 Hello and happy Wednesday to everyone. Welcome to our briefing, key findings from the newest global assessment report on climate change. I'm Dan Berset, Executive Director of the Environmental and Energy Study Institute. The Environmental and Energy Study Institute was founded in 1984 on a bipartisan basis by members of Congress to provide science-based information about environmental energy and climate change topics to policymakers. And more recently, we've also developed a program to provide technical assistance to rural utilities interested in on-bill financing and beneficial electrification programs for their customers. EESI provides informative, objective, nonpartisan coverage of climate change topics in briefings, written materials, and on social media. All of our educational resources, including briefing recordings, fact sheets, issue briefs, articles, newsletters, and podcasts are always available for free online at www.eesi.org. If you would like to make sure you always receive our latest educational resources, just take a moment to subscribe to our bi-weekly newsletter, Climate Change Solutions. The latest issue just came out yesterday. The crispness in the air, the crunch of leaves, the harvest moon illuminating the night sky, you can feel it in the air. You know what time it is. My friends, welcome once again to what we at EESI call, COP 27. Is that just a clumsy portmanteau of COP 27 in October? You bet it is, but it's also so much more. Today is the start of a four-part briefing series that will continue until the start of the International Climate Negotiations, the 27th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, or COP 27, and Charm Elshake, Egypt, beginning in early November. These briefings and our other key resources, most notably our daily newsletter, COP 27 Dispatch, are designed to help congressional staff quickly get up to speed on the negotiations, which will be front page news for two weeks and follow the proceedings from start to finish. President Biden is planning to attend, and so is the delegation of members of Congress, as well as key congressional staff. We will be using these briefings, and especially the one about natural climate solutions and the one called What's on the Table for Negotiations Briefings to explore how investments in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act will contribute to the U.S. meeting its Paris Agreement climate goals. And also what remains to be done to reach the target of a little more than 50% greenhouse gas reductions by 2030, as well as to help other countries meet their goals. We start today with a look at the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's most recent report, the sixth assessment report, and its relevance for COP 27 and ongoing work on Capitol Hill. The IPCC assessment reports are designed to pull together information from around the globe on climate change, including on the physical science, climate impacts and adaptation, and possible greenhouse gas emission trajectories, and mitigation opportunities. Our panelists today have all participated in drafting and reviewing sections of the report. Next Thursday, we will cover loss and damage, in other words, climate impacts that cannot be adapted to, a topic that is expected to be among the most discussed at COP 27. Following that, ESI will partner with the U.S. Nature for Climate for a briefing about natural climate solutions, a potential area for bipartisan U.S. leadership and of special relevance to the 2023 Farm Bill in works. And finally, just before COP 27, we will take a step back and look out over all the issues on the table for the negotiations and how the international community could proceed toward meeting the challenge of global climate change. That is a lot to keep up with, I know that. If you're not subscribed to ESI Newsletters, Climate Change Solutions or COP 27 Dispatch, please take a moment to visit us online at www.esi.org forward slash subscribe to sign up. It really is the best way to keep up with everything. We have four amazing panelists, and before I introduce them, let me remind everyone that we will have some time today for questions, and we will do our best to incorporate questions from our online audience. If you have a question, you have two options to send it to us. First, you can send us an email, and the email address to use is ask, that's ASK at ESI.org, or even better, follow us online at ESI online on Twitter and send it to us that way. It's my privilege to introduce the first of our four panelists today. Dr. Ram Ramaswamy is the director of NOAA's Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. Since 1992, Ram has been a lead author, coordinating lead author or review editor for each of the major assessment reports of the international or intergovernmental panel for climate change. He's also been a coordinating lead author on the World Meteorological Association Assessments on Stratospheric Ozone and Climate, and on the first U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Global Change Research Program assessment. He's a fellow of the American Geophysical Union, American Meteorological Society, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Ram has also been involved in the leadership of the U.S. Global Change Research Program's interagency group on integrative modeling and the Joint Scientific Committee of the World Climate Research Program. Ram, welcome to our briefing today. I will turn it over to you. Thank you very much, Dan. And can you hear me? Yes, here you just fine. Great, thank you. So good afternoon to everyone. It's on the East Coast. It's a good day to everyone who's outside of the East Coast. I was a review editor of chapter seven on the latest IPCC report, working with one. And I'd like to talk about some of the results and significance of those results from that report. And this, the working group one deals with a physical science basis. So it lays a scientific basis for the outcomes that are then mentioned in working groups two and three. Next slide, please. So just to kind of just go into an introduction about the organization, the IPCC. The IPCC was formed by World Meteorological Organization, WMO, and the United Nations Environment Program, UNEP. It consists of a plenary, which is really all the countries. And then below that is an IPCC bureau, which kind of really does the administration of the IPCC. And then below that is the executive committee, which takes up matters on a day-to-day basis. That's three working groups, working group one, two, and three. I'm going to talk about mainly the working group one, and then you're going to hear about two and three by these speakers coming up later. And then there's a task force of national greenhouse gas inventories. It's also part of the IPCC process. Each one of these groups has a technical support unit, TSU. And then come the authors, contributors, and reviewers who make up the report. Next slide, please. So just again a brief look at the history of the IPCC assessment reports that evolved evolution. IPCC started in 1988. The first report came out in 1990 called the FAR. At the same time, we had the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change come up. Then came the second assessment report with a time approximately of a period of protocol in 1995. The third assessment report with the focus of adaptation came out in 2001. Fourth assessment report, but the first time talking about two degrees limit, came up in 2007. And then came the fifth assessment report, AR5, which was followed by the Paris Agreement. And then came a series of small reports, short reports, one on the 1.5 degrees, SR15. And then two short reports, SROCC, which was the oceans and the cryosphere, and SRCCL, which was Climate Change and Land. And then we are here in the AR6 regime now, with 2021 being when the World Report came out. And that was then followed, months later, by World News 2 and then three. Next slide, please. So how is the report generated just in a nutshell? So starting from the top left, IPCC approves the outlines, which are formed by experts and all the countries participating. Then the governments and organizations nominated experts. The Bureau selects the authors who are going to frame the chapters and write the chapters. The authors prepare the first-order draft. And then at the bottom, you see Expert Review. That's the Expert Review, the first-order draft. Then comes the second-order draft, where the authors prepare the second order on the basis of comments received on the first-order draft. And these comments are from worldwide experts and really anyone who wants to comment. Then after the second-order draft comes the Expert Review. Along with that comes the Government Review. So it goes formally to all the governments. The authors then prepare the final draft in response to comments from the experts and governments. And then that goes for the final distribution to the governments, as well as to experts worldwide. And then comes the approval of the Summary for Policymakers SPM. And that's kind of individual for each working group. And then comes the publication of the reports. Again, each working group has its own report. Next slide, please. So just going into the results, the observed change in global surface temperature, you see on the right-hand side the observed, which is the modern instrumental record. And then going 2,000 years back, you see kind of proxy records. And basically the key messages that the observations reveal, the largest warming that's occurred is in the last 150 years. And in fact, this rivals or competes with the warmest multi-century period in more than 100,000 years. Next slide, please. And so what was happening is the climate system is now out of energy balance. We know this from observations, as well as theoretical model frameworks. A stable climate would have the same amount of energy going out of the planet compared to coming in, which is a solar energy. But now there is an imbalance. There's less energy going out. So the system is trapping energy. 