 Okay So the the history lesson portion for today has to do with this this stuff with the causes And Aristotle Was kind of unique in the history of philosophy in that one of the things that he typically does is he He wants to see what everybody else has had to say about a topic before he starts to talk about it Now that probably strikes you as pretty common sensible, right? Before you open your mouth about something, you know, you've probably learned this from experience It's probably a good idea to see if anybody else had something to say about it You're not saying exactly the same thing or you're not, you know Reinventing the wheel you're not Wasting everybody's time right and when you write a paper you do a literature review club. That's one of the reasons Aristotle is one of the first people to do this systematically in philosophy and the reason he does it is because he realizes that Nobody's ever completely wrong Even even wrong-headed views. There's always some grain of truth in them And what you want to be able to do as a philosopher or as somebody who's just learning how to do philosophy like all of you are Is to extract that grain of truth and then get rid of the rest of the stuff You know, this is what you call criticism Criticism is figuring out what's right and what's wrong in something and then you know saying why and getting rid of the stuff that you don't want and then synthesis is bringing it in and Integrating it into a larger picture and that's what Aristotle is going to do. So you notice in metaphysics book one He's talking about a lot of people. This is the history lesson part. He starts out saying well in the beginning people talked about Material causes Instead of you know There's a sort of in the beginning story that all of you are familiar with I think right from our culture in the beginning You know God created the heavens and earth. This isn't a story like that This is a story about in the beginning when human beings started to think about this kind of stuff First they started to think about what is everything made of and it was only you know One person in ten thousand who was thinking about this most people were just going about their day And I'm going to tell you a little bit about this first guy Thales Who you don't know that much about actually none of us know that much about him Because there's not a lot of written records about him one thing that we do know is that he thought everything was made out of water so Now you may think So this guy's a knot. Yeah Because everything isn't made out of water is it Where would somebody get a crazy idea like that from well, you know Thales was a guy who was very observant He actually made a killing in the commodities market at the time by watching the weather I'll tell you that story in just a moment He looked at things as they took place and he noticed something very unusual about water That you don't see happening with a lot of other things Think back to your chemistry classes or your biology classes. How is water different in your experience than most other things? Is it present in just one form in your daily experience? two three right It's present as a solid when it gets cold enough and it got cold enough in Greece for them to see that And it's present as a liquid that is ubiquitous We use it for all sorts of things and it's also present as a gas All you have to do is heat it a little bit and you can get it to do that And you can see this with some other things like metals right you heat up lead You don't have to get it very hot and it turns into molten lead You can take a lot of other things in Burnham and you know you get ashes and they change into things But water stays the same When you make it go from one thing to another and water is everywhere You know if you think about it your body is mostly water, right? You don't remember that from your chemistry classes Most of the earth is covered by water and It kind of makes sense if you have to get one single thing That everything was going to be made of water could be a candidate And you know you thought that earth was like water that had been just compacted even more and it assumed a certain form This isn't actually that far away from our notion of atomic theory is it You know we have neutrons and electrons and protons and they're arranged in different ways and squish them all together And you get bigger and bigger complexes So Thales was doing this and Friedrich Nietzsche who's a philosopher not going to read in this class Who's a very important metaphysician among other things When he's talking about Thales, he said what Thales did was really philosophical It's almost the beginnings of philosophy And why because Thales actually asked the question Not what is this thing made of what is everything made of what is substance? What what lies behind the appearances that we're looking at what is this? Have in common with this and have in common with this air. What do all these things have in common? So, you know, I mean his answer is is not one that we probably accept Made of water and then if we go on from there Aristotle says we get other people and they're all talking about this material cause What's everything made of? Annex ax me Annex ax me many Says that air is the the primary substance here is prior to water you condense air and you get water in his view Hyposis and heraclitus so that it was fire. That was the primary element And then finally we get to Empedocles and Empedocles Says no, I think there's four elements four different kinds of things earth air fire water And everything that we know is built up out of these things and that was the sort of common take on material substances until well at least in the West until Well into the Renaissance If you read medieval philosophers if you read other ancient philosophers They will talk about the four elements sometimes they'll talk about a fifth element ether the quintessence fifth essence If you guys have ever seen that movie the fifth element It's based on that sort of notion except you know has all sorts of