 Welcome to the Endnotes, where I put all the fun facts I can't fit in the main videos. Today, some extra bits of information from my video about the Bellini, and if you haven't seen that yet, click on the card. In the later part of the Italian Renaissance, a new style of painting emerged called Manorism. It's in some ways an extension of and reaction to the art of the High Renaissance. Instead of the harmony and balance of the High Renaissance, Manorism is characterized by exaggeration and asymmetry. Elements of Manorism can already be seen in the later works of painters such as Florentine Michelangelo, but it is most evident in somewhat later artists in Rome and Florence between 1520 and the end of the 16th century, though not so much among the Venetian painters. But the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Church's response to this, known as the Counter-Reformation, had an important influence on artistic styles going forward. Many reformers were concerned about the idolatry of religious art, so there was an element of iconoclasm there. The word iconoclast, by the way, comes from Greek achonos, image, plus clastase, breaker, originally referring to the destroyers of religious icons in the Eastern Church in the 8th and 9th century, but subsequently applied to Protestants in the 16th and 17th century who vandalized Catholic Churches. By the 19th century, the word iconoclast could be used metaphorically to refer to someone who attacked any traditional or orthodox beliefs. Well the response of the Counter-Reformation to those reformers was to kind of double down on the core values of the Catholic Church in a number of ways. In particular, as it related to religious art, in the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563, it was decreed that veneration should be directed at the person depicted in the art, not the image itself. And to that end, they wanted to clamp down on the excessiveness in the artworks, focusing instead on clearly understandable subjects. They rejected the use of nudity and pagan elements drawn from classical mythology. In other words, art was supposed to promote these core Catholic values, kind of propaganda for the Church. And indeed, both sides during the Reformation engaged in an aggressive propaganda war, as it was right around this time that the printing press was developed, making mass media propaganda possible for the first time. In 1622, Pope Gregory XV established the Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide, the Holy Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, whose job it was to oversee the missionary work of the Church. In particular, the Church was worried that the new colonial expansion around the world was mainly in the Protestant hands of the Dutch and the English, and they hoped to contain the spread of Protestantism through their missionary efforts. And it's from this congregation that we get the word propaganda, propaganda fide, Propagation of the Faith, a gerundive of the Latin verb propagare, to spread or increase. The word propaganda gained its modern political sense during World War I, which featured the first large-scale use of propaganda by governments to unify their own populace and demonize the enemy. Today, the word propaganda has gained a pejorative sense of governments indoctrinating the people with false information, though the sense is perhaps continuing to widen beyond just government, and is being joined by newer terms like fake news and alternative facts. As always, you can hear even more etymology and history as well as interviews with a wide range of fascinating people on the Endless Knot podcast, available on all the major podcast platforms as well as our other YouTube channel. Thanks for watching!