 Je suis ici pour parler de la nécessité et de la route de la batterie de la batterie. En fait, l'évaluabilité de l'énergie est essentielle dans le mouvement et le travail. L'énergie et l'énergie jouent un rôle important pour cela. Nous le verrons dans tous les domaines de l'application. Dans les applications portables, par exemple, chaque nouvelle génération d'application nécessite plus d'énergie et elles nécessitent des batteries pour être transportables. Plus d'électriques véhicules pour un monde cleaner sera, au moins, la solution parfaite pour un sens progressif pour s'occuper de l'huile et, en même temps, pour réduire les émissions CO2 ou des particules qui sont des demandes réelles associataires. Le même est pour l'énergie et l'énergie. Pour l'énergie et l'énergie, nous verrons que l'intégrisation du réseau nécessite des batteries, pas seulement les batteries, mais nous avons besoin d'électriques pour, dans un monde où vous avez trop d'énergie réunable. C'est un autre diagramme qui montre la position des batteries dans le cas de l'électriques. Mais c'est encore extrêmement valide. C'était publié par la commission 10 ans auparavant. Vous voyez des batteries dans 3 domaines. Small transportation, meaning computers for instance, or tablets, phones, and afterwards you have here, you have batteries for power storage, for instance hybrid vehicle, and you have here energy batteries for the storage in the grid. Why I am here? My company is making advanced batteries for new application and is a world leader in the most advanced parts of it. We are making lithium batteries for satellites, for planes, for trains, for transportation system, for medical application. So this is the reason why I was asked to comment on the development of batteries. So I will present you now the present choice, then the three steps of the roadmap for the six next years. And the challenge to 250 W per kilogramme and what can happen beyond lithium ion. First of all batteries for electric vehicle. Batteries are designed for four level of applications and specification. For stop and start application of course, you have improved lead acid batteries with possibly super capacitors and a little bit of lithium ion. But the usable energy is low, lower than 500 W. Second step is hybrid vehicles with the emblematic Toyota Prius which use nickel metal hydride batteries. But all the more recent hybrid cars use lithium ion technology. The available energy is around 1.5 kWh, small battery but very high power. Then you have the plug-in which is something with higher energy and less power. The pure electric vehicle which contains 20 kWh minimum but for bigger cars 30 or more are preferred. And all plug-in and pure electric use lithium ion technology. Some examples. The first one which was operated in Europe the Mercedes S400 with a soft lithium ion battery. This is a typical hybrid. The second is a pure electric, the Nissan Leaf which has a good battery with 24 kWh. But of course it is a limited autonomy of 160 km. A new one which is the Bolloré blue car in France the important innovation of this is not only a technical innovation but the fact that it is a rental car, auto-lib, and in addition they use lithium metal as negative electrode and they are alone against all other manufacturers which prefer for safety issues to use lithium ion. For trains, it is also important to mention you have alkaline batteries for more electric trains or more electric trams here. They allow to have an autonomy in pure electric just for instance in the city centers. Now batteries for stationary applications. Up to now you know 90% of batteries for storage applications they used lead acid technology and the 10% remaining were NICAD for the severe condition application such as high temperature, oil and gas or nuclear power. The new application for smart grids association with renewable energies they are lithium ion oriented because of long life, absence of maintenance, high power for frequency control they are determining qualities. I don't think that batteries will be used in all system and will be the only system available. Batteries in fact they will be used for high power needs and specific application in insulated parts or just in residential or critical situations such as hospital for instance. What we propose now is to have such system and the biggest one now many, not many, several battery manufacturers propose batteries in containers to be transported in the places where you need them. There are 25 standard containers which can be transported on trucks for alimentation in case of energy problems or for residential application or for help to frequency regulation in the case of wind turbines. Why lithium ion? Lithium ion are all the blue ones. In fact lithium ion has a great advantage it can be used for high energy system but also for very high power applications. It envelopps all the former batteries which had less energy. You see the lead acid here which was very poor energy you have energy here and power of the system here. It's what we call a ragon plot. Nickel metal hydride are in the middle, not so bad. You can have a relatively good power with them but lithium ion is better in all circumstances. Typically here you have a typical battery for a electric vehicle car here you have something for the plug-in you have something for the hybrid and you have the very high power which are for more specific I would say military applications. Lithium ion is also extremely interesting because it is versatile with many sub technologies and everything in this sub technology it is based on innovation in materials. Now let's go to the strengths and the weaknesses. Of course we draw our best from the strengths but we try to improve the weaknesses. The first strength of course is the best specific energy of the system the good volumetric energy the excellent cyclability with respect to all other technologies the good calendar life at least if you don't put them at 200 centigrade the very high power possible which is plus important than supercapacitors in some circumstances excellent energy efficiency which is very important for renewables and numerous subsystems possible and you must choose your subsystem and adapt for specification the weakness of course it is a complex system you need a lot of electronics the global cost of the technology comes also from materials and electronics and safety issues to solve safety issue is linked to the fact that if you have more energy in the same box of course if the energy escape it will be more dangerous than the lead acid battery but we have many work running and many solutions to improve the safety and to ensure the safety of the battery level now the roadmap the express need of our customer the guideline for the roadmap it is clear that we need higher energy higher specific energy and