crazy aliens that it's you and me the Georgia bitch and Should have not seen some things like that Now all of this is focusing on understanding things in terms of their material causes and That's one way to understand things. What is it? What are things made of let's say you want to understand a human being? What could you do you could actually dissect a human being any of you that are good that are pre-med If you don't like dissecting things, you're in the wrong field because sooner or later You have to actually do it on a cadaver Which is you know dead human being so you know you should probably think it over You're up for that or not If you're gonna be a veterinarian you're gonna dissect a lot of animals if you look at things that way we're just a bunch of Organs and meat and bones and a little bit of fat Sometimes more fat, you know somebody like me a lot of water right Bloods mostly water Does that actually tell you what a human being is though if you know you bring home your boyfriend or girlfriend to mom and dad And they're out in the car And they're you know, they're kind of shy so they're not coming in quite yet mom and dad say Tell me a little bit about Jenny or you know, whatever you say well, you know, he's he's made of bones and blood and What else did we say, you know liver and kidneys and things like that. He's got a big brain most most, you know human beings do That's not gonna tell them very much about that particular human being no one doesn't tell them much about any human being I mean that's good if we want to look at things in terms of material causes But we want to know about the other stuff too Now there are some things that we could be happy with just knowing the material class Then we have a transition so Aristotle is telling the story some more. He says we have a transition We're moving from material causes to efficient We want to know and this takes a long time this takes Decades for for people to think this out Because you know it wasn't as it wasn't a society like we live in with with information being transferred all the time Is that still on? Yeah, okay. Yeah, I don't see the red thing That's the red numbers. Okay. That's good And One of the ten there are two different tendencies with this one of the tendencies is what he's what he calls monistic Philosophies where they think that there's one main thing that gets everything You know everything ends up coming out of it or everything ends up being it if you're the Think of this notion everything is one and then there's the what are called the atomists And this is where we actually got the first notion of atoms as we know them in chemistry from it came from philosophy So the monist were people like parmenides Parmenides said being is non-being isn't Anything that you you know would claim is going from being to non-being like for instance when I eat this Biscuity that's taking it from its being to Non-being it's no longer going to exist once I eat it right Now at least as biscuity will exist my stomach I guess ingredients He would say that's an illusion And he had to because of his philosophy if you say that everything is just one thing One of the ways you can go with that is there really is no change. There really is no no motion That's kind of how hard philosophy to to buy to believe not a lot of people actually did Melissa's another person along these lines said what's one is Matter itself and then there was a Xenophonese who said according to Aristotle that the one is actually the divine God and There we have something kind of similar to a certain Eastern religions Have any of you done any study like in your previous classes of World religions anything like along those lines There there are some religions a Hinduism is a good example In which many of the believers will assert that at some level everything is God Like the whole universe Are all just you know bits of God or Aspects of God Maybe that Xenophonese was saying something along those lines Now again think of your boyfriend or girlfriend that you're bringing home to meet mom or dad does Knowing that they're a tiny little bit of God tell you much about them I might make you feel nice towards them. They're a little bit of God right I said that you heard me when you didn't think that they were but it doesn't really tell you much. It's it's not Helping you to understand the thing that much So let's look at what the atomists said so the atomists were people like Locipus and Democritus and then later on somebody who I had originally scheduled us to read but then I had to take out because of our Reindeer epicurus And they believe that everything that we're seeing here is made of atoms So it's similar to the view that modern science holds right and Adam literally means that which cannot be cut comes from ah, which means not and then to men In Greek, which means to cut into pieces like I accidentally did Setting it down with the biscotti right now. I didn't cut it. I broke it an atom can't be broken So it's a little different than our understanding of atoms now because we think atoms can be broken the bombs you know based on that principle but the atoms are the the basic building blocks of everything else and The ways in which they move the ways in which they're composed determine all the the things so Why is this edible and There's not It can explain that can't it? This is an edible because it's not made of atoms in the right configuration for us to be able to chew them let alone digest them I suppose there could be little bits of this that you could chew and swallow, but you wouldn't digest them. I hope Whereas this Unless I baked it wrong This is chewable and digestible. We can break the atoms in this down and make them part of our home Configuration of atoms. That's what we do when we eat so The Aristotle says okay now we've gotten to the efficient cause and then we have other ways of understanding the efficient cause as well They eventually start thinking in terms of efficient causes is Not just what things are made of and then going to this like atoms