91% of which is in the ocean. That's a key point, because the oceans are the biggest reservoirs of this heat surplus, accumulating on the planet with a little bit of it in the land and also some rock up in the ice sheets. Next slide, please. So what is causing this out of balance thing? So if you just concentrate on the plot on the left-hand side, the upper left, all the positive values are due to the greenhouse gases. And there are some negative values, too, in the lower part of the upper left panel, which indicates negative forcings. Or by forcing, we mean something which is exerting a perturbation. And the positives and negatives actually come out more overwhelmingly in the side of positives. And that's kind of what leads the warming. Next slide, please. I think you went past one slide. Can you go back one slide? Yeah, thank you. So the human influence shown in the previous plot has warmed the climate at a rate that is unprecedented in at least the last 2,000 years. And what you see are simulations from models. And this is from all the models around the world. And you look at the observed curve, which is sort of a black line running the warming near 2020. And that is well matched by the off models, which are taken into account both human and natural forcings. If you have only the natural forcings such as solar and volcano forcings, you don't reproduce that warming has observed. So it's very clear that the human natural influences have been exerting this influence on the global surface temperature. Next slide, please. And in looking at kind of what exactly is happening in terms of the various components perturbing the Earth's radiation balance, on the left-hand side is the observed warming in 2020-2010 relative to pre-industrial. And on the right-hand side, you see a contribution with various sources. And the largest one, the sort of extreme left, is a total human influence. And what you see is that is a residual of a large warming due to greenhouse gases and small cooling, which is due to aerosols, basically. And that really then offset the aerosol offsetting somewhat the greenhouse warming, giving rise to the total warming that you see, which reproduces the observed quite well. Next slide, please. And this is showing the regional influence. What is remarkable about this plot is it's showing actually different regions of the world where there's the populations. And going from North America on the left, South America to the South, and then across the Atlantic to Europe, and then Asia, and then below you see Australia, Africa. Everywhere, it's a brown color, which means there's an increase of the temperatures and the extremes. And also, you see the dots indicating medium to high confidence in most of these places, very telling that this is the state of affairs that this IPCC assessment has found. Next slide, please. So what about the future? So the future is dominated by scenarios where the technological animation scenarios vary from really aggressive curbing of greenhouse gases to unabated increases. The greenhouse gases are shown by CO2 on the left-hand side. And then the right-side panels show a respectfully methane on the top, nitrous oxide in the middle, and then aerosols at the bottom. So all the greenhouse gases really keep on increasing unless there are really very tight controls on them. Aerosols, on the other hand, which were also causing a little bit of offset of the warming due to the cooling effects, are actually all positive decrease, primarily because of health considerations and air pollution issues. Next slide, please. So the result of these scenarios as run by the world's climate models again and aggregated combined together gives you this picture. If you look at from 2015 onwards, all increasing in temperature, now a couple of scenarios which have aggressive curves of emissions do postulate a decrease in temperature in later years, but still it's an increase over pre-industrial. And then of course, the most unabated scenario is the SSP58.5, which shows an increase of almost 5 degrees by 2100. And that is when there's really no curves on the emissions. Next slide, please. So now with every increment of global warming, changes get larger regionally in terms of temperature and precipitation soil moisture. So the upper two globe diagrams really represent the observed change and then simulated change at 1 degree centigrade global warming, respectively. That is, if the globe warmed by 1 degree, what would the regional changes look like? And then at the bottom, you see what would the globe look like with simulated change at 1.5 degree global warming from the left, the middle is 2 degrees and the extreme is 4 degrees. What it's telling you is three things. One, land is warming faster than the oceans. And all the hemisphere is warming faster than the southern hemisphere. And then the polar regions, like the Arctic, are warming really excessively compared to the rest of the region of the globe. Next slide, please. Now, the human activities are going to affect all the major climate system components. Some are going to respond over a few decades, and others might take a century or more to respond. Here, this particular plot is showing the September Arctic sea ice extent. And you can see that by 2060, most of the scenarios and actually a lot of the models are showing actually practically ice-free Arctic in the summer. And as you go to 2100, there is much more shrinking of the sea ice area in the Arctic, which has implications for example, the trans-Arctic navigation and passages through the ice. Next slide, please. And the sea level rise. So again, the global warming is poised to increase the sea level rise, both because of the warming of the water expands the water and also the sea ice shrinking. Now, there's one curve which you see as low likelihood of high impact storyline. That is actually including something which is really quite not very certain right now, but the ice sheet instability. If the land ice sheets become unstable, then you can have a sea level rise which is more than a one meter that is given by the most unabated scenario listed here. So that's kind of a possibility that has been accounted for, but the exact estimate is still not very, is not available because of larger uncertainties about the ice sheets, the dynamics. Next slide, please. And so with the hot, with the sort of warming, you have extremes and what is, if you look at just the left hand side of panel, you'll see what is hot temperature extremes over land. If in 1850, 1900, if we had a frequency of such warming one per 10 years, as you increase the temperature to one degree, 1.5, two degrees, four degrees, you're likely to now have extremes three, four, five, six, or even 10 times by the time it reaches four degrees centigrade. And along with the frequency of this occurrence of hot extremes, you're also the intensity increasing basically anywhere from two degrees to five degrees, depending upon what the global warming has been. And the next slide, please, shows the corresponding thing concerning precipitation. So heavy precipitation over land, if you think of it in terms of once in 10-year events, the frequency will go up as the earth warms, as a globe warms by two degrees, it'll go up by a factor of two and more the warming, the more sort of the frequency goes up of occurrence every 10 years. And the intensity, namely how wet it's getting, also goes up by 10 to 15% by the time you get to two degrees centigrade and even more if it's the warming, global warming is more than two degrees centigrade. Next slide, please. So I'm coming to the end of my presentation and I just wanna summarize using the set of three slides. So the sort of punchlines from the, all the observations, modeling, analysis in the work you do one report is that the recent change that climate are widespread, they are rapid, they're intensifying, and they have been unprecedented in thousands of years. Next slide, please. And the causes of this are human influences. They are, it's really disputable now because of the wealth of observations and analysis and modeling that's gone on. It's indisputable that human activities are causing the climate change. They're also making for extreme climate events such as heat waves, heavy rainfall and droughts and making them more frequent and severe. And next slide, please. So climate change, the global warming and the climate change already affecting every region of the earth. And it's actually affecting in multiple ways. What I've described is the more the changes on the physical climate side and showing that the change in the experience will increase with further warming. And you'll see in the subsequent talks also how this is actually affecting ecosystems and other things that lead to the physical climate system and are poised to get also severe as the climate gets more severe in the physical side. So with that, I will end my talk and thank you very much for your attention. Thank you, Ram. That was awesome, an excellent presentation. Ram just presented some incredible slides. That's a good time to remind everyone that presentation materials will be available on our website, www.esi.org. We'll also have an archived webcast of the webinar or our briefing today so that you can go back and watch it. And it'll take us a little bit of time but we'll get some written summary notes posted online too to help people sort of navigate the presentations without having to watch the webcast in case that's more convenient. Our second panelist today is Dr. Deborah Lay. Deb is an economic affairs officer at the Energy and Natural Resources Unit of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. She is lead author for IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report Working Group Two, which is