 Last time we had discussed the major experiences that could induce a sense of awarding withdrawal or compromise in the adult life of a person. We ended with the fact that if you have certain degree of predictable punishment in your life then it still could be tolerable for us as a recipient of those punishments. But more and more randomized is the presentation of the punishment. Means the more and more unpredictable it is, it could be much more anxiety arousing for us. We now come to the form of withdrawal that usually is designated as withdrawal symptom in psychology in clinical literature. We had already talked about certain forms of defenses being used. We talked about the fact that it can be an intelligent way of handling a situation. But we also sometime back know we did touch upon this issue that there could be a possibility that there is a predominant uses of withdrawal as a defense mechanism. Now if the combination of immaturity and helplessness provides a shield against failure to achieve somebody then one starts exhibiting defense mechanism such as say regression as a defense mechanism. The reason being that you want to revert back to less demanding state in the case of regression. You find the present condition to be extremely demanding something which puts extraordinary pressure on you and you find your limitations in terms of handling it. And therefore, you decide to revert back to a stage of life which according to you was far more pleasing simply because there were not those many demands put forth also you were capable of managing those demands. And therefore, one can show regression as a technique. Now fantasy as a defense is normal, but there could be a possibility of partial or complete withdrawal where reality is substituted by imaginary scenarios. Now what we I think know study or day for somebody came here after the lecture asking that if you overuse fantasy is it a good way of handling the situation. And now we are touching that issue that fantasy could be a normal type of a defense mechanism that people use, but there could be a possibility where you partially or you completely withdraw your engagement from the environment because you are able to create an imaginary scenario are you getting this point. So, it is not that you are present in the environment and a part of it you fulfill through imaginary achievement say you might create an imaginary scenario itself where you are involved. And therefore, you either go for a partial withdrawal or you go for a complete withdrawal. So, even if you go for a partial or a complete withdrawal this could be a problem. Then another form of such type of abnormal withdrawal is aware you adjust while developing certain form of elements what is reported as psychosomatic disorders. Now the psychopathology literature is full of psychosomatic disorders where primarily the origin of the problem lies in the psychology of the human being and the symptom lies on the soma part the body part. So, you have a bodily manifestation of the problem whereas the cause of the problem lies in your psychological process. So, if you know tend to develop withdrawal symptom based on certain type of elements that you develop then once again it is classified as a set of psychological disorder classified as psychosomatic disorders. And withdrawal is also shown as neurotic reaction patterns and in certain cases you can have psychotic patterns also. Neurotic and psychotic patterns we will discuss some of them at length that would be our last module that would be the last or the last but one week of the semester. But remember this that there could be a possibility where you have fabricated scenario you have an imaginary scenario which makes you partially withdraw or completely withdraw then it is no more fantasy. Fantasy is now triggering you to move towards withdrawal symptom. There could be a case where you tend to withdraw and in order to defend yourself you develop certain symptoms which is again indicator of a disorder called psychosomatic disorder and there could yet be a possibility where you have certain type of a neurotic or a psychotic symptom which is combined with withdrawal tendency. All these types of withdrawal mechanisms are considered to be abnormal reactions. They are not going to help you in striking balance in your life and therefore they do not positively contribute to your psychology of adjustment. So that was all that we had to discuss certain things we can take up know if it interests you like say issues like compulsive type of engagement in a set of activity that does not allow you to engage yourself in other activities. Say compulsive gambling for example compulsion to watch pornographic material for example compulsive gaming for example. You somewhere feel that you enjoy the stuff the virtual stuff to the heightened extent and you engage yourself so much so that your real life situations and real life demands you compromise with. There are good deal of research on this compulsive gambling on compulsion towards pornographic material compulsive engagement in gaming behavior and why is it that people get engaged in such type of things and why is it that they have a tough time getting rid of it. If you are interested later on know I will pass on some reading stuff to you where you can have a look at it. So this is all for today it is now open for discussion if you have anything to discuss anything to ask most welcome. We are reverting back to the previous module is that so where we had the maintenance needs. This was the whole list of maintenance needs you are saying that how do we interlink approval value and meaning and hope to each other. See because we are living in a social structure we are supposed to comply to certain social needs the society will demand a certain things from us and in turn we are supposed to fulfill them. Now the way we interact with others in the society and overall the way we influence