Rather than just being material are also efficient causes. They start thinking in terms of intelligence How do things get to be the way they are? How did they get to be arranged the way they are? This is where we start to get to really interesting stuff. I mean science is pretty interesting, but speculating about Intelligence is much more interesting So, you know Aristotle says it doesn't seem as if fire or earth or any other kind of material element should be the reason Why things manifest goodness or beauty or intelligence in their being So think about something that you actually find beautiful Is that beautiful just because of the way atoms were put together? Think about something that has intelligence like your neighbor in the classroom In fact, you can think about them as being intelligent means you're intelligent too, right? Could that have happened just as a chance coming together of a bunch of atoms There are some people who hold that theory right in our society There have been people who have held that theory throughout history and all the cultures But Aristotle says it doesn't really seem as if that could happen just randomly. So another possibility is the efficient cause Would be some sort of mind or intelligence Now if you're a traditional Greek What would you call that? You've got stories about how things got to be the way they are You guys remember Greek mythology probably had a bit of it in English class or something like that, right What are some of the myths that you remember remember any of them? You've seen some on TV. Yeah, I'm sure because some of them have been turned into TV stories Anybody know why why the Greeks thought there was winter This one comes a little bit later But it's because Persephone has to go down to the land of the dead six months out of the year to live with her husband and her mom who's the goddess of grain and you know harvest and Vegetables and all that sort of stuff series or Demeter Hates it so much that she turns the earth into a wasteland Well, you know what that's saying is that the reason why we have meteorological phenomena is not just because of material things but because some intelligence some powerful Intelligence affects them if you have a creation story like the Judeo-Christian creation story You know in the beginning God created the heavens and the earth That's saying that that God would be the efficient cause not just the heavens and the earth You know, I mean you could have told the story this way the heavens and the earth just kind of created themselves and you know Randomly wound up that way and here we are That's another way to tell that story, isn't it and then the heavens and the earth are the efficient cause but in the traditional story it's It's a God Because some of the other philosophers said that it was other things Empedocles talks about love Love does what it brings things together and Reconciles things it makes the elements work together and Then of course hate or strife pulls them apart Anaxagoras says that mind mind like the mind that you have is Is the cause that that made the whole universe the way it is They got everything going some sort of mind. He doesn't call it God. He just calls it mind So that's pretty good. So now we have two Causes right Is that enough does that explain everything? Well, if it did then Pythagoras and Plato wouldn't have brought up the formal cause The formal cause is some sort of structure that you can think about What do you guys remember about Pythagoras from Algebra class? Pythagorean theorem. Yeah, and that was actually a secret that was kept for a while in part because of their philosophy Because the numbers didn't all turn out rationally and they liked the numbers to be rational You know why because they thought numbers were the building blocks of everything They thought that the the universe and there are some people who think this There are some scientific ways of understanding the world that that view it this way that numbers Underlie everything and are the formal cause for why things are the way that they are Now Pythagorians kind of went hog wild with this You know once you find some sort of explanatory principle You guys are gonna you know You guys have probably done this at one time in your life and you're gonna keep on doing it Once you find some sort of explanatory principle your tendency is to try to apply it to everything, right? So you take a psych class and now you're analyzing everybody in terms of abnormal psychology Good idea or bad idea? Why is it a bad idea? I mean if they are crazy, it's a good idea But but why is it a bad idea? It's called abnormal psychology because it's about Normal people Abnormal people right and abnormal people are not Everybody so if you take an abnormal psychology class and then you decide all right. I've learned what a paranoid is What a schizophrenic is What a bipolar person is and now everybody I'm gonna run across is one of those three Well, that may not be a good way to do it. The Pythagorians were doing that with numbers Play-doh does it with something else remember Two twos class sessions are all right. We talked about the theory of the forms that's One of the things that play-doh is contributing the form of human being that's the same for me as It is for her as it is for her as it is for him That's something that makes us be what we are Think about it this way. Let's say we talk about it in terms of biology You're a bunch of atoms put together in certain ways a Lot of carbon a lot of hydrogen oxygen a lot of nitrogen and a bunch of other stuff, right? You got to pick somebody who looks radically different from me So many dark people in the class You've got more or less blonde hair. Why do you have blonde hair and I have dark hair? Well, you're not just one There's some sort of cause that's in here your biology. That's not just the way your atoms are It's your DNA, right? Were your parents blonde or you have a lot of people in your family or Somewhere Whether your hair is going to turn gray early or not my dad's hair turned gray