Impacts Vulnerability and Adaptation and lead author of IPCC's Special Report on Global Warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius focusing on adaptation, sustainable development and renewable energy. She has worked at Sandia National Laboratories in the US and has been a consultant with numerous organizations focusing on topics of renewable energy, energy poverty, rural electrification, sustainable development and climate change mitigation adaptation. Deb is a volunteer with the Engineers Without Worders and an editor of the Journal of Regional Environmental Change. Deb, welcome to our briefing today. Turned over to you. I'm really looking forward to your presentation. Well, thank you very much, Daniel. Thank you for the hotune for this very kind invitation. Thank you for also the interest in IPCC's results. So as you have mentioned, Working Group Two is on impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. And taking up from what Ram just mentioned, based on the different findings from Working Group One, we can also see how impacts will continue to worsen. And in many cases, they will just be more frequent and intense, like, for example, the Hurricane season. So next slide, please. Here, we can see the number of species exposed to potentially dangerous climate conditions. And we can see the difference between the top left on 1.5 degrees C, moving to 2 degrees C, 3, and then 4. And it's important to look at this differentiation, because if we look at the current admissions reductions commitments, we are at about 3 degrees C. So we can see the stark difference in the percentage of biodiversity exposed, and that will potentially be lost. The next slide, please. Here, we can see the global distribution of population exposed to hyperthermia. And again, at 1.5, there's a stark difference between the 1.5, 1.8, and then 2.5 degrees, where we can see that in some parts of the world, we're at about 300 days of exposure, and where we can see that in parts of the US, also the number of days increases. Next slide, please. So in general, we can see, as the main feature of global climate risk, that the key stress, the number of days under heat stress will increase. Water scarcity, that at 2 degrees C regions relying on snow melt, will experience approximately 20% decline in water availability, which will mainly affect agriculture and food security. And then flood risk, where about a billion people in low-lying cities will be at increased flood risk. Next slide, please. But we also have to keep in mind the simultaneous extreme events and what we call compounding and cascading risks. And here we have an example of increasing heat and drought that on the one hand, give the result of reduced crop yields, but on the other hand, increased heat stress among farm workers, which in turn reduces productivity. And they both combine to or increase food prices, reducing household incomes, and we can see those effects going both locally and potentially global effects, especially with food security issues. Next slide, please. But what we also see is that worldwide, there are between 3.3 and 3.6 billion people living in places that are highly vulnerable to climate change. Next slide, please. And what we can see here is that it's not just because of climate risk. We also have to deal with systemic vulnerability. And these places face more vulnerability because there is a limited or lack of access to basic services and infrastructure. Most of their income sources are climate sensitive. They have high levels of poverty, unequal income distribution, poor governance, or lack of governance and lack of financial resources. So we need to keep in mind that in addition to reducing climatic risk, even if this is significantly reduced or eliminated, there will be still some populations that have increased vulnerability. Next slide, please. Here we can see three different adaptations scenarios based on the level of adaptation and the level of funding and of implementation. And the examples are health-related, health-related morbidity and mortality, ozone-related mortality, malaria, and dengue and other vector-borne diseases. And this figure is what we call the burning embers with white at the bottom, meaning that there are no visible impacts and moving on to darker colors where these systems will then become irreversible and that adaptation will be less effective to no effective at all. So we can see, for example, in heat-related morbidity that with limited adaptation, we're already at high risk if we stay between 1.5 degree and two degrees C, but with proactive adaptation, the risk decreases. So this is just one example chosen to show also the social inequities but also the important role that adaptation can take to reduce these risks. Next slide, please. But we also know that adaptation saves lives. It reduces risk. It has multiple benefits. And we also know that it is unequally implemented throughout the world. So there is still an adaptation gap in all the regions of the world. And just to follow on Ram's map divided by regions, IPCC doesn't do assessments by country but by regions. So we can see this adaptation gap happening in every single region. But despite that, we know that adaptation can be effective. We need to keep in mind, first of all, the limits to adaptation. And this is that as warming levels continue to increase, the effectiveness of adaptation might decrease and that adaptation cannot prevent all losses and damages. This is most evident in adaptation options based on water in which we can see that above as we approach and see 1.5 degrees seen of global warming, that effectiveness will decrease significantly. And this will affect mostly freshwater sources and also people living on small islands. Those dependent on glaciers and snowmelt. And as I mentioned before, significantly impacting food security. Next slide, please. The other channel, oh, sorry, the next slide. And that the other thing we need to focus on is maladaptation. And this is adaptation that has unintended consequences and exacerbates vulnerability, including shifting risks. And it's mainly due because we think in short terms or we think on immediate fixes without thinking of the potential consequences on other populations or ecosystems. And in many cases, because we don't account for the most vulnerable. Next slide, please. Based from the special report on global warming at 1.5 degree C and the need to bring adaptation and mitigation together, we worked on a framework called system transitions in which we are better able to bring adaptation and mitigation and analyze their synergies and trade-offs. But also keeping in mind the relationship that you have between options and within the system. So that is that when we implement an adaptation option, we currently do it in isolation. This is one adaptation option. But that in reality, we need to look at how that adaptation options interact with other options. So here we have these five system transitions. In working group two, we don't do industrial, that's more for working group three. And then since SR 1.5, we've added societal transitions. Next slide, please. So this figure is the, we call it the multi-dimensional feasibility assessment done in SR 1.5, but also done in both working groups two and working group three. Trying to step away from the focus that's usually technological and economic and going into institutional, social, environmental and geophysical dimensions. And here we can see the bigger circles, meaning high feasibility, smaller circles, meaning low feasibility. But low circles don't mean that we can't work on that option. That means that we either have research gaps, there's not enough knowledge on it yet, or that there are significant barriers and that's where resources need to be invest, where we need to do investment. So from what we can see in this slide is that institutional, the institutional dimension is the one that has the most low to medium feasibility. And in this, the second column of the circles, you have the synergies with mitigation. So we can also see, how feasible is an adaptation option, but how good does it reduce emissions or not? In the next slide, please. Here we can see the different, some of the indicators we used, which of course changed between the working groups, but I just want to put special attention to political acceptability, legal and regulatory feasibility, institutional capacity, transparency, and then social co-benefits, mostly linking with the sustainable development, go social cultural acceptability, inclusiveness issues, and then equity, intergenerational and gender. And of course, other equity indicators can be added when there's enough evidence. Something really good to report on is that in SR 1.5 published in 2018, you didn't have enough literature to report on gender equity, but from 2018 till now there was enough to put it in. But there's another important thing in this framework in that it is flexible. So this is done at the global level in working group two, the different sectoral and regional chapters carried out their own feasibility assessments. And we can also see the change in indicators to what's important in those regions. So there are regions, for example, if you're working with Native Americans, you can include indigenous knowledge under social cultural as a specific indicator. So just to show where the priorities are and also where we need to put more attention. Next slide, please. Here's just to give a closer look and where you can see that, for example, forest-based adaptation, agroforestry, biodiversity management, and all the different connectivity and improved cropland management are options that have medium to high feasibility on adaptation, but also strong synergies with mitigation. And in the next slide, please. We can see some energy, some options for energy systems and where for the first time, energy comes more strongly. Realizing