 Hello, good to be there and when organized called me to invite me to give a speech I said yes, of course, I will come and give a speech and on what topic and Like open educational resources how we did it in Poland About either the internet library. My foundation is running or something or Licenses and they said no, no, it's a keynote speech Keynote speech. So it's like, okay, so I'm actually allowed to talk what matters to me, not you and And And so it was it was it was fine But then they told me that I got like one hour and a half and it was like reflection One hour and a half. I'm probably don't have that much interesting things, you know to say But hopefully organizers shaped it down to one hour and seven minutes. So We will be fine But also keynote speech, it's like One directional form of communication. I don't really like it. I don't like presentations As well presentations kill the dialogue if I have a presentation I cannot engage in a discussion with audience, right because I need to follow that presentation. This is horrible Let's send all the presentations to hell I would like to to so I would like to give a keynote debate not a keynote presentation and I welcome you to to you know to engage with me and and boo me and discuss me and and and so on and Why when I was thinking about what what should be the title of the of the of this keynote? I I I thought okay, it should be the there is a feeling I have like all the time for the past ten years when I'm working with Free educational resources. It's the feeling that I'm part of something bigger Always part of something bigger. So and I told the organizers that That the title should be we are always part of something bigger But obviously this didn't get through and in the program. It's just keynote. Well So so First of all, I would like to ask you why you are here Why why you are here working on open educational resources free educational resources? What's you know, what's what's the basic belief we have is it that? Open educational resources make cheaper more accessible educational materials Is it is it that? Raise your hands if you if you if if you think this is the most important reason One okay, so to so do you think that it is because are you believe in a system where teachers Choose their educational materials freely Is it dead the main reason you are here? no one or Maybe you that's because you think that they're like Less characterized bottom up educational system is is much better than the one we we got You know from 19th century that you know the Prussian school. Is it that? Okay, some of you and Do you think that the ability to to to adapt and translate resources is your like a like a killer feature is it that? One person, okay Who didn't raise hand? Okay, I would like to hear from you Okay, another person one sentence each Right Perfect someone else really much more hands Okay, like everyone who wanted to say said okay, so I I'm here because I I believe that knowledge The information should not be private should not be private property and I believe in a free flow of the information and and Probably and I and I believe in a free speech and No and I think that making information a product was one of the worst developments of our civilization and to and probably and so let let me tell you my story because Because probably I'm very unusual for a keynote speaker. You got a keynote speaker you never heard of right so So I I'm I'm with the open educational resources movement for 10 years now and but it all began much much earlier it began in mid 90s probably for me when I became a poet and And so, you know, you know when you are young and then you write poetry and you always and there is there is like Imperative in a in a Western culture and that that art should be original I mean we got it from the renaissance basically the arts I mean and we value art only if it's original the originality is the way we you know We wait that our art and and and if it's if it's if it's original, it's good if it's not it's bad That's that's the only the only the only way we we We value art so I wanted to be to be original and and And and I developed a style which we later we called nail nail linguism which was obviously a Poetry a very heavily are Being constructed on a language level. I mean playing with words with meanings and and and and a lot of reuse of of a lot of reuse of Of well of other's people's work and and we get we get we had a small group of poets We published manifesto this money and and we were moderately successful in in debt and and my basic experience as a poet was that I basically grabbed whatever I want and you know and and Add different meanings and and and and and push it to the back to the world and And I also Became journalist because you cannot you know, I'm a support you cannot really make a living out of it So you need to get a real job and the read my my really good job was journalism So I was involved in I and I was writing our book reviews for like ten years but in in and But I was also very fond of computers and because no one in in and there was like internet bubbles So I got hired to the to the to the web magazine the very one of the very first ones in in in Poland and I so wow, this is this internet. It's really interesting. So I began began to you know to to read on internet and And and I and so what are the interesting people which are talking about internet what it is and how it works those interesting people There was a group of people sitting in internet society Poland. There was just one organization back then which Like civic organization, which was taking interest in internet that was internet society Poland So I quickly became a member of the internet society and And and the there was a there and there was an accident I would say because the invitation came from from United States for a conference to Internet society in Poland and just like three days before the conference the person who was assigned, you know to go and represent internet society had some family problems or something and He couldn't go so it was like a like an email. Okay, who can get an American visa? in one day or and that was like a big problem in Poland In it was the year was 2004 I believe and I was a