when he was like 18 Glad I've adopted That's all that's all genetic stuff right and you could think of it in terms of the atoms are the material cause what you're made of And your genetics are the formal cause and your genetics and my genetics are More than 99% the same That's why we're all human beings as a matter of fact that chimpanzees are like 98% the same as a human being Pretty pretty close, you know, even the worms are like 40% When it comes to the formal cause That 40% makes a big difference Well, no 60% I'm sorry the 60% of this is different part But you could still think of it in terms of that formal cause what things have in common That's not exactly the way Plato talks about it But this is a way to sort of analogize it Plato thought of it in terms of the theory of the forms Aristotle says all these guys left out something They were kind of hinting at it and Plato kind of got at it But they left out the final cause the reason why things are the way they are the what for the Purpose the function of things and so here is where the history lesson ends and we start to do the props part Which which you might you know enjoy a bit more At least I hope you do and you know you notice that I created Hand out where I give you a whole bunch of examples Different ways that we can understand basic things and so, you know, let's start with the first one. I had you know Lofa bread, but we could use a biscotti Now it's broken, but you get the idea, right? What's the material cause of this? What is this made of? Those of you who do any baking You know what goes into this sort of stuff what goes into it? flower flower and Can you guess anything else that might go into it? What do most recipes seem to call for? eggs This takes three eggs in a batter or batch of biscotti Some baking Power not soda if you mix them up you screw things up So you don't want to mix up baking powder and baking soda those are all material things Those are the things I'm putting in the bowl as I'm mixing it right I'm actually one of the efficient causes of the biscotti Turning out like this better for worse. I tend to undercook them These I actually burnt a little bit, which is why it broke so easily But I'm taking all these these ingredients and I'm doing something What makes it a biscotti and not say a loaf of bread look at look at the shape of it Not a loaf of bread is it it's a kind of cookie part of that is due to the mattered Part of it's due to how you cook it. Have any of you ever played around with this looking biscotti It's it's a double process First you you put it out like a big kind of lump that you spread out and that that swells up and Then you have to slice it after it's cooked halfway through You take each of the slices and you lay them down flat. That's how it gets so hard So when you go to Starbucks next time you get a biscotti That's where your biscotti came from it was originally a big loaf like bread and then it was given a different Form what's its purpose? I mean you could do a lot of things with it If we if we had a chair leg that was you know wobbly we could stick this underneath Couldn't we? Your table, you know people do that at restaurants Is that its purpose? I mean that we could do that with it, but is that really its purpose? Well since we made it to be eaten as its purpose. Yeah, because we made it was a bunch of different things before Exactly we've given it purpose Or we've discovered its purpose And you know if I don't eat it there's probably something wrong with me You know if I just leave that sitting around I say you got to check out my biscotti You know it's so wonderful You know it's at some point in time. You'll probably say you know, it's just a biscotti. It's not a museum piece Why don't you eat that thing that would be pointing out to me its final class You can think about about these right ibuprofen I'm sure some of you have taken these when you get injured in sports or you stress it too much Or maybe you have arthritis or something like that and you know, you can actually look on the bottle and it tells you What the matter is? Okay, it's pretty easy to but it's just ibuprofen Whatever ibuprofen actually is What is it and then it tells you some other things it's got in here silicone dioxide cornstarch iron oxides titanium dioxide What I do know is that's what it's made of And once it's formed well, you know, you can get these pills and a lot of different shapes These are here's its form is round and flat pill shaped All right, nothing surprising about that. What's the efficient class? What what brings this this to actually be? Where do you get them? The store drugstore right and where does the drugstore just you know go out and pick them from the ibuprofen tree? Yeah A pharmacist makes them. Yeah for certain pills. I think for these They're like mass produced because they're over-the-counter, but you're right for For certain types of pills you actually have to get a pharmacist who'll mix the things together and concoct them So the pharmacist could be the efficient cause or the machine that makes the pills can be the efficient cause What is the final cause? Why do people take ibuprofen? For the same reason as biscotti to satisfy hunger You'd have to eat a lot of these little pills To fill yourself up, wouldn't you and if you did you'd really scrub your stomach in the process Why do people take it? It's a pain killer right that tells you what its final cause is notice that Something can have a major final cause and you can give it other final causes You might buy these not because you actually want to take them as painkillers Because you want to take them to the movie theater and instead of throwing what do people throw in the movie theater like Jujubees Those things little drops People throw popcorn. This is when I was a kid people throw things that theater You could maybe take a bottle of ibuprofen just throw those But would that really be a purpose? You would be giving it that purpose, but that's not that's adding something on isn't it to something that already has all these