the importance or the need for resilience and energy infrastructure, but also realizing the importance of energy as a means for adaptation and how it enables other options. Next slide, please. Here as part of the same feasibility assessment, we see the link to some of the main SDGs. And here we can highlight SDG3 on health, 6 on water and 11 on sustainable cities and communities as being cross-cutting across most of the options. Next slide, please. So we know what works. We know what's feasible. We know what's effective. What else can be done to accelerate adaptation? And first of all is political commitment. We also need strong institutional frameworks, robust and flexible institutions, enhancing knowledge, improved monitoring and evaluation and inclusive governance that prioritizes equity and justice. Next slide, please. So something that Working Group 2 emphasizes a lot in this current report is the concept of climate resilience development. And this is going beyond what I just described in the feasibility and into how can we really bring together climate risk reduction, emissions reduction, interdependence with ecosystem, looking at SDGs and biodiversity and how we can shift this societal development. So next slide, please. Here we can see one climate resilient development trajectory which leads to well-being, low poverty, ecosystem health, equity and justice. Next slide. And then the next trajectory which is the current development trajectory where adaptation gaps increase and we are on course to 3.2 degrees warming. Next slide. And here we see a number of paths in between and pay special attention to the dotted line at the top, which means that these are trajectories that are lost to us, not available because of decision and actions we've taken in the past. Next slide, please. So how do we choose these trajectories? And this is where the importance of societal choices, how everybody in society can participate from government, private sector, civil society, working in numerous arenas listed here in the next slides like economic and financial. Next, knowledge and technology, moving on to ecological and political and social cultural and community and community arenas. Next slide, please. And then here with all this, we can see how we get development where we have a knowledge diversity because we include more of diverse values and knowledge systems, especially indigenous knowledge, ecosystem stewardship, equity, justice and inclusion. And on the other hand, we have the opposite. So here in this figure, we bring it all together starting from the left-hand side of how you have all these actors and arenas participating and shaping the different pathways, the different trajectories we take. I think it is something worth mentioning is that working group two, this was the first time that indigenous knowledge was put at the same level as scientific knowledge. So I think that was good progress. Next slide, please. So just to wrap up, just summarizing the key messages is that climate risks are appearing faster, we'll get more severe. And I think that's something that we've been able to see in the past years, that impacts cascade through natural and human systems, often compounding the impacts from other human activities like in the example I showed of heat stress and agriculture and food security. Next slide, please. And then that for many locations on earth, options for adaptation are already limited and that we need to act in the next decade before we lose more pathways, before we reach limits in which more options of adaptation will be less effective. And that tied to this, the maintenance recovery, the effectiveness of adaptation options is tightly integrated with the achievement of mitigation targets. Next slide, please. And that the magnitude of observed impacts and projectile climate risks also indicate the scale of the planning and funding needed, especially if we want to achieve climate resilient development, because adaptation on its own is not enough and mitigation on its own is not enough. So we have a decade to act and get these transitions in place. Next slide, please. And the scientific evidence is unequivocal. The risks are here and we have the tools to act. So right now what we provide here is the knowledge to make these decisions, but we also need the wisdom to make these ethical decisions to not leave anybody behind and to incorporate the most marginalized and vulnerable populations. Next slide, please. And that should be the end. Thank you very much for your attention. Thank you for that tremendous presentation. A quick reminder that we've already, we're halfway through our program-ish and we've covered a ton of information. I know people in our online audience will have questions. If you have questions, you can send us an email. Email address to use is ask at EESI.org. That's ASK at EESI.org. You can also follow us on Twitter at EESI online and send it to us that way. We'll do our best to incorporate questions we receive from our online audience into the Q&A. And the Q&A will happen after we hear from our final panelists. I'm gonna introduce our next two panelists together because they will be sharing the presentation. First up is Dr. Nan Zhou. Nan is a senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Nan has led many international programs at LBNL on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation, often focused on China. Nan is currently the technical program manager for the Net Zero World Action Center, an initiative launched by the U.S. government to work with countries to implement their climate pledges and accelerate transitions to net zero, resilient and inclusive energy systems. In addition, she is a lead author on the chapter on mitigation and development pathways of the IPCC working group three, six assessment report on mitigation of climate change. And her co-presenter will be Dr. Lynn Price. Lynn is an affiliate retired senior scientist in the energy technologies area of Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. Lynn's research is focused on energy efficiency and greenhouse gas mitigation with an emphasis on industrial applications, materials efficiency and China. Since 1994, Lynn has been a member of the International Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. She's a lead author of the IPCC second, third, fourth and fifth assessment reports on mitigation of climate change and served as a U.S. government expert for the sixth assessment report. Lynn has provided technical and policy-making assistance related to energy efficiency and climate change mitigation on a variety of projects to federal agencies, multilateral banks and foundations. Non and Lynn, I will turn it over to you. Thanks for joining us at our briefing today. Thank you, Dan. And so in the next 15 minutes, I will walk you through some key findings and show you where we are in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, where we're headed and what actions we can take to limit the global warming. And next slide, please. The reality is that the greenhouse gas emissions, which are causing global warming, are at their highest level in the human history. And Dr. Ramm already presented that in the findings from the working group one. Next, please. If you look at this chart, emissions in 2019 were about 12% higher than they were in 2010 and the 54% higher than in 1990. So we're not on track to limit the warming to 1.5 degrees C. There are increased evidence of climate actions and the average annual rate of growth in global emissions has actually slowed and in the last decade. So if you look at this emissions between 2010 and 2019, it actually is showing a growth rate of the emission of 1.3% per year of growth when compared with the earlier decade, which is 2.1% per year. And next, please. So this decline is particularly noticeable in the energy and the industry sectors where the rate of growth has more than helped. And so there are increased evidence of climate actions and I will walk you through some of those. Next, please. And however, despite the progress, our assessment and concludes that unless there are immediate and deep emissions reductions across all sectors, unfortunately 1.5 degrees C is beyond reach. Next, please. Some countries have already achieved the steady decrease in emissions over several years at a rate consistent with limiting warming to a two degree C. And the growing number of cities are setting their net zero targets. An increasing range of policies and laws have already enhanced energy efficiency, reduce the rates of deforestation and accelerate the deployment of renewable energy and the climate laws that the resulting reduce or avoid emissions are present in 56 countries, covering more than half of the global emissions. Next, please. So one notable success is around the renewables. And if you look at this slide and showing and the cost reduction for photovoltaics, onshore wind and battery for passenger electric vehicles. So there have been sustained decrease in the unit costs and for all and there was a reduction of 85% for solar, 55% for wind and 85% for batteries. So in some cases, these costs have fallen below those of fossil fuels. Next, please. At the same time, we've also seen a large increase in capacity installed for these and renewable resources and the battery technologies as shown in this figure. Even though and their share of the capacity in the total power generation system is still low, but you can see the rate of the growth is astonishing. Next, please. Looking at the policies that were implemented by December 2020, we conclude that without the strength and mitigation efforts, GG emissions are projected to lead to global warming of 3.2 degrees. So in the scenarios we assess, limiting warming to 1.5 degrees requires global GG emissions to peak before 2025 at the latest and to be reduced by 43% by 2030, which is only eight years away. Emissions