energy density for pure EV and plug-in we also need a specific power increase of hybrid vehicle without life decrease life is a key issue for all industrial application absolutely not for the portable application we need reliability and safety level at yukar cap minimum which means no flame, no explosion no flying part no toxic gas no parts outside of the battery and we need also a life long life for industrial application at least 8 years for vehicles more for standby systems and we need a cost decrease for all applications the basis of roadmap for battery improvement we have 3 steps at short midterm to draw the best from the lithium ion technical solutions just for incremental improvement of maybe 15 energy more to increase energy drawing the best from the materials it means or specific power available it means today you have some materials which are not used at 100% we could use them a bit more of course we need to optimize our choices we see that there is no universal material we need to differentiate the material for the application you will not use the same material for hybrid vehicle or for electric vehicles because of power issues because of the size of the battery also we need to simplify and to standardize all the systems for cost reduction and while keeping the same safety simplification could be to suppress electronics but we must think to keep the same safety in parallel the second step to study the feasibility for industrial large batteries of solution which are now emerging for the portable cells but with most short life it is well known that when you have a phone today you have not more than 200 cycles it is not possible to use such things for industrial application so for the longer term we need to increase the networking with university on all the breakthrough innovation for the following generation and the after lithium ion so 2 to 3 years I will just give you one example to go on the type of research which is done day after day example which is drawing more positive active material drawing more from the positive active material except on the phosphate material which is already used 100% we do not use the full capacity of those materials because if you go up here in fact you decrease the life of the battery due to the reaction of organic electrolyte which is used but what is done this has begun to be used for portable cells but we see perfectly that it reduces a lot the life of the system so for industrial we need to do it without reducing the life of the system and so the solution of voltage increase has begun to be implemented but for the industrial application what we do we protect the surface of the materials with nano coating for interface stabilization we reinforce safety by other methods such heat resistant layers on separators but also we make the necessary research on electrolytes and additives for the optimization of the system we we do different choices of materials and we also make mixes of materials to combine the positive effect and decrease the drawback so it's a tradeoff to find for power, life cost safety all parameters having not the same importance for the different application so within the next three years we expect to have an improvement of something like 20% with the same value of price decrease per kilowatt hour which will come from a better use of material, process and scale up for battery management simplification we are doing especially the knowledge of the aging in order to have better dimension of the system today sometimes we over dimension and it is a loss of materials the step beyond the availability of new materials are a key issue for this step the nature of material and type of reaction which determine the theoretical capacity and afterwards the organization in terms of size, nano or not conductive additives coating, blends no critical source as it was mentioned before by the two former presenters so it helps to go towards the theoretical capacity theoretical capacity of course is the objective but the way to reach it is all this we also know that the gain on one polarity becomes marginal plus polarity as capacity 4-5 times higher so it means that we need to work at the same time on both sides positive and negative electrode sides today the most advanced family to progress towards the target of 250 water per kilogram negative material based on silicon and tin and nmc lithium rich for positive materials though you can have safety issues here yes the choice of materials that you can have today the materials which are used is graphite and some of those materials here for the negative electrode we have a choice of materials which can have 10 times the capacity for silicon in fact no silicon but at a lower value of its capacity to be able to increase life because the problem of silicon is the fact that you have a huge volume increase when you use it and the volume is more or less proportional to the capacity you have so you must refrain from the capacity and use only maybe 1000 mA per kilogramme and the challenge is also to contain the the volume expansion using nano side particle and electrostructuration silicon composites or nano tubes with silicon around and and we hope to increase the life there are many many teams working on this topic around the world which has in itself more than 30 to 50 patterns per day almost finish yes so the swelling is the problem I will skip this and the solution envisage I have commented already on the positive side you have several possibilities new high capacity and other families of polyane ions compounds which should be interesting if voltage is sufficient and if we have the possibility to have nano materials here beyond lithium ion you have lithium air 1000 W per kilogramme lithium low cost sodium batteries the use of renewable materials very open possible solutions I have just one example on sodium sulphur sodium sulphur the advantage is low cost high capacity but we have today a lot of limitation and problems you have numerous project running it is the most advanced of the long term with small industrial companies a task force in the European network Alistair but what we can say is the research step is not finished it is something for really the end of 2020 conclusion batteries they are key enabling technologies and they are on a critical pass of many innovations materials are the core of battery a substantial part of the results and material has been obtained in the frame of cooperation between materials manufacturers battery manufacturers and often support of European commission in many case and as everybody we have our valley of tests which is the long duration of qualification when you need 2000 title it is long to do and the ways to reduce is sometimes not possible and also the cost of demonstrator especially for stationary application thank you for your attention