong points that I love the point about communication being key and that we have to learn how to describe it better that's all about risk and describing multi dimensional risk or analyzing risk on a broad canvas. Thank you also for that introduction to the coalition, the climate resilient investment which is such an important initiative. Many thanks. So let me turn to our next panelist who is Tenzin Wang Mo, the lead negotiator of the least developed countries group in the UNF triple C on climate change. Thank you Andrew and also thank you for all the organizers for initiating for taking the initiative to further the momentum on climate change in particular the adaptation and also thank you for all the earliest speakers for sharing all the rich experiences from the field that you have been working across the world so thank you very much for that. So, coming on the ambitious leadership on adaptation and resilience and also the laying the ground work on the run up to COP26. Let me express that the current impact of climate change has made development very difficult and expensive for the LDCs. Improving adaptation action into a national development plan has created as an additional level of work for the LDCs. And also mobilizing national resources to support adaptation work has been highly jeopardized by the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on economies where resources have been prioritized and allocated to pressing needs of the nation. So unless a scale up new and additional finance is secured, a significant deficit of adaptation funding is likely. We also see that it's critical that efforts by all developed countries to mobilize and make accessible climate finance continue with an upward trend from the current level, particularly grants for adaptation, which is very vital priority for developing countries in particular for the LDCs. And developed countries should also balance the adaptation and medication support. For instance, this could be achieved by allocating the resources to fund that are dedicated to the adaptation funds such as LDCF and adaptation fund or funds that prioritize adaptation or that aims to achieve a balanced funding mechanism such as GCF and Jeff. And also by doing so, resources to adaptation will be sustained and built resilient and resilience enhanced with gain from adaptation co-benefits from sustainable development projects. And on the run up to COP26, institutions serving the Paris Agreement and other climate funds must also give greater attention to adaptation and adaptation co-benefits from development projects. These institutions and funds should support developing countries adaptation strategies and plans as per the country's priorities, especially through more streamlined review approval and disbursement process that accelerate access to adaptation finance. In addition, this fund must also start devising ways to incorporate climate change and adaptation support mechanism that can actually help developing countries bounce back fast and sustainably from the impact of COVID-19 while also building resilience and adaptation to climate change. This is especially urgent given that almost all developing countries, particularly the LDCs are in the crucial moment of revising the NDC with higher climate change ambition. Regardless of the challenges, many LDCs are stepping up efforts to raise ambition and submit their updated NDC. And also we are in the process of formulating and implementing the NAVS and create an enabling in a political environment. Many are pursuing various ways to ensure to the extent possible that their work is on track despite the restriction associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. So for LDCs through our LDC 2050 vision and initiatives, we want to achieve climate resilient pathway by 2030 and net zero emission by 2050 to ensure that our societies and ecosystem thrive. We are also committed to advance the LDC renewable energy and energy efficiency initiative for sustainable development. Then the LDC initiative for effective adaptation and resilience. And as Dr. Salimal has mentioned the LDC university consortium on climate change, which are all LDC owned and LDC late initiative working towards simultaneously address climate change and also drive sustainable development at the national and local level and to support the delivery of the LDC 2050 vision. So we are also very pleased to see that the UK, the United Kingdom and also the island has committed to financially support the LDC initiative for effective adaptation and resilience. And we also look forward for other developed partners to join us in taking this forward. Thank you very much. So I hand it over back to Andrew. Thank you. Thank you so much, Tenzin. IID has worked for many years with the LDC group in the climate negotiations. And for me personally, since I started as director, it's been amazing to see what you have achieved and the truly global leadership that the LDC group has provided. And thanks also for those thoughts leading into COP26. There is still a lot of work to do to ensure that finance for adaptation and resilience gets to the LDCs and that they get access to the funds needed in the right kind of way. And the life they are initiative that you mentioned is a really important kind of pathway forward for that. So now let me go to our final panelist, Dr Meezan Khan. So thank you, Andrew. Thank you, Andrew, for inviting me. I'm here giving kind of party to Professor David Lewis. So in response to your question that how we can enhance resilience. I will refer to Article 11 of the Parish Agreement. Now, Article 11 has this article, Parish Agreement has the article on capacity building, which talks about strengthening capacity of the developing countries, particularly the LDCs and the states. And this is very, very important. And I personally believe that capacity building is the key to enhancing resilience and strengthening adaptation because earlier models of capacity building didn't work well. Yesterday, Professor David made a presentation at the webinar organized by our center together with IID. He mentioned about our research collaboration between UK and Bangladesh, which we plan to embark upon between UK and Bangladesh universities on research, and he presented a new model of capacity building through research, strengthening research capacities. Let me show the basic approach and principles of that, which can be replicated in other LDC countries. As I myself am the program director of LDC universities consortium on climate change, whose main mission is to capacitate all these governments. So David mentioned that the first principle of that collaboration is a partnership among equals. This is very important. You know that the work plan under the Parish Committee on capacity building has got nine elements. I will just refer to two elements. One is to learn lessons from the past efforts and initiatives. And another element is to ensure promote and ensure ownership of developing countries. So this partnership of equals, why we emphasize on that because earlier capacity building initiatives was based