from messing, which is a short-lived but the pretend greenhouse gas would also need to be reduced by about a third over the same period. And even if we do this, it is almost inevitable that it will temporarily exceed 1.5 degrees C, but we could return to below this level of warming by the end of the century. Limiting the warming to around two degrees C still requires global emissions to peak before 2025 at the latest and to be reduced by a quarter by 2030. So, and our job is a very challenging. Next, please. Next slide. Thank you. So the temperature will stabilize when we reach the net zero carbon dioxide emissions to limit the warming to around 1.5 degrees C requires reaching net zero carbon dioxide emissions in the early 2050s. For two degrees C and the emission need to be reduced to net zero in the earlier 2030s. Deep and sustained reduction of other gases would also be required. Next slide. In every sector, there are options available now and that can at least halve the emission by 2030 and keep open the possibility of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C. So let's walk through this. And next, please. So in almost all chapters in the working group three report and all concluded to reduce the emissions across all the sectors requires major transition which includes the reduction of overall fossil fuel use and also deployment of many low emission energy sources switching to alternative energy carriers improve energy efficiency and to achieve more conservation and you can see these and being concluded in many of the chapters and keep clicking, please. Okay, next slide. The energy sector accounts for about a third of the mission and major transition are required to limit the global warming. So this will involve substantial reduction in fossil fuel use, lower no carbon energy system, widespread electrification, use of alternative fuels such as a hydrogen and sustainable biofuels and use of carbon capture and storage and improve the energy efficiency. Transitioning to a low carbon energy sector is expected to cut down international trade in fossil fuels energy efficiency and the reductions in energy consumption can be achieved using digital technologies. In this way, it is also possible to decentralize our next energy network. So the power comes from multiple localized energy networks rather than just one main electricity grid. Electricity system powered by renewables are becoming increasingly viable, but it will be challenging to supply the entire energy system in that way. Next slide, please. Changes to our lifestyle and the behavior can reduce our carbon footprint as well as to improve our health and the wellbeing. So there's quite a bit of untapped potential here to bring down global emissions by between 40 and then 70% by 2050. But only if the necessary policies, the infrastructure and technologies are all in place. Off the 60 actions and we assess in this report, on the individual level, the biggest contribution comes from switching to walking and cycling using electrified transport and other effective options including reducing air travel and adopting our houses, shifting toward a more balanced plant-based diet is also an option. We'll see individuals and have the highest potential for reduction as investors, consumers, role models and or professionals. So while there is mitigation potential in many regions of the world, in some places people require additional housing energy and the resource for human wellbeing. To be effective, lifestyle changes will need to be supported by system changes across all aspects of society, including transport building and land use. Next slide please. So looking at the transport sector, reducing demand plays a part in reducing emissions and then low carbon technology are also key. And we all know electric vehicles offer the greatest potential as long as they're combined with the low and the zero carbon electricity sources. Advances in battery technologies that I mentioned earlier could assist in the electrification of trucks and complement the conventional real system. In aviation and shipping, which are harder to decarbonize, alternative fuels such as low emission hydrogen and biofuels will be needed. Overall, there's a substantial potential for emission reduction, but it depends on decarbonizing the power sector. Next please. Cities and urban areas count for more than two thirds of global emissions. If we take into account what is produced in the city and brought in from elsewhere, another significant potential for emissions reduction. In all cities, better urban planning is key and three other broad strategies have been found to be effective. So these include sustainable production and consumption of goods and services and electrification, sorry, it's the slide up before. And it's still on the city, yeah. Electrification and improving carbon, urban uptake and the storage in cities. And for example, with the permeable surfaces, green roofs, trees and the lakes. Next please on buildings. In buildings, it is possible to reach net zero in 2050. Action in this decade is critically and critical to fully capture the potential. It would involve retrofitting all existing buildings and use effective mitigation techniques in those that are yet to be built. So this requires ambitious policy packages which may incorporate the use of renewables, efficient design, use of space, energy, material and appliances. There are increasing number of zero energy and or zero carbon buildings in almost all climates. So this has come about from construction and the retrofitting. More could be done to reduce emission in the sector if renovation rates and retrofitting were improved. Next please. And the industry is a hard to obey sector. Three approaches are under used in policies industrial practice at the present. The basic materials including steel and building material in the chemicals, low to zero emission processes are at the pilot or near commercial stage. In some cases they're still at the commercial stage but they're not yet established industrial practices. This sector accounts for about a quarter of global emissions. Achieving net zero will be very challenging and will require new production processes, low and zero emission electricity, hydrogen and where necessary even carbon capture in storage. Next slide please. To counterbalance these hard to eliminate emissions and for example in the agriculture, aviation, industrial processes, we will need a carbon dioxide removal. Three methods to remove carbon dioxide from atmosphere stored on the land or underground or in the ocean. There are biological methods that could also store carbon such as reforestation and soil carbon management. These are all widely practiced. New technologies such as the direct air capture in storage require more research, upfront investment and proof of concept at the larger scale before they can be widely used. Carbon dioxide removal is essential to achieve net zero. Next please. Finally agriculture, forestry and land use can provide a large scale emission reductions and they remove and store carbon dioxide scale. So this can be done by protecting and restoring our natural systems including forests, coastal wetlands and grasslands and improve the sustainable crop and livestock management can also play a part. Land provide us with so much for example food, nature and feed for animals. So we also should consider this competing demand when considering and the mitigation of climate change. And at the same time land can only do so much in terms of removing the storing carbon if we cannot use it to compensate for delayed emission reductions in other sectors. And next please. Our assessment shows that the financial flows factor of three to six times lower than the levels needed by 2030 to limit the warming to below 1.5 degrees C or two degrees C. There's actually sufficient global capital and the liquidity to close the investment gaps. And when you need a clear signaling from the government and the international community include a stronger alignment of public sector finance and policy they all end going to be critically important. And the one challenge for closing investment gap is why it is the widest for the developing countries without taking into account the economic benefits of these and adaptation costs or avoid the climate impact. The global GDP would be just a few percentage points lower in 2050 if we take the actions necessary to limit the warming to two degrees C or below compared to maintaining current policies. Next slide please. So let's turn our attention now to regulatory and economic instruments and policies which can play a critical role and strengthening our response. So regulatory and economic instruments ranging from standards, vehicle efficiency, building codes to policies for industrial decarbonization to broad based carbon taxes and emissions trading system have already proven effective in reducing emissions. And such measures can be strengthened and expanded significantly. Policy packages and economic and packages are better able to achieve system change than individual policy instruments on their own. Next please. And in recent years there has been enormous activity significant progress in technology and innovation and which is also reflected in this report. I touched on a number for those earlier. Investment policies, especially and for scientific training and as well as for R&D push forward a lot of these low carbon and emission technology innovation. The key to effective decision making is assessing the potential benefit and the risks for the different technology and approaches understand their implementation at scale and identify what stands in their way. Some options are technically viable increasingly cost effective too and generally supported by public which enables development in many regions. So those examples include the solar energy efficient appliances, improve the forest and crop