Causes to understand what that thing is. You can understand those causes A human being we talked about this before What am I made of same stuff you're made of? Open this up. It wouldn't be very pretty But you know, it's it's enlightening We're just a bunch of organs and skin and bones and blood and you know stuff like that nerves That's what that's our materials Our formal cause is the form of humanity and you know, it's kind of interesting Aristotle I think I put it this out to you before Aristotle says that we are Because of the whole animal. That's our definition He had another crazy definition feathered by the feathered non feathered by that You know because chickens walk on two legs and we walk on two legs, but they had feathers and we don't But this distinguishes us even better We're rational We can think we can talk we can communicate we can pass on information. We have culture Is that a matter of your guts and your blood and your Anything like that? Can you take a? Let's say you were doing you know sort of a Frankenstein experiment Can you go to the to the human being part store and get a whole bunch of parts and put them all together? I'm gonna get lightning maybe and get wind up with a Rational animal that's one of the problems with the frankincense story isn't it doesn't turn out to be all that rational He doesn't the book actually though, but not not in the movie. That's our formal cause That's that's what makes us us What is our efficient cause here's an interesting thing to think about who made you don't know where babies come from right? Mom and dad got together on some occasion and your dad contributed one type of genetic material your mom contributed another type and you know all the things aligned at that that time and The sperm fertilized the egg and here we are That's your that's your efficient cause Sperm in an egg coming together Now you go back further where'd your mom and dad come from the grandparents don't you? You can keep tracing it back further and further and further you get the idea Don't you human beings have efficient causes. We are something like a product just as much as a viscone is We come from something Here's the really tricky one. What's our final cause? What is our purpose? This I imagine is something that you guys are trying to figure out for yourself while you're in college And your answers to it probably change every day don't they? Some days it seems like your purpose is To satisfy your mom and dad's expectations other days seems like it's a have a good time As much as you possibly can other times it seems like to prepare yourself for an endless, you know life of drudgery ahead other times it seems like Opening your mind up to all sorts of new opportunities But you know it's really a good question to ask to human beings have a final cause Aristotle thinks that they do and he calls that final cause happiness other people might place it in terms of a Religious object if they if they believe once I think they believe for instance that God is the ultimate efficient cause usually Something like being with God. What does he think our final cause is who Aristotle? Yeah, happiness to live a life that is actively engaging virtue that has enough Means to be able to do so comfortably and that is pleasant because of that. He also thinks most people don't get to live Most of us miss it's kind of pessimistic most of us miss our final cause just like this biscotti, you know if I decide Not gonna eat this one because I don't like broken biscotti. I don't care actually, but let's say I'm picky I'm not gonna eat this one that biscotti is actually missed its final cause You know sort of like that remember the Rudolph show the Rudolph the Red Nose ranger and the island of misfit toys You guys you still watch those I don't mean still watch those like you know you watch them now. I mean when you were kids. Did you watch those? Remember like the train with the wheels that were square and all that they would miss their final cause Which was to bring pleasure to children, right? Our final cause would be something that we Enjoy ourselves. Where will we make it to be? That's what some philosophers have said not everybody sees it the same way that Aristotle does some people think that human beings don't have a final cause that if individuals do it's because they Make it to be that way Let's look at some other things so You guys did you guys have these when you were like in fourth grade? Music class You know, they're not that bad if you if you really you know get a good one and work with it and all that But yeah, you're right. I actually broke mine. I got a Lego stuck on it I made a really weird noise. Yeah They don't have a very big range you're right Yeah Now the recorder What are they usually made of two things usually right plastic this one's made of plastic or if you're fancy What porcelain somebody said You probably could make one of porcelain because it's just a whistle What's its formal cause the Shape that it has right the structure. That's what actually allows it to have its nose You know these these little holes here have to be So far apart from each other and so big Or you to have a scale the efficient cause in this case this is mass produced by the Honour corporation Some made in Germany So some factory in Germany is the efficient cause. What's the final cause to aggravate you in fourth grade? Make you learn hot cross buns That's a byproduct play music play music right and we could go further from that. He said why are these things designed for playing music? Why do we play music? Yeah, so you could have a final cause which could then lead us to another Final cause we can have efficient causes and we can go back with those material causes We can sometimes go several levels down You know, I mean, that's not not so much right because this is plastic. So you know exactly what kind of matter it is What about something like this Another flip can Lots of moving parts and well actually not a lot of moving parts in here. It's a flash Camera, but it's got some moving