journalist for journal for do journalists get a fast track in embassy So I said, okay, I can go probably I I take I take a cup I go to the embassy I got the visa in one day and I I was flown to the United States, you know out of nowhere and and so there was a conference and and and there was a and They the keynote speaker of the conference was Ibn Moghlen. Do you know Ibn Moghlen? Who knows the name? One person even Moghlen We'll be talking more on Ibn Moghlen today so and and Ibn Moghlen is a lawyer for free software foundation free software foundation was Was fighting for I mean now it's like more than 30 years for free software or computers and their mission is to to to Get people to give people control over machines They use to communicate with other people because if we don't have the control of the machine Then we are doomed basically Because someone else decides which messages go through Am I being monitored and censored and so on and so on and so on very important thing free software is a big thing So it the year is 2004 or something or maybe 2005 and Ibn Moghlen says, okay The war for free software is won. We did it. It was it was I so back then it was shocking It was shocking information because Because Microsoft was you know Was the biggest game in in in in the forest and and the king of the jungle Everyone feared Microsoft and it's not a company like today. I was just like moderately small quite friendly company right now And and it seemed that that the people will always use proprietary software on their computers And Ibn Moghlen says the the fight for free software Software is over we won and he was right We know that now Because because because the web took over the operating system doesn't really matter anyway Most of us use free software on a daily basis. If not if it's not a operating system, probably it's most of the Computer programs you use either running on your computer or either Soft in software as service. I mean, it's the you know The so-called cloud right so and and and and When when when he finished his his his stock there were questions from the audience and someone asked Okay, we won. So what's the next big thing and even Moghlen said the next big thing is education And for me, it was like, okay Now I now I know what's going to be a next big thing. Let's think about it, right? So I got back to Poland and and my mother is my mother is Is a this is a school school director I mean now she's retired, but she was a school director back then So we sat together with a friend of mine Wadek Majewski from Internet Society Poland and my mother and we spent like endless hours Discussing, okay, so we know that you know what the free software is We know what education is can we apply the methods of free software development and free licenses to Educational materials and there was the you know idea of okay, so let's start the project for I don't know Let's call it them free textbooks free textbooks. So and so I So it was a long, you know hours talking with my wife and I said, okay, honey I'm going to quit my job as a journalist well-paid job When I do nothing on the read books and write reviews and I will start the foundation which will give me no money at all So you will support our family for the next three years and she said, okay We've got three years to make the foundation up and running if you don't make it in three years you get you get the real job so So so so this is how this is how modern Poland foundations started Basically, it was some it was subsidized by my wife and So so and and we began working on on on a project called free textbooks and And and did there are some and to enter and It was it was the year 2006 and I published an article in the newspapers They're about the idea of free textbooks and what we should what we should do and Like no one called. I mean no ministry of education I mean it was a my or newspaper no ministry of education or something but called me a guy from Soros Foundation from Budapest and he said Okay, this is very interesting article just by accident. You know, we are also discussing those things and Let's meet so this is how we got like initial support from open society foundation And also this is how I got invited to the Cape Town in September 2007 to draft Cape Town Cape Town declaration actually actually in Krakow. There are two people from which were the original drafting team This is me and to Dilia Brown From Australia. She's probably sitting in a in a next on in a next on In the next next room so So I Need my notes, you know, it's not that easy So, you know the the free textbooks project was a disaster because there was only one Free knowledge project back then and the project was called Wikipedia So we imagine that we can use the you know Wikipedia software and Wikipedia methodology of developing content and apply it to Textbooks which is obviously not true and we we we learned that hard way that you just cannot do this that the textbooks are are Textbooks are just too big to be effectively crowdsourced. You need an organization to to write Textbooks and and writing a textbook just has to be a full full-time job so But because but so but there were other opportunities in in like In 2009 nine there was a small project by Minister of Education Which was hugely important because it said precedent and precedent is very important because once you have a precedent you can Go to you know to policymakers and said this was already done. Let's do it again It's completely different that saying let's do something radical radically in you No one tried before right so the policymakers always try to be on the safe side So there was a project for right for for for teaching for teaching Polish kids living abroad In 2009 there was already a huge diaspora in United Kingdom and Ireland because all the people you know went there for jobs and Close to two million people. So it was very urgent We needed to do it quickly and now and so there was me and I said, okay So I I can I can I can participate in this project and take care of writing the textbook Textbook for teaching Polish language to Polish kids living abroad and in like a crazy time like half a year We just did it we wrote these textbooks in the you know team of four people