our society requires certain degree of approval. So say for example take the example of the performance of an instructor during a course in a semester. There could be a possibility that you do not approve of the content you do not approve of the methodology adopted you do not approve of the manner in which it was deliberated you do not approve of the way the classroom interaction took place and your entire approval disapproval gets reflected when you get a chance to fill your student reaction survey. Now that is an approval mechanism that has been designated that has been designed by a system which tells you that whether certain form of behavior of an instructor behavior in the sense that overall performance including behavior is does it have overall approval or not. In personal context also when you respond to an individual or when you respond to a given situation you do seek approval the more and more positive feedback you get the more and more you are sure that your response is approved. So it is basically a feedback mechanism that makes you realize that this form of behavior in this quantum in this situation in this format is perfectly acceptable. The more and more acceptable you are to others in your environment the more and more adjusted you feel the more and more happier you are because the demands does not mismatch what you are delivering. If there is a lack of approval this would mean that what the society expects from you and what you are delivering there is not a perfect match between the two and higher is the mismatch more and more is the load on you to give the desired outcome. Similarly the more and more you are able to deliver things that is demanded by others the more and more value you find in the engagement that you are involved in and the more and more you find that you are engaged in value oriented activities you are able to identify some meaning in whatever you are doing. Take certain examples like somebody who has designated value to certain form of engagement which others do not take pride in. I would not name the shrine but there is a very popular shrine in our country where the son of the leader of that shrine went abroad studied abroad studied management there and could have no joined job like any other management graduate. But after certain time after graduating he came back and joined his father as say leader of the shrine so he was second in command and after his father he is now the leader of that shrine the major stakeholder of the shrine. Now if I share this story with you for certain reasons I am not naming the shrine but it is a very popular shrine in our country. Now if you interpret this type of say activity performed by an individual one way of looking at it I do not know the exact reason why he decided to do so but just as an example we are discussing as an intellectual enterprise we are no looking for causes. One logic you can give that what would have been his salary if he would have joined the best job and how much does he earn now of course there is no comparison because what he earns through shrine is far more compared to what he would he would have earned as his salary because the donation to shrines are very high. What would have been his social status as manager and as leader of the shrine again there is no comparison. You enjoy far better social status as a leader of the shrine. Now these are our ways of looking at things the external viewpoint there could be the person specific viewpoint and the person says that you know I was always interested in engaging myself in activities which are directed towards others. Now visiting a shrine you know worshipping there at that location and you know getting engaged in some type of spiritual religious activities there give them a deep sense of solace for those who have been suffering in life and I am instrumental in running this mechanism I find it more value oriented. This gives me my engagement in such type of shrine based activity also gives me meaning to my life is perfectly okay the way the person looks at know his engagement and is able to know find value in whatever he or she is doing and finds meaningful engagement for himself or herself that helps you retain your level of engagement in the task concerned and it also makes you very happy satisfied you derive a sense of achievement it finally contributes to your sense of well being it contributes to your mental health that is true that is true. Let me give you some weird examples this is an example from a textbook in Morgan King's Coppola that very book on introduction to psychology you find this example a guard who was put at the railway crossing in one of the small towns in England did his job meticulously throughout his life okay his entire job was what you find here at the main gate of IIT Kanpur where somebody is only designated the task that if a train has to cross your man crossing then you just have to close the gate and then once the train crosses okay you have to open it all you have to ensure is that there is no accident at your site where you are posted this man okay was engaged in this activity for quite long and he performed his job meticulously never ever an error took place at the place where he was deputed much later at the last phase of his career in the relevance he was given a promotion okay he was supposed to become a supervisor because he has now rendered a glorious service for certain number of years and this man denied the promotion when he was asked okay why you do not want to be promoted because usually people will always look for promotion and he said that if I become supervisor of the man railway crossings my nature of job will be different I would primarily be looking at others who would actually be performing the task so I am not performing the task myself others would be performing the task and I would be evaluating them okay so instead of saving a forthcoming accident instead of saving