parts What is the material that this is made of? Plastic is part of it. Yeah, some parts of metal Yeah, there's probably some like Well, you mean like for the lens Or are you saying I like the circuit? Yeah, the screen. Oh, yeah, that's that's a type of Something LED I guess right and then the insides are all computer bits And what are those made of? Well, the computer bits could be the material cause But you can go further. What do we make computer parts out of? Silicon, that's why they call it Silicon Valley. So you can and you can take things like this and Make them parts of larger holes, too Like you know when I put that together with a tripod Now you have a larger unit So in your body is like this too, you know your organs. What are your organs composed of? Tissue and tissue is composed of cells, right? You ever like looked at one of those cells and looked at the stuff inside That's kind of complicated too, isn't it? So even the material cause is broken down further and further and you know Something could be both a material cause for one thing and a formal cause for another thing Depending on how you're you're looking at I have another musical instrument here One that maybe doesn't have quite so bad associations for all of you This is my one of my most prized possessions. It was actually my dad's And it's a long neck Band drum With a small drum This is older than me since I no longer care life insurance worth more than me a lot of respects and You know, what is the we can ask the same thing with with this as we came with this? Same final cause right to make music What is its material cause it's different than this isn't it what are what is this made of? What is part of it? Yeah, what else? What else do you see? metal Strings are themselves a metal of some sort although you could do it with like fishing line if you if you want to be really Hildilly about it I'm gonna play a little bit Plastic right some plastic pegs, which I guess probably back in 1965 or kind of state-of-the-art, you know Anything else we're missing. Oh, whatever. This is made of Could be But you can see through it might be some sort of plastic Now So that that's the material cause but what's the formal cause this is put together in a very different way, isn't it? Would this be a banjo if it had a different Shape to it here. It might be a different kind of instrument right like a guitar Or if it had the triangle thing it could be a balla like I think they call those if it was kind of squished in together It could be a mandolin So, you know the shape of it the structure of it all that matters You don't tune this quite the same way as you do a guitar the strings are at different intervals This is a drone string. It just plays the same note all the time. That's part of its its formal structure Who made this? The Vega company It's actually got a little thing inside number, you know 11815 Model number all that sort of stuff. This is made in Boston turns out. I never actually looked at that so this is made in Boston, you know during the folk age when people were into this sort of stuff and Final cause to make music we could ask about all the different causes Now I'd like you to think about something else something that you can't actually see What is equally real? so with this Let's say you play the note. Okay, so that's a G All right, this is probably out of tune. So it's probably That was pretty close Now he's at the same note. It is in some respects We why do we say it's the same note? This is where we're getting into metaphysical questions Okay, very good, so They have the same Formal pause they fit in the same place on the scale How did I make this note? What did I do? very good Fishing pause is something different string vibrating What's striking your ears are sound waves, so the material cause is the same. How am I making this sound? Right, so there is a different process of efficient causality there if we only look at it in terms of The formal cause or the material cause it's the same sound If you look at it in terms of where it came from It's not the same sound is it you notice that things look differently depending on what vantage point you adopt And what about the final cause I mean the final cause for these right now is something a little bit different than just making music It was to teach you something Now you can put things together in larger Complexes Can't do it with a recorder and you can do it with with a recorder in one way, right? You could play hot cross buns like you said And actually I haven't played this for a very long time So I'm not gonna try to play anything on the recorder. Does anyone here? Can anyone here play it? Well Let's just imagine that somebody did right Okay, so somebody has played this recorder and they created the thing which will be Song Let's think this all up. What's the material cause of a song? What is a song made of? Yeah, but but those sound waves knows knows so Now if we want to go down further, you're right sound waves and who makes them The instrument makes them doesn't so the instrument is The instrument do it by itself Except in Disney movies little things go crazy and candlesticks dance and all that sort of stuff What makes the instrument do it somebody actually is to like you know sit here and blow in it and make it do the sound so let's say it's you back in fourth grade playing hot cross buns and Why are you playing that song? What's the final cause of that? Those of you who have recorders and didn't follow up with your your recorder, you know Virtuosity or whatever To become great recorder players Why were you playing at that day the teacher sense? Yeah, that's a reason. That's a cause or something Satisfying someone now You can put things together in other ways too. This is also, you know little side note Remember we talked about the Pythagoreans and Mathematics, you know where they got a lot of their ideas from mathematics from from music Because music is actually in large respect based on mathematics If we have that same tone that That G note What happens if we