and we published that under free license On the Ministry of Education servers. So and this this said precedent and in 2007. We also organized a coalition for for open education in Poland So in 2009 2010 the coalition was was well established we were growing we organized meetings and we trained Hundreds of people every year It was crazy time. It was going, you know all over Poland and you know with the message on how to apply free licenses to educational content and But it was and we published and we published a lot of position papers, you know And and analyzes and so on and so on and we just throw off education never called us and so So so and it was it was kind of frustrating. Okay, so it's like it's five years now We are I'm doing that for five years now and no one is paying attention Okay, we organized a group of people. It's not just me and my laptop Okay, it's like like like a lot of people and and and the policymakers just don't pay attention to us We got we got the solutions like working solutions. We can prove it. So in 2011 I'm I'm sitting and drinking coffee with a friend of mine and the and And the the the Civic the Civic platform the the party which was rolling back back then just won the second term in Parliamentary elections and the Prime Minister is going to give you know, like a the most important tone speech, you know As a new Prime Minister, I mean, obviously this is the second term in that evening and it's like 2 p.m. And and and a friend of mine is getting a phone call and She says like yes Something on education. Oh, just just just hang on and she and she tells me Yarek You know the advisors for the Prime Minister just called me that That he's furious that there is nothing on education in the in the speech draft so you get like five minutes to you know to To give something, you know on education to the Prime Minister speech. So I so and it was exactly I mean As in the movies, you know on napkin with a with a pencil I wrote four sentences that we will run, you know the national project for free textbooks which will be free to everyone and So so so so I turned on TV that evening and and it's like all over It's like there will be free textbooks free as in zero like cost-less For everyone, which is huge because in Poland. It's its parents to pay for textbooks for everyone And and and my phone calls ringing and this time it's minister of education Because they are completely shocked. I mean they send the ideas of improving this and you know like and And dad, you know like small changes. This is not what Prime Minister wants never I mean the Prime Minister always wants, you know big things For such a speech so so how we can do this So the next three months I I spent in Prime Minister office Drafting the Drafting the project. I mean it was it was it was four of us. It was just for four people. It was me I drafted the the textbook part Alicia Pacevic Drafted drafted teachers training part Vitek Przetehowski Drafted drafted infrastructure part internet at schools and Alec Tarkowski Drafted evaluation and and research part. So it was just for people. So this problem This it was completely rewritten by Minister of Education later on But we got it and as you know it because there was that there was we got it They have the the free text with the open educational resources in Poland is done deal It's it's done. It's not interested anymore. It's you know, ah, it's now it's about you know Helping feel little things, you know improving there and you know pushing pushing this but it's it's it's It's it's done deal so But is it because because Mmm It is in terms that kids Yes, they do have Textbooks which are published under free license on their internet and they are accessible for free But did we did we achieved our goals? And this is the part which makes me which makes me which makes me Dapting Because most of the promises of free educational resources are in fact, not really deliberate and and and oh For example ten years ago The teachers effectively has had the ability to remix and reuse everything as they see fit Because the level of copyright enforcement was very low and the copyright was very flexible We got we get back then we got a wonderful very flexible educational exceptions. It's not the case anymore We got a very strict copyright, which was amended like three times during those ten ten years The educational exceptions are not working anymore for internet. It was the change which was pushed Just last year And in the same time we spent a lot of you know, it was a lot of Efforts to actually tell the teachers that copyright exists and they need to abide And as a result probably they have much less freedom than they had so Because we are always part of something bigger and And this time we are just part of the copyright wars This is what we are. This is what we do. We are taking part in the copyright wars and So so If my job is to free the people from oppression and I Believe this is this is what I was I was trying to achieve to free the people from oppression from oppression of of you know, the artificial monopolies on information in I'm not I'm not that I mean I'm not sure and the more that I have won So let's talk about copyright Let's talk about copyright um We are here because copyright make it's hard to disseminate knowledge It makes it hard to use and ray use of materials and It makes it hard to basically to do our job, right? That's this is why we are here and If not copyright we should I mean there would be no reason to meet and discuss this we'd be meeting probably no on Technical conferences about you know technical solutions for schools. Yes, that would be and universities that would be that would be but But we are here because basically we are trying to fix copyright in a way or you know like patch copyright mmm So let's talk about copyright because copyright basically say it's a great swindle He And and And And the basic question if we if we take a local copyright is is who profits Who profits and why control of the information became the central problem of modern Of modern society So So copyright is a it's a it's a global system which regulates the trade of ideas and I was for the privatization He In there are two traditions for in