management and reduce food waste. Other options face barriers that need to be addressed before they can be implemented at the scale. Adoption for these technologies is slower in most developing country, particularly for those least developed ones due to the limited resources and the limited capacities. In all countries, next please. Actions to limit global warming will result in wider benefits to the society and can also increase the pace, steps and the breadth of our emission reduction. Accelerate an equitable climate action in mitigating, adopting and climate change impact is critical and to sustainable development. Next please to wrap up. Climate change is a result of more than a century of unsustainable energy and a land use lifestyles patterns of consumption and production. So this report shows how taking actions now can move us toward a fairer, more livable world. So to conclude, we know what to do and how to do it. It's up to us now. And with this, I will turn over to my colleague and Lynn Price and to wrap this presentation up. Thank you, Non. I'd like to thank Daniel EESI and all of you watching for the opportunity to participate in this webinar and for your interest in this topic. Following these three presentations from the Sixth Assessment Report, Working Group Representatives, I'll now provide a brief look back at some key IPCC milestones and findings as well as a look forward to some upcoming IPCC events. Next slide. Earlier in this webinar, Dr. Rava Swami showed this graphic of a brief history of key IPCC milestones. So I'll just add that in 1988, the IPCC was founded as a scientific body that reviews and assesses the most recent scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of climate change. Currently, 195 countries are members of the IPCC. As Ron described, you can see the steady progression of IPCC assessment reports starting with the first assessment report in 1990, up to the sixth assessment report, which was released in 2021 and 2022. In addition, there's been a number of special reports focusing on particular topics issued by the IPCC during this time. All of these reports are available on the IPCC's website. In the arrow, it's noted that there's been exponential growth in peer-reviewed literature and growing public awareness of the science of climate change during this period. The next slide focuses on one of the key areas that the IPCC has assessed over the years, the certainty associated with the influence of human activities on global climate change. At the time of the first assessment report in 1990s, when the authors reviewed a few thousand scientific peer-reviewed journal articles with other literature, they were able to state that emissions resulting from human activities are substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and that these activities will enhance the greenhouse effect. Following assessment reports were able to establish a more definitive link between human activities and climate change, with the second assessment report stating that these results point to a human influence on global climate, and the third assessment report finding that there is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities. By the fourth assessment report on the next slide, the reviewed literature led the IPCC authors to find that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid 20th century is very likely due to observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations, and by the fifth assessment report, it was found that it is extremely likely the human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid 20th century. Next slide. So this current sixth assessment report, which we're discussing today, draws the most definitive link between human activities and climate change, explaining that the evidence for human influence on recent climate change strengthened from the IPCC first assessment report in 1990 to the fifth assessment report in 2013 and 2014, and is now even stronger in this assessment. You can click forward, please. The authors found that human influence in the atmosphere, ocean, and land components of the climate system taken together is assessed as unequivocal for the first time in an IPCC assessment report. Next slide. As I mentioned earlier, the mandate of IPCC assessment reports is to review and assess the most recent scientific, technical, and socioeconomic information produced worldwide relevant to understanding climate change. This slide shows the number of authors, the review comments, and the citations for the sixth assessment report by a working group. In total, there were 782 authors who responded to nearly 200,000 review comments from experts in governments. The authors reviewed and assessed over 66,000 peer-reviewed journal articles and other literature to write this assessment report. Next slide. Now, looking forward, there are two important upcoming IPCC events. First, the IPCC will hold outreach events each day at the COP 27 meeting in Egypt in November. If you're going to the COP, check the IPCC's calendar for the current listing of these daily events. Second, the IPCC will release the sixth assessment report's synthesis report which synthesizes the key messages from the three working group reports that you heard about today on March 20th, 2023. Next slide. And since it's Nobel Prize time, I thought I would end with a reminder that the IPCC was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change. Thank you very much. And for that extra bit of presentation, thank you, Nan, for kicking that off. I'll invite Ram and Deb and Nan to turn your cameras on and we will move into the Q&A portion. Just two quick reminders. If you would like to ask a question, we still have about 25 minutes of briefing left and so you can send us an email, ask, that's ASK at ESI.org and you can also follow us on Twitter at ESI online. And if you've missed anything, you would like to go back and look at the presentation materials, everything will be posted online at www.esi.org. And then please feel free to turn yours back on too if you would like. We will dig in. And I'd like to start by, you know, the four of you have participated in these reports and as Lynn's presentation just described, an awful lot of collaboration and analysis and working together. And it feels to me a little bit like there might be a community around these reports. And Ram, maybe we'll start with you and Deb and Nan and like to hear from you as well. What's it like working with this global team to produce an IPCC report? What's the experience like? Are there things that sort of surprised you in this latest version? What have you learned along the way? Ram, we'll start with you. Thank you, Dan, and thanks for hosting these questions. That's a very good question. I think from my perspective, I'll actually pick up on something that Lynn put up as the number of reviewers, number of reviews, number of comments made, number of articles cited. I mean, it's a very daunting process and it keeps growing more and more daunting with every assessment, simply because I think as Lynn showed that plot, everything is exponentially rising in terms of the literature and the educational aspects. So you've got to assimilate all that to write an IPCC report because as I mentioned, it goes through lots of reviews. So you can't be slackening off on it. So that's very daunting, just the sheer number of items you have to take into account. I think in this particular AR6, what I found to be quite different, two things were different. One was the pandemic, it created a difference in the sense that we could not have meetings in person, which previous IPCCs did, which made for a lot of useful interactions. Instead, we had to almost contrive as to how to do meetings effectively on through the electronic media Zoom or Google Microsoft. And that was very challenging because in particular the chapter that I was involved with, there were literally authors all the way from Australia to across the farthest you can think of Canada. And to accommodate everyone, you had to kind of get everyone together and then to find a time when people, I mean, it was just sheer madness sometimes because people were sometimes being called up to work from 1 a.m. to 4 a.m. on chapters. So that was daunting, there was a pandemic, but the other thing that I think was very interesting, and I don't know if the authors and the other working groups noticed it, but I noticed for the first time, or not for the first time necessarily, but maybe in a more enhanced sense, the connection to climate extremes that people were feeling in different parts of the world. So it was not just the usual thing, like the globe is warming, but really much more regional level events and information such as droughts or heavy precipitation or the glaciers melting locally. Those were actually the topics that I would say connected everyone much more closely this time because from every region, every corner of the globe, of the inhabited globe was seeing extremes. And so that made for a different kind of connection in terms of just writing the, in the working group one context, in terms of writing out the assessment, it made for a lot of not only awareness, but engagement by people from different parts of the world, which I thought was very telling for the whole assessment. Deb and Nan, please feel free to offer any perspectives from where you're sitting. Sure, yeah. So I share a lot of what Ram also experienced in terms of and the challenges and working with the different time zones and the people from different culture and almost everybody's from a different country. And also what I found very interesting and as a first and time author for the IPCC is people come from very different disciplinary and that probably is a part of and by design for the IPCC different chapters. And I'm more used to working with colleagues in my own and field more on technologies, more on