 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panimian Grammar. We continue to study Hal Sandhi or Consonant Sandhi. Hal Sandhi is a Sandhi that comes in place of a Hal and Hal is a Consonant. We classified Hal Sandhi into two broad classes Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is one substituent which is replaced by one substitute Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Whereas Ekasthanika Dvyadesha is one substituent which is replaced by two substitutes Ekasthani Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha has been studied so far in this course. In this lecture we shall start the study of Ekasthanika Dvyadesha one substituent being replaced by two substitutes. This can be diagrammatically represented in the following manner where you have A plus B in the environment of B A is substituted by two A and X. This is Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. There are three instances of Ekasthanika Dvyadesha Satva Anusvara Sandhi, Dvir Vachana Sandhi and also Agama Sandhi. Satva Anusvara Sandhi we shall be dealing with at the end primarily because of its relation with the next type of Sandhi namely the Visargha Sandhi. First we shall deal with the Dvir Vachana Sandhi and then we shall study the Agama Sandhi. Let us continue studying Dvir Vachana Sandhi. So what is Dvir Vachana? The word Dvir Vachana has got two components Dvihi and Vachana. Dvihi means twice and Vachana is utterance. Put together Dvir Vachana means uttering a verbal element twice, reduplication. In a nutshell what it means is that substituting one verbal element by two utterances of the same sound or same verbal element. So if we have X given in an environment to utter this X twice. So substitute this X by two utterances of the same X. So this X X substitutes X. This is how the substitution as far as the reduplication is concerned happens. This is why this is described as Dvir Vachana Sandhi where Ekasthanika Dvyadesha takes place. Here is a brief description of the reduplication in the Ashtadhyayi, the grammar composed by Panini. In the Ashtadhyayi, reduplication of elements is described at three places. First in 6.1, 6th chapter, first sub-chapter and this is the reduplication of verbal root in various environments be it past perfect or be it desiderative root formation or frequentative root formation. The verb and the verbal root gets reduplicated. The rules describing this reduplication are stated in 6.1. Then we have another section at the beginning of 8.1. We have the sutras describing the reduplication of the finished words or padas sarvasya dvay and finally we have a section in 8.4 which describes the reduplication of sounds. Mainly the consonants, the reduplication of consonants and this is what we are going to study in this particular lecture. This is what is described as Dvir Vachana Sandhi. The Dvir Vachana replacing the one sound. Here are the sutras that we are going to deal with. Let us take up the first sutra in this list namely achorahabhyam dvay, 8446. This particular sutra has got 3 padas achah, rahabhyam and dvay. Achah is 5 slash 1 of ach, ach is a vowel. So achah means immediately after a vowel. Rahabhyam is 5 slash 2 of rah, referring to the sounds r and her. So rahabhyam means immediately after the sounds r and her. Dvay is 1 slash 2 of dvay, meaning thereby 2 substitutes. The words continued from the previous sutra are yaraha which is 6 slash 1 of yar and we have seen that yar means all consonants minus her. So yaraha means in place of yar that is all consonants minus her. Va means optionally. All these meanings put together, the meaning of the sutra can be stated in the following manner. In place of sound yar that is all consonants minus her, substitute its 2 utterances when it refers to yar when yar comes immediately after sounds r and her which come immediately after a vowel and do this substitution optionally. I repeat in place of sound yar, yaraha substitute its 2 utterances dvay when it comes immediately after sounds r and her rahabhyam which comes immediately after a vowel achaha and do this operation optionally. Va. This can be shown in the form of an equation in the following manner. We have ach followed by r or her followed by yar. So ach plus r plus yar or ach plus her plus yar and 8446 then applies and output generated is ach plus r or her plus yar plus yar. So this 1 yar is substituted by 2 yars and this substitution is optional which means that we can also have this as an output or this can also be another output. Let us look at the examples but before that let us study the structure in this particular re-duplication Sandhi. Here we have a plus b plus c. So a and b are the Purva nimittas and c is the sthani the substitute in. So when these nimittas exist then this c gets substituted by cc. This is the re-duplication. The most important part here to remember is that the environments notably the left hand side environment goes one more slot backwards. So far we have studied Sandhi's where only b was the left hand side environment. Here we go one step backwards and include a as well in the left hand side environment. Here are the examples or kaha. Here we have a which is ach followed by re followed by c which is yar and so this is ach this is re this is c ach plus re plus c and then this c gets re-duplicated. This c is substituted by the twice occurrence of c by the application of 8446 and this is the output generated or caha. There are two kakharas. Similarly Brahma here there is a after bra which is ach followed by ha. Now this ha is also followed by ma which is a yar and so this yar gets substituted by its twice occurrence and so the output generated after the application of 8446 is brahma. There are two makharas. Similarly Hariyanobhavaha here we have after her which is ach followed by re which is re in the sutra followed by here which is a yar and therefore this one year is substituted by its two utterances. So you have Hariyanobhavaha as the output generated after the application of 8446. Similarly Naihasti. Once again Naihasti and there is this akara after na this is ach followed by her followed by here that is yar. So this year gets re-duplicated and so we have the two akaras