on ad hoc basis project focus short term and led by foreign consultants. And so our argument is that not much capacities have been built because once the project ended, the consultant submitted the final report and capacity building is done. But to our mind, not much has been done. So this is one point. Second point is in our collaboration, we want to put the needs of developing countries LDCs up front, first and up front, because earlier research and other collaborative efforts did not reflect exactly the priorities of LDC countries. So this is another point. Third, our principle or approach is that research has to be transformed into action into policy, because earlier university led research was done mainly for generating knowledge for knowledge sake, and for strengthening the curriculum of the university faculty members for promotion and for getting tenureship. But now our research has to be based on policy relevant research, evidence based research, because our university must have the commitment to solving problems in the society. So we cannot live anymore in ivory towers, we have to be grounded and try to think of solving the problems that the society faces and climate change is now the premier diplomatic issue and also the prime problem of society's face. And the final principle that we want to promote is that capacity building and research has to be a continuous process. It's not a one shot game as the practice was in the past. So our approach is to continue the skill development process. And also, not just the ending of a project, for example, but our main focus will be what happens after the project ends, for example. So here we have an approach of evaluation and learning based on the experiences. So basically it's a learning by doing approach. So these are our main approach to capacity building. And as Madame Tengen has referred to that our society is now a day now, particularly in view of COVID faces further, further kind of problems in terms of financing. So yesterday, Emma Boyd, who is commissioner of the U.K. Environment Agency has also a commissioner to the GCA, referred to the need of finance for research, because without finance we cannot go anywhere. With Madame Tengen, I myself also am a long term negotiator in the Bangladesh delegation for 20 years. So we have a serious deficit of adaptation finance. And once we can have a slice of this climate finance into research, which developed development partners did not do it before. They never have funded kind of capacity building at universities in developing countries. Okay, but universities should be the central hub of capacity building in partnership with all the stakeholders in the society, the government with the private sector with the students and with the community, because we have an approach of action research. So and learning by doing so I think we can contribute greatly to building resilience through capacity building at all levels through education and research. Thank you very much, Andrew. Thank you very much indeed, Professor Misen. Really excellent thoughts. I love the emphasis on capacity building, particularly in research for skills for knowledge for policies and for learning and action. And again, the mention of the LDC universities consortium, which is such an important initiative. So now we're not going to have much time for the question responses, but many thanks. Just let me see at this point, Juliet, do we have the first Mentimeter result that we can share. So here's a word cloud. What should the focus be for resilience in the run up to COP 26. So there you have collaboration and action coming out, but also transformation, peace making a range of other things. That's very, very rich. Thanks very much for that. Now, let me just return quickly to the questions. There aren't going to be many at this point, but here's the first one, which I think I'd like to direct to Prema. And the question is, how do we get governments to listen to the voices of those most disempowered and vulnerable people impacted? Prema, would you like to take that one? I think from our experience, one is we get local communities which are organized. I would really emphasize organized and have economic power within to actually negotiate with either the financial institutions and the government across the table. So, for example, if bankers actually visit the communities, if they are allowed to leave their banks and visit communities, the effect is tremendous. The other ways that we have found very useful, especially after crisis is to align several line departments so that you break the silos and within communities break the silos between various, in case of India, various caste groups or various other groups. And we've seen that empowered women leaders and the groups are really able to bring about unity. Unity within communities for the cause and unity between the line departments and convergence. In the last three months, we've achieved a huge amount in terms of putting the agenda right at the center and social protection of the vulnerable groups of migrants. Restoring health services and extending them down to the last mile with the help of frontline workers and women's groups, youth groups. Also skill mapping and mapping what communities need and matching it with what the government has to offer. I just wanted to add that I think building resilience is really not building back better but building going forward, the adaptive and innovative solutions that the poor have brought forth need to be scaled up and we need flexible finance and other kinds of policy support for that. Thank you very much indeed, Prema. I think unfortunately we're almost at the end now so there were some other great questions but apologies to anyone whose question didn't get through. So maybe at this point, we can go to the second mentor meter. Juliet if you could just put that up the answer to the second question. In terms of increased ambition. What do you think needs to happen on resilience this decade. So you can see the answers there. A lot of focus on grassroots mechanisms focus also on preparedness and the urban agenda and the elephant of the room human use of other species like that. Many thanks for those also as well. All of this you'll be able to see on the recording that we will post. So I think we are now pretty much at the end. Let me just offer a final thought. I think one of the key lessons from the pandemic that we should be all be carrying very much in mind towards COP 26 is the way that different national responses have shown the importance of acting on the science but also acting early and acting with urgency. Obviously climate change is different. It's much more global public challenge and there are elements that require that urgency to be truly global and that's enormously challenging but on in the resilience agenda as well. We need to find that urgency of building forward as premier just eloquently said so many thanks to everyone. Huge thanks to to my IID colleagues to our colleagues at E3G for a fantastic partnership on this and also to all of the panelists and all of the speakers many thanks.