policy that can promote technologies. But at this chapter author meeting, I found that there are many other economists, social scientists, and people from very different field and they bring very new perspective. And for example, when we talk about advancing the deployment of technology and the social scientists will bring up these just transition issues. And how can we have equitable and transition? And we need to consider and training and education and ensuring the wellbeing of these, for example, coal mines that will be faced down or faced out. And so the sectors will be affected. And then also considering and some of ecosystem and the damages impact. So those are a very interesting and rewarding experience. It was challenging during pandemics and getting up for 30 and to be in the 5 a.m. calls to accommodate. Unfortunately, US is the time zone we have. We sort of have to accommodate for and others. So, but it's also rewarding because of the challenging and also being able to work online and the spreading what is supposed to be a whole day meeting, right? Into many different small segments like every morning, two hours. So, but that was quite a fascinating experience. Yeah. Yeah, I'll just say that starting from 1.5, you know, it was the special report on 1.5 was special in many reasons. One, it was the first time that it was requested by the COP parties, you know, by the member state specifically, but also it was the first report that brought the three working groups together. So that was challenging in that the natural and social scientists from the three working groups hadn't worked together before, but I think it brought really rich discussions and, you know, how to include equity and justice ethics considerations into as non-mentioned technologies, but also how, you know, social scientists could better integrate these considerations with what natural scientists were saying and then myself being an engineer just kind of added another, I would say hiccup because I'm not natural or social scientist, but I think there's an openness from all the experts to hear from others. And I think right now with AR6 was different of course, because of the pandemic as Ram and non-mentioned. And for your second part of your question about surprising findings or such, I think that in working group too, the fact that the SPM we got to mention that colonialism is one of the main causes of vulnerability, I think it was huge, you know, because when we talk about how we do these transformations like transformational adaptation that involves addressing the root causes of vulnerability, you know, we know what to focus on, the fact that, you know, equity and justice and ethics and inclusion got such a big focus under climate resilient development pathways, the fact that we included like the provision of basic services and infrastructure like rural electrification and rural water and sanitation as a means for adaptation opens up a huge new finance, you know, financing sources that now funding that traditionally is for rural development or poverty alleviation can also be used for adaptation. So I think there are many positive things and together with the new research we've have on loss and damage, but I know that that's the focus for another topic. Thank you. Yes, we'll have a whole briefing just about that topic. It's an enormous issue. And last year we did one sort of specific on international climate finance too. And those are obviously, you know, those topics are inextricably related. Lynn, you unmuted, please feel free to go ahead. I just wanted to say that as a person who participated in earlier assessment reports, but not in this one, I cannot imagine how difficult it must have been to work under the conditions of the pandemic for these authors. Normally you get together for a week and you're not just with your author team, but you are working in a number of cross cutting issues across author teams, which meant that these folks had to have zoom calls not just with their authors, but, you know, their co-authors of their chapter, but also with many others. And, you know, it's a very dynamic process going back and forth. And I'd also like to point out that when I mentioned there were almost 200,000 review comments, there is a review editor for each chapter that ensures that each review comment is responded to. So it's not just that the authors read them and responding to them in person in a group to brainstorm with your colleagues is one thing, but doing it over the internet and by zoom, I think must have been very challenging this year, especially because there were many more review comments for this assessment report than for previous ones. Well, thanks for indulging that question. I think it's really interesting the amount of, you know, this isn't some machine output, right? This is the result of a ton of hard work over many, many years and really compelling analysis. And so thanks for indulging that question. Deb, I'm gonna start with you for this next question. And we've got a couple of questions from our audience too that kind of start to get at this issue. And I'm curious, you know, the report has broken up into three working groups. And we'll start with you, but I'll invite everyone else to offer comments too. What do you see as the main linkages across the working groups? Are there common threads that you would point out to our audience that appear in multiple reports? Yeah, well, as was mentioned before, the topic of extremes has come across in working group term. Of course, we rely on the information of working group two also for the part of impacts and risks that working group two deals with. The interactions I've had mainly was with working group three starting in 1.5, which again brought all of us together, which was I think very, very useful. And that continued in AR six with the feasibility assessment. Because when looking at what options we can use to reduce risks, we also have to see that we don't significantly increase emissions, but also look at what options came from working group three that could significantly increase risks. So for example, provide more competition with land or water use like carbon capture and storage. So the specific part that I'm discussing appeared in working group two in chapter 18, but it was actually a cross working group effort. We had about 20 working group three authors working with another working group two team and looking option per option of, all the options considered in each of the two working groups. And then that we could then present these results as what is the best that we have available that can meet the mitigation adaptation and help advance the sustainable development goals. But I think that these conversations, these messages are increasingly important and that the working groups really can't be as isolated as saying, well, this is my territory or this is just only for me to discuss because there really is a linkage, especially, you know, when working group three talks about there's sustainable development pathways or climate resilient development, that's how you actually bring together. I'm sorry if I mangled the name of the working group three sustainable development pathways. Thank you. Non, please go ahead. I just a very quickly add as again, a first time freshman for the IPC report writing and at least for our chapter and we included adaptation and risk assessment. And I think that's included for almost all chapter for the working groups three report writing. And then I can give you example for some of these linkages. For example, I mentioned about alternative field and cleaner field biofield, right? A lot of those are coming from and kind of our agriculture and plants or crops and all of those. And so some of them are competing with our food system, right? So that's the area we need to consider. And so the mitigation and the impact potentially and for the food system and then also link it to some adaptation and adaptation could also mean, for example, improving our resilience in extreme climate events such as and flooding and drought or wildfire. And so in some of those area, can we build houses in the way they're more adapted to those extreme events? And can we build our power system? And that's also more resilient either under wiring or put some of those lines up so it can be still functioning when there's flood. And there's also extreme weather events such as snowstorm in Texas or somewhere else. And so in those situations, we have to and have more distributed system and not just counting on a one centralized power plant and grid. And so combination diverse energy sources concerning those storage and is another way for us to adapt and to the future climate change. Thanks, go ahead. Did you have something? I'm happy to put you, Chairman. This is a great chance just to have a bigger point. So I just wanted to kind of add that being involved in working with one, one of the things that led off from working with one and then cascaded to the other working rules was the notion of hydrological extremes, namely the heavy precipitation or lack of it. That one, there's a lot of information now that we have from both observations and the model simulations that then kind of plays into this concept of the environmental intelligence where for water security and also also food security, energy security, the understanding of the uncertainties in the precipitation and therefore the extremes in hydrological cycle become an important part of the whole process of both adaptation as well as mitigation. And it further shows or showed up in the context of the sea level rise, particularly in the special report on SROC, the special report on oceans and cryosphere. It kind of traced all the way from warming to sea level rise to regional coastal inundation and then affecting communities down to tribal communities in different parts of the world. So that kind of linkage is what I've observed, growing