property in human life I would primarily be responsible for all those who commit error and because of their error okay some damages cause to life and property he said that I find the previous engagement more meaningful and I do not find the later offer that I have with me meaningful at all you have different ways know people how people look at what they do there is a very popular temple in the western India where you find know people who would come there and offer food to rats I do not know if you have visited that temple it is a very popular temple there okay and you find only rats and rats there okay so and you know in the form of the Prasad it is usually offered in Hindu temples you find eating stuffs for the rats being sold out of the temple all you do is you buy it you worship God and you offer the Prasad to the rats because it is full of rats so you find that the rats will start you know pouring in and they will eat the stuff okay and you would also find interestingly something that might sound not acceptable and worth practicing to us is that you will find human beings okay also taking those prasads know as if this is a blessed return from God if I offer you something that mouse has eaten I do not know how many of you would accept it so if your hall your miss manager tells you okay that all the biscuits all the laddus all the fruits that will be served in this canteen will be partly consumed by the rats okay why because this is blessings of Lord Ganesha how many of you would accept it I doubt even I myself would not accept it okay but there you have a know people in the temple who know very religiously they are involved into such things and you take pride in doing whatever you are doing there are beautiful documentaries know where you would find people who take pride in you know collecting food for the monkeys in the urban area they will come they will distribute food they are very very friendly with the monkeys every day they do it okay without a gap I have myself seen somebody who every day would you know take flour in his hand those know big big bundles of it and will make small pieces out of it go to the gangers offer it to the fishes and he finds it very meaningful okay so these are basically know more of the things that satisfies you within if you try to link approval and value and meaning see approval is where I approve of a format of behavior and I also seek a positive feedback from others this is how my behavior is approved when I find something very meaningful okay then the external world still might not approve of it but because I find it very convincing therefore I go ahead with it and because know others are not able to see it the way I see it right now today but tomorrow who knows others would start looking with the things I am looking at it okay major philanthropic engagements of individuals say for example mother Teresa's involvement in philanthropic activities for example okay she along with another sister both of them they started the work okay and it was only two who would find meaningful engagement in whatever they were doing okay and gradually gradually gradually people started pouring in and finally you have the whole big organization spread throughout the world okay there could be many such things many such things where you find that you are able to find it valuable you are able to sign a meaning to that engagement whereas others are not able to or vice versa okay where know people endorse you that this is you know worth doing why do not you do it you are capable of doing it and you realize it and then you start moving ahead the third possibility that you find something meaningful valuable you start doing it others do not value it then comes a time when your activities know is recognized by others and they also join you it becomes a much bigger group all such possibilities could be there but then finally it adds you maintain the fact that I am a human being who is involved in value or interactivity I you find your engagement extremely meaningful and therefore you carry forward the thing that you are increasing this is how know value and meaning will help you finally if you realize that I am you involved in something which has certain degree of value attached to it when I realize that I am fine I am able to assign a meaning to whatever I am doing okay and this also has certain degree of approval okay self approval and the approval of others okay I am pretty optimistic in my life okay so targets that I am not able to achieve or targets which might appear you know far fetching and probably unachievable at this point of time still I am hopeful that a day would come when such targets would be achieved if not be somebody else will achieve it but then the movement must go ahead imagine the situation the first person to decide that he will be the freedom fighter and would fight for the cause of the country which country can choose different countries okay that person would certainly not have been very sure if his attempt would be finally you know liberating his country from the occupancy of the foreigners okay take our Indian context the first revolt 1857 revolt I am not sure if the leaders at that time were very convinced that their effort will make the Britishers move out of the country okay but that doesn't stop you from still doing something which you find value oriented which you find very meaningful okay and your hopes run very high even though the price that you pay for it could be very high say for example 1857 those who took the lead in the revolt all of them were either killed during the war or they were later on hanged by the British forces okay but did it not the whole engagement did it not know induce at high hopes in them the hopes were high the price was also high okay but it's not that they would not have calculated the price if this entire enterprise fails but still you are very hopeful you are optimistic and you are doubly