being the substitute of one yakara. This is the output generated. Similarly Urja. This is u that is an ach followed by refl followed by j which is yar. So this yar gets re-duplicated. This one year is substituted by two years and we get Urja. We also note that all these outputs are optional which means that the other non-re-duplicated output is also available. Let us study the next sutra which states this re-duplications which is anachi char. This is 8447. This consists of two words anachi and char. Anachi is seven slash one of anachi. Anachi means absence of ach. Ach is a vowel. So absence of a vowel. Anachi means immediately before the absence of a vowel. Char means and and the words that are continued from the previous sutra are achaha five slash one of ach. Ach means a vowel. So achaha means immediately after a vowel. The way is one slash two of dvi. Dvi means here two substitutes. Yara ha is six slash one of yar meaning all consonants minus her. So yara ha means in place of yar and wa means optionally. All this put together the meaning of anachi char can be stated in the following manner. Immediately before the absence of a vowel in place of yar substitute its two occurrences if it means yar comes immediately after a vowel and do this optionally. I repeat immediately before the absence of a vowel that is anachi in place of yar yara ha substitute its two occurrences dvi if it it means yar comes immediately after a vowel achaha optionally that is wa. So here we have ach plus yar plus anach given these environments now this yar will be substituted by its two occurrences. So the output generated after the application of 8447 is ach plus yar plus yar plus anach and this redeplication is optional. This can be represented once again in the form of a diagram in this particular manner where we have a plus b plus c a is the left hand side environment c is the right hand side environment in both these environments b is substituted by its own twice occurrences. So a plus b plus c is the input and a plus bb plus c is the output and here are the examples. So when we have the dhyatra derived after the application of the sutra eco-energy which has got the dhadi and atra as input. So we have the dhyatra. Now here we have a coming after this dh which is an ach ach after which comes dh which is a yar after which comes yar which is a non ach or anach. So we have ach plus yar plus anach and this yar then gets reduplicated and after the redeplication happens the first dha is substituted by dha after the application of the sutra jalaam jash jashy and so we get dhadhyatra there is dha plus dha plus yar and this is optional. So optionally we will also get dhadhyatra. Similarly madhvatra so madhu plus atra and madhvatra. Now once again here we have a after ma this is ach followed by dha which is yar followed by v which is anach this is not a vowel so v is a consonant. So we have ach followed by dha that is yar followed by v that is anach. So the conditions for the application of 8447 are fulfilled and so this dha is substituted by its two occurrences and so we have ma dha dha vatra the first dha is substituted by dha by the application of the sutra jalaam jash jashy and so we will get the output madhvatra. Of course this is optional so we will get madhvatra as another output. Let us proceed further and study the next sutra nadinyakroshay putrasya 8448. So this particular sutra has got four words na adinyakroshay and putrasya. Now means not there is a negation over here negation of the two substitutes in place of one negation of the reduplication the next word is adiny this word is in 7 slash 1 of the word adiny with the sup suffix being deleted and so the word adiny means immediately before the word adiny. Akroshay 7 slash 1 of akroshay that is censure so akroshay means in the sense of censure. Putrasya 6 slash 1 of putra meaning thereby of putra as part of the word putra and of course dve continues which is 1 slash 2 of dvi which means two substitutes. So the meaning of this sutra is the following in the sense of censure reduplication does not happen in the word putra which comes immediately before the word adiny. So when we have a compound putra and adiny and when there is akroshay intended by the speaker the speaker wants to censure somebody so putra adiny then you do not have the reduplication putra adiny tomasi pape. So we have putra adiny without ta being reduplicated if we have this particular word written this is not allowed this is negated. So you see there is this ta coming twice this ta plus ta and rha this is not possible this is negated by 8448 putra adiny this form is in fact generated by the the process of samasa or the compounding this is the negation of the two substitutes or the reduplication. Let us proceed further and study 8449. 8449 is saroji there are two padas in this sutra saraha and achi. Saraha is 6 slash 1 of shar. Shar stands for sounds shar, shar and sar. So saraha means in place of these three sounds achi is 7 slash 1 of ach meaning immediately before a bobble the words continued from the previous sutras are achaha 5 slash 1 of ach that is bobble so immediately after a bobble raha bhyaam is 5 slash 2 of raha that is sounds rha and rha and so raha bhyaam means immediately after rha and rha. Then we have dvay which is 1 slash 2 of dvay meaning two substitutes and we also have na continued which means not or negation. After having put all these meanings together we get the following meaning of the sutra namely in place of shar is its reduplicated utterance is not substituted when it is preceded immediately by rha and rha which are preceded in their turn immediately by a bobble and when it is followed by a bobble when shar is followed by a bobble to put it in the form of an equation we can say that ach plus rha or rha plus shar plus ach given this environment ach plus rha or rha plus shar plus ach given this environment this shar is not substituted by its reduplication. So, we have the example karshati where this a is an ach followed by rha followed by shar which is a shar followed by another bobble a over here. So, we have ach plus rha plus shar plus ach in this case this shar namely shar is not substituted by its reduplication. So, it