in IPCC over the different assessments and this one in this particular one as well as the short reports, it manifests itself really very nicely as a linkage across the framework under which the three working groups are operating. Thanks. We're gonna shift gears just a little tiny bit and we're gonna go into a lightning round and this question comes to us from our audience. Given the sense of urgency that the six assessment report conveys and I think urgency is definitely one of the key themes when you read the report, I'm asking each one of our panelists if they could offer maybe one to two of the most important actions we could take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate impacts given sort of where you see things per the report. Happy to let anyone go first but definitely would like to hear from all the panelists if you have one or two things to offer. Go ahead, Deb. So I'll start now. I'd say that first one is nature-based solution including nature throughout land systems, energy, urban and also the part of justice, equity and ethics, I think that those considerations need to be at the center of the log chance. So it's not just the option or the technology or the institutions, it's about the people. Thank you. Yeah, I can go next. So on the mitigation side, I think it's worth exploring as was pointed out in the assessment that there are gases other than CO2 which are also being responsible for the whole greenhouse gas, greenhouse effect. And in that context, methane is kind of a very stark example. There's also black carbon in terms of particulates and there are numerous calculations which were kind of also presented to the advocacy where just reducing them would contribute towards improving the situation of how much the earth's energy is out of balance. On the adaptation side, there are clear indications now where you can actually begin to think of some regions which are gonna be more highly sensitive to warming and other extremes. And it might be useful to consider paying more attention those regions to maybe afford them a greater opportunity to protect assets, preserve assets and there might be some early warning signs in some of these regions of tipping points. So if some attention could be paid there it might actually be sort of advancement in terms of some investment coming along good in terms of adaptation. Thanks. On the adaptation, I'll start and then I'll let Nan provide the details. The big picture is we need to decarbonize the grid with more renewables and that means also a focus on storage. And then we need a lot more electrification and I'll turn it over to Nan for some details on that area. So I think it's my own interpretation. I think that really we need a system solutions, right? So our report pointed out to hundreds of thousands of measures we can take but taking each kind of one by one it has been so slow. And also we're not just getting the speed and the scale we need for this transition. And then so the report identified the area for material efficiency, energy efficiency and the recycle reuse and new alternative source electrification, all of those. And how can we kind of deploy these as a system? And so they can be replicated more largely. So I've been thinking a lot more on that. And so just to give you an example for buildings the way we've been building buildings it's almost pretty much the same from 100 years ago so 70 years ago. This industry and has shown very low productivity and then we're also facing housing crisis and there's all these other equity and affordable housing development and all these other objectives that we have to meet. So this area of industrialized construction used to be called the pre-fabricated building offers a very good vehicle. And so we make all the parts use the best and available windows, installation, walls, ceiling and everything put this all together in the factory. And so we can build in the higher quality and assembled it on site. And so this way we can assemble it in two weeks instead of we spending a whole year build a whole house, right? For a larger high-rise building it may take us two, three years with this method that we can do it in a month or two months. Other countries have shown and they can do that. And then also when we do that we'll be able to make sure everything's right and we can do it much faster and three, four times faster at a lower cost. And then this area actually US and can also leapfrog and the modernizing our construction industry. And then we can use low carbon building material, low carbon cement, low carbon and concrete, steel and also in recycled reuse all of and just deliver the house as one product instead of getting one window and all the equipment to be put in. So this area I think and some countries already and develop further more device I think the US has a lot of potential and to address our various objectives and just also give example Denmark in the many years ago we invest in the wind solar when it was very expensive. And but now today they are the world's biggest producer and exporting all these wind turbines everywhere. And so we have all the great talents we have all the resources and we can actually also advance in this area. Great, I love that example of the prefabricated construction and probably toss mass timber and wood construction into that list as well. We have time for one last one. Ram, I think we may start with you on this and then open it up to the rest of the panel. But we've talked about the six assessment report but for our congressional audience thinking about sort of this from a domestic perspective there's also the national climate assessment that the United States government carries out. And I'm curious sort of what the relationship is between these two efforts. Are they complementary? Are they different? Are they, do they have the same scope? What's the schedule like? Just this will probably have to be the last one of our session today but just like to get a little clarity around that issue. Yeah, I'll try to ask that quickly. So many of the authors that they are similar I mean, they are same authors but what the complementarity is that all the results in IPCC are actually used by the national climate assessment. The national climate assessment goes further into more US specific issues and you'll find it more sort of region specific around the United States or around North America. And so that's the major difference. And a lot of, I mean, whether it's not just the science but also the adaptation aspects, vulnerabilities, mitigation aspects, it goes more comprehensively through these other issues. That's the main sort of stand out about the national climate assessment compared to the IPCC report. Otherwise everything that's in the IPCC report because it's well peer reviewed it's actually accepted for reporting in the national climate assessment. So our congressional staff audience should see both of them as different sources of information but one just has a more of a national focus and the other is broader. They're not, there shouldn't be any inconsistencies or any confusion between the two reports. Great, thank you. This is so hard. We have four panelists and we could just keep going on and on. Not I can listen to you talk to you about building listen to you talk about buildings all day but alas, our 90 minutes are up and we have to let our audience go about the rest of their business but thank you so much to our tremendous panelists Rom Debb, Non and Lynn. Thank you for being fantastic panelists. Thank you for making such great presentations. Folks who weren't able to join us today during our online audience will have the ability to go back and watch your presentations and review your presentation materials as well. Thank you so much and congratulations on all of the efforts that you contributed to the Six Assessment Report and Lynn in your case's previous additions as well. Thanks so much for all of that. I'd also like to take a moment to say thanks to my ESI colleagues who made today's briefing possible starting with Dan O'Brien but also on Rila Port, Emma, Allison, Anna, Savannah and Molly a really great team effort. This is the first of four COP briefings and they were really, really excited about all the issues we'll be covering. We'll be looking at nature-based solutions or natural climate solutions. We'll be looking at loss and damage. We'll be looking at the negotiations themselves, the process and my colleague just put up some dates and times here. If you haven't yet RSVP'd for those briefings, you can do that by visiting us online at www.yesi.org. You can also sign up for our newsletters including our daily COP 27 newsletter, COP 27 dispatch that will be coming out every afternoon-ish during COP 27 as well. Also like to give a quick shout out to our three fall interns, Alina, Shreya and Nick who are awesome and we'll be helping with the summary notes and our writing articles and we'll help us keep everything moving ahead while covering COP 27. My colleague just put up a survey slide if you have two minutes and would like to share your feedback of today's session. Did you have any audio problems, video problems, ideas for future topics, anything like that. Please feel free to share your feedback in the survey responses. We read every response and we really appreciate it when folks in our audience take a few minutes to share what they thought. We will go ahead and wrap it there and we will be back next week. Dano, can you go back one real quick? We'll be back on the 20th for climate change, loss and damage, the 28th for natural climate solutions and then November 2nd, right before Anna and I take off for Egypt, what's on the table for the negotiations, you can go forward now. We've got some really great briefings coming up and thanks for joining us. Sorry for going a couple of minutes over but we'll see you next week for climate change, loss and damage. Thanks.