sure that if not me if not today then somebody else and definitely tomorrow and this is how you engage yourself in activities many many people who have achieved certain targets in life okay many there are hundreds and thousands of such examples where you would realize that people take a pledge which they I am sure they are very convinced that it cannot be achieved but still you take the pledge and throughout your life you were engaged in that Dr. Christian Bernard for example okay his own younger brother had a hole in his heart okay both of them both the siblings were very young when his younger brother died the death of the younger brother was a big shock to the family and his father preserved the half eaten biscuit that was the last of that his son had taken before his death okay little later when Christian Bernard grew up his father still was preserving that half eaten biscuit and he would he showed it to his son elder son Christian Bernard and said that you know your brother had a hole in his heart and there was no mechanism in medical science is available to plug in those holes it was a terrible death that your brother had and this is you know the last you know memory that we have related to your brother half eaten biscuit last food that he ate and he died this was some type of an emotional engagement for the parents no that you preserve the memory of your son okay who died because of certain medical ailment this became a great source of motivation for Dr. Christian Bernard who even later on know got this biscuit preserved for himself okay he would keep it on his walk table and would derive inspiration out of it he developed the whole mechanism of plugging in the holes in the heart and he took a pledge know that he will plug all holes in all hearts of the world okay wherever the patients are now this is an unachievable target practically if you look at it but think of the hope of a man who know tirelessly works for years and years altogether just you know trying to evolve a much better technique trying to know heal the wounds of the small children who have who are born with the holes in their hearts okay and conducted no n number of surgery that was possible for him okay on achieve a what I am trying to prove is know that you could take a pledge you could get involved in something which you find very value oriented very meaningful and your hopes run very high and you devote years and years perhaps your entire life for that cause okay Christian Bernard we have one example of it I am told that when Lenin became the head of his nation when you the then USSR came into being he took a pledge that he will never take milk till he is able to feed all Russian children with a glass of milk now you if you take a pledge like that perhaps you know that you would never ever be in a position to have a milk in your life now because practically it's an unreachable task to ensure that all kids in your country gets minimum one glass of milk every day but you take the pledge and you fight for the cause okay I don't remember the name but I had watched a film it was basically of a doctor who wanted to take care of the people who had been the victims of the Nagashyaki and Hiroshima bomb blast okay the atomic explosion there as a doctor he must have been very sure that he is now exposing himself to radiation and he is going to die in the process I am extremely convinced about that very very convinced simply because you are you know a person who is who knows about all these things you are well informed but still that man decided to go back to those affected areas in Japan and he died in that process okay he himself became a victim of it okay lost his eyesight later on died but then till he was alive and till he did not lose his eyesight he kept on kept on kept on you know continuously engaging himself with the victim of the atomic bomb blast okay now you find something else meaningful okay somebody takes pride in running away securing life for himself and his family somebody takes pride in getting engaged for the cause and your hopes run very high okay and all it does is that finally your engagement makes you realize that life is worth living this act is worth doing go ahead finally this is the you know punch words that you recollect from these experiences and therefore you are able to maintain your status as a productive human being who interacts with his environment is in the very sane state of mind and is engaged in productive activities any other question okay what purpose maintenance needs serves see basically I am an individual okay who is you know performing certain type of activities I am in a particular state of mind okay I am of a given personality type I am of a given temperament I have my own feelings I have my own motivation this is how I would define an individual what maintenance needs do is that it provides you the basic skeleton that won't allow you collapse okay if I can draw a parallel it's like say you design a human body and take out the skeleton out of it now if you remove the bony structures of the human body then you can't stand erect your entire rest of all your systems could be very intact but still your body would collapse on the ground simply because you do not have the basic framework to help you stand erect okay this only comes when you have a proper skeleton system which supports you maintenance need actually provides that skeleton to you where there are certain things which you take as you know denominators to analyze your engagement in the world you tried to analyze yourself how good you are in terms of delivering what the environment is demanding from you you are able to evaluate whether your engagement satisfies you or not so finally all these needs put together no ten twelve needs that you see here they primarily help you to retain yourself as a human being who is engaged in worldly engagement and finds his engagement to be fruitful okay is