remains as karshati no optional reduplication is available similarly adarshah. So, there is this ach after the followed by rha followed by shar which is shar followed by a which is ach. So, we have ach plus rha plus shar plus ach and then this shar in this particular environment is not substituted by its reduplicated utterance. In both these cases and all these cases it is achorahabhyamthve which is prescribing which is describing the reduplicated utterance substituting this year consonant this shar consonant but this particular sutra states that if there is an additional right hand side environment of an ach then this shar is not reduplicated this shar is not substituted by its reduplicated utterance this is a negation once again. Then let us proceed further and study this next sutra 3 prabhrutishu shakatayanasya this sutra has got two words 3 prabhrutishu which is 7 slash 3 of 3 prabhruti 3 prabhruti means 3 onwards 3 prabhrutishu means in 3 onwards shakatayanasya 6 slash 1 of shakatayanas this means in view of words continued are dwe and na and so the meaning of this particular sutra is in the view of shakatayanas which is a name of a grammarian in the view of shakatayanas in a cluster of 3 onwards sounds the reduplication does not take place the substitution in the form of reduplication does not happen for example in raha in raha we have e followed by na followed by the followed by r and then above all now we have na, the and r 3 consonants now in this case this na is not reduplicated this is not substituted by its reduplication see this e is n h followed by na which is a year followed by the which is an anach so anachi ch would substitute this na by its reduplication but now in view of shakatayanas this does not happen so we get the form in raha as written over here similarly rastram here we have a followed by sure followed by to followed by r so sure to r these are the 3 consonants coming together without any vowel in between now according to the view of shakatayanas sure is not substituted by its reduplication primarily because there are 3 consonants coming together probably this also reflects the limitation a human being can be said to have in uttering consonants continuously next we have the sutra sarvatra shakalya seer which is a very important sutra 8451 this sutra has got two words sarvatra and shakalya seer sarvatra means everywhere shakalya says 6 1 of shakalya which means in view of shakalya the way and na are continued and so the meaning of the sutra is in view of shakalya reduplication does not occur anywhere there is no reduplication at all so for example arkhaha according to shakalya there is no reduplication according to shakalya in brahma there is no reduplication in dadyatra as well according to shakalya there is no reduplication finally we have dirghad acharyanam 8452 this sutra has got two padas dirghad and acharyanam dirghad is 5 slash 1 of dirgh means along vowel so dirghad means immediately after a long vowel acharyanam is 6 slash 3 of acharya in view of teachers the way and na are continued so the meaning of the sutra is in view of some teachers reduplication substitution does not happen after a long vowel so we have examples patram and dhatram where we have pa having the vowel a which is a long vowel followed by th followed by r so this is ach plus th that is here plus r that is anach and so anachicha can apply over here but according to this particular sutra there is no reduplication that happens in this particular environment dirghad vowel coming before similarly sutram there is this long u followed by th followed by r so long u is ach followed by th which is a year followed by r which is an anach so anachicha would apply over here but 8452 says that after a long vowel there is no reduplication substitution that takes place after having studied the sutras let us also study a vartika which is stated by the vartika and this vartika notes term a view of one of the grammarians called paushkar asadi so vartika is chayod vitiya shari paushkar asade hey so this particular vartika has got four chayaha vitiya shari and paushkar asade hey chayaha is 6 slash 1 of chai chai stands for consonant 1 class 1 ch t t p p and k shari is 7 slash 1 of shari that is sure sure and sir so shari means immediately before vitiya is 1 slash 3 of vitiya second of the class consonants and paushkar asade hey is 6 slash 1 of paushkar asadi which is the name of the acharya or the teacher so the meaning of this vartika is in view of paushkar asadi immediately before sure chai is substituted by the second of the class consonants so we have chai plus shari and this chai is substituted by kh plus shari kh being a pratyahara that is formed by the consonant kh and the vowel er which is specially designed for the purpose of this particular pratyahara otherwise there is no mechanism in the pratyahara sutras stated by panimi at the beginning of his astadhyay to denote the second class consonants so this pratyahara can be invented in order to denote the second class consonants and so we use kh over here one more thing we will have to do we will have to say that er is also nasal in this particular pratyahara so the examples are what sir where we have v followed by th and then sir now because this sir is a shar this th is optionally substituted by the second of its class that is th so we have what sir optionally then we have kshira in which there is ker and shar and this ker now is substituted by ker so we have kshira apsaraha where this sir is preceded by pr which is a chai so this is substituted optionally by the second of its class namely pr apsaraha to summarize consonant reduplication is an optional phenomenon in many of the environments except in one case meaning is not taken as an input in the process of reduplication of consonants some reduplications are bound by two left hand side environments and also at the same time by one right hand side environment this reduplication is described at the fag end of the ashtadhyay which indicates that the output of this reduplication does not become input for any other rules this is the description of the dvir vachana sandhi that we have finished today next we study the agama sandhi thank you for your attention