play two other notes with it? chords very good and We can have all sorts of levels of things So a song is made up of chords which are made up of Notes being played together You can change like this at least this this doesn't have the quite a Flexibility that guitar has there's not so much you can do with a banjo But you can you can There's a lot of different variations I suppose you can do weird stuff to like you know, slot with a violin Things like that to make sounds All of those are different ways of make doing that efficient pause With each song that you listen to on the radio It's all coming down to building blocks Like this fretboard and somebody actually fretting a chord playing a chord Another chord into another chord. That's what songs are made of Everything with your experience These aerosol things Everything that you encounter can be made sense of in terms of these four causes That's that's been my main object trying to try to get you to see that you know And so bringing in a banjo livens things up a little bit and Hopefully gets you to see that this banjo by itself is sort of indexes of four causes The sounds that it makes another Set of four causes in those You can put them all together into compositions Another four causes we can decide with each of these what the point is What's what's going to make it? What structure does it have for the basic building blocks? Let's say you actually wanted to get good at playing this You would have to pay attention to that, wouldn't you you would have to actually pay attention to all four of those causes If you want to play a song you can't play it without any notes can you so if you want to play Harry had a little lamb You got to know something like like five notes All right Maybe four notes four notes all together if you want to play an AC DC song You got to know about three chords or a blues song You got to know about three chords if you want to play more complicated stuff You got to know a lot of chords Right if you want the song to sound good It's not just a matter of having those chords down You actually have to play him at the right time at the right speed put together in the right way Or else it's not the song is it you have to pay attention to how you're doing it if the song calls for you to be strumming You're not strumming it instead you're picking you are playing a different song You also need to know what the point of your activity is Is it to make money? Well, then you probably have to get a lot better at it than if your point is just to have fun I Play the banjo just to you know have fun, so I don't even play banjo music most of the time I actually take a lot of heavy metal and pop and And Some folk songs and that are supposed to be played on the guitar and I plan on the banjo Because that's my my final causes amuse myself And you know a few other people my fiance my kids If my goal was to make money Then I had better learn a lot of other songs because nobody's gonna pay you to go around and play the ace of spades banjo or You know AC-DC songs John Kruger Ballant camp songs or things like that. They're gonna pay you to go around play banjo music, right? So you have to think about all these these clauses when you're writing a paper the next time Think about your paper in terms of these these causes Your paper has Material pause. What is the material cause of your paper? I don't mean when you write a paper like you're doing some of you are actually writing things on your laptops right now What are you writing? What's that? Like are you doing your composing stuff like music? If you're writing a paper, oh, you're writing notes, I was still No my bad Yeah, you could be ready you could be taking notes If you're doing that, what are the building blocks of those notes? What do you actually type? Letters and then those letters become larger units that we call Words, right? sentences paragraphs. Yeah The formal cause would be the structure of the thing as a whole. You're the efficient cause You're the one doing it Why are you taking notes? There is your final cause Anybody in here taking notes just because they love the activity of taking notes They can't help themselves from doing it. It's like an obsession with that That's good. That's not the case Why are you guys taking notes? That's a rather pessimistic way of looking at it, but that's a good reason to You could set the bar higher than just not failing to remember what you said Yeah, so you succeed in the class, right? Right now. I don't think there's anybody in danger of failing this class So you see that again everything that we think about everything that we experience Everything that we do things with whether it's an action material object Composition our bodies the bodies of other things a piece of machinery Everything that we can think of can be made sense of in terms of causality This is a this is a really deep metaphysical concept It's because of this that the world that you currently live in looks the way that it does Because it has been modified in so many different ways to become things like, you know iPhones and pain-killing pills and wireless mouses and Ties all these things have come about Because somebody has taken some material Put it into a certain form for some reason That's why the world that you live in looks the way that it does in all of its parts That's going to continue on the rest of your life. So if you think about these Phenomena in those terms, I think this will bring more intelligibility help you understand that better you can use this analysis or something like it in any field that you're going into It takes some practice You we did a little bit here, right? You guys are now fairly good at identifying What's the material cause? What's the formal cause? What's the efficient cause? What's the final cause? But you would still have to keep up with it I only wanted to introduce you to the idea because that's is an introduction to philosophy class But now you see what the applicability of it is so That's we're going to leave off anybody have any questions