capable because of such engagements he or she is capable of no maintaining the level of adjustment that he or she is supposed to and is able because adjustment by nature is supposed to be dynamic in nature no so every moment you have to adjust according to one thing or the other these maintenance needs okay are those pillars which supports you okay maintain that level of your adjustment it doesn't allow you to sink and even if you sink in certain situations it's a momentary type of a process and you regain your strength and is no so that type of a stability that you attain as a human being maintenance needs they provide skeleton to this yes any other question see adequate frame of reference basically means that when you have to analyze yourself and when you have to analyze others in the world okay you would search for some denominators no say achievements say if I have to compute what was the percentage of your score in your first quiz okay all I would do is that what was the denominator how much did you achieve okay and I use a mathematical formula to say that you have secured say 68 percent marks okay if I have to evaluate how did I perform in my life or how am I performing in my life how are others performing in their life okay how am I performing with respect to others I need to have a denominator for that how would I derive the denominator okay so frame of reference would basically no provide you that denominator that will help you understand okay that you are able to finally evaluate a person an action a group the dynamics a process whatsoever it is with respect to the boundaries that you have a sketch so it is equivalent to if you remember the earlier example that we had taken was that it is more like a picture that you take and you try to fit it into the frame that you are holding so you have a photo frame you have a picture and all you do is that you try to put that picture in that photo frame of reference what it would do okay that it gives you certain assumptions okay in a situation which is driven by all types of combinations you have certain reality assumptions okay for example the example that we had taken earlier was that say the first day when you come to the lecture hall okay and you see the instructor for a designated course before that you have never seen the instructor you are put your request to or is there was no computer based program which finally allocated you HSS selective but then you have certain reality assumptions your assumption would be that my instructor will certainly be above this age you cannot think of a 13 year old instructor of 7 year old instructor why because there are certain reality based you know or reality driven assumptions that you know that these many years are needed okay this much of certain degree of achievement is needed in the area of academics then only you qualify to enter into the profession so therefore your reality assumptions allow you to cut certain things which we will not be considered by you in terms of evaluating the individual okay there could be some possibility assumption the instructor could be fat the instructor could be thin the instructor could be tall could be shorter in height could have gray hairs could have black hairs could have specs could have could not have specs these are all no possibility assumptions there could be possibility of this and if not this maybe this or maybe this also that is the possibility assumptions and then you have certain value based assumptions I think he should certainly be able to teach psychology he should certainly be able to talk in English he should certainly be able to deliver content on the given topic that is taken for a particular day okay these are your value assumptions if you fall short of this you cannot be a good instructor or you do not qualify to be an instructor at all okay now such type of assumptions that you have for yourself or you have for others okay those are the defining frames those are the your denominators and when you evaluate yourself when you evaluate others in your environment you take those denominators into account okay this is how no you define the frame of reference how adequate it is in terms of defining you is something very important if I have a flexible frame where something that I did not assume of comes in front of me do I still accept it okay you remember in the initial phase we are taking an example of kids with multiple limbs okay say for example you have booked a ticket during your for your mid-sembraces you have booked your ticket from Kanpur to your hometown and when you board the train you realize that there is a child with a parent no next to your birth with multiple limbs you accept it what is your acceptance level to that you find no student in your class who has certain degree of handicap is physically you know he had certain type of handicap do you still accept him or have okay so your frame of reference how flexible it is in terms of accommodating real life experiences which you did not assume real life experiences that you had not thought of and hence you find that it is hard for you to fix it into your frame of reference how flexible you are in terms of doing that okay is going to influence your overall healthy development as a human being okay the more harder the more brittle the frame of reference you carry the more difficult it is for you okay to accept others and the more difficulty you have in terms of accepting others the more difficult situation you are inviting for yourself okay and you will have to pay a price for in terms of your adjustment because you have much much lower degree of tolerance in a situation where things does not fit into your way okay and life is never where you can always have things your way okay so how flexible you are in terms of accepting them okay that is an indicator of your frame of reference and that is the importance of frame of reference when it comes to psychology of