copyright. There's Anglo-Saxon tradition and Continental tradition The Anglo-Saxon tradition says that which is like in United States and and Great Britain says that we need Copyright for the progress of the useful of the useful arts the copyright exists because we need to produce more works That's the the reason why copyright exists in Continental Continental system Which stems from basically from the from the French Revolution? The idea is different the days we got we copyright exists because there is a Unbreakable Invisible bond between Outer and the work he created and The copyright is just the reflection of the existence of this mystical Connection between an Outer and his work so So the Anglo-Saxon Anglo-Saxon tradition is very pragmatic the continental the Continental the Continental the Continental is is less so and This is and this is and the concept of the copyright is relatively new I mean the very I mean the very first the very first like modern copyright systems Were created after in France? In in the in the beginning of the 19th century in in Poland the first copyright Was introduced by Russian Tsar because Russian Tsar's were always you know You know look in what's happening in France the France was you know the the cultural capital of the world back then So and they were and the Tsar's always like they were trying you know to imitate that in a very peculiar Russian way To imitate those advances and so so they saw okay This is this new concept of copyright we need to introduce it It was the year was on 18 and 28. I believe or maybe a bit later and but the Tsar didn't know where to put it and the only the only and the only piece of legislation which seemed somewhat Which seems which seemed somewhat similar was the censorship? laws so at the beginning in Poland the copyright was part of the censorship laws which I think is very is very is very ironic and the concept is very new and And I did some very you know it's a keynote so I can talk about what I like right? So I did some some very interesting research on okay, so Okay, do we have something about on copyright in the Bible? in Bible and so so so If you if you want you know to look for such information You are going to look at the Jewish tradition because this is the tradition in which you know they analyze No, like every verse and yes, there is something in the Bible So the the Jewish tradition doesn't know the concept of the copyright as an ownership of ideas But they have a concept of author of recognition of an author It's very strong in Jewish tradition Jewish tradition when you know say something you always say say as rap Mosheb and Moses said right and Because and and do you know do you know do you know how Talmud looks? Do you know Talmud? Okay, do you know how the page of the Talmud looks like there's like there is one sentence from the from that from the Torah Then there is Mishnah, which is like an early commentary to the Torah Then there is Gemara, which is an early commentary to the Mishnah Then there are commentaries of the fathers and then there are commentaries to commentaries to commentaries of the Commentaries, right? This is this is the Talmud. So Mishnah says whoever it says it's very early It's like it's it's it's the beginning of the of the of the It's it's the year two or two three hundred So Mishnah says whoever shares the knowledge with the world With the people in the name of an author Saves the world. This is what Mishnah says. So there's a concept that's sharing The knowledge is saving the world But only if you do it in the name of an author This is wonderful. This is beautiful, right? So but this is commentary in Mishnah. So which is so so my question was okay What's the passage? I mean what I mean they they got it from the Torah, right? So what what's what's exactly the texting in and the text is found in a book of Esther and And and and the quotation is so and the Queen Esther get to the Talked to the King Mordecai in to the King Hasveros in the name of the Mordecai and Okay Queen Esther talked to King Hasveros in the name of the Mordecai. Okay. What's the context? I mean, it doesn't make sense. What's the context? so obviously there was like a like a plot to kill King Hasveros by two eunuchs two royal eunuchs and Mordecai somehow figured that out and he told the Queen and the Queen got to the King and told him that there is a plot to kill him and She told that in the name of the Mordecai So it is so she didn't pretend that that it was her, you know to to To you know to to how to say that in English some Otkrit Vykrit Discover this plot. I mean she she you know she she she gave the proper, you know credits the proper the proper the proper Outtership recognition and and the and the King killed those two killed those two eunuchs So that's so I think it's also also interesting to to to that the only story loosely connected to copyright in the Bible we have it's about killing two eunuchs So but so that was I get let's get back to that to the main topic. So so the copyright the copyright is important because Because Information is Is is it's not a it's not a thing. It's immaterial So if we want to trade information we need We cannot do this Without the state The state and the police and the courts we need as monopoly system to enforce The trade of the information in the old times like when we were we've been trading the you know, like Physical things it was very easy, right? You go you go you get to the bazaar and you and and and and you and you buy something for information You need the state you cannot have Intellectual monopoly without this the state. Why because the information can be can be replicated Basically with zero marginal cost The the information may be replicated for free The books have been the first mass produced mass produced So far Good, right, it's not the you know, it's not for tea. It's it's the book to be you know to be to be to be to to to to be mass produced and then they've been very cheap in fact and So so and the the source of the value is the scarcity So if so you need to create an artificial scarcity To create a value and this is exactly what copyright is doing It's artificial. It's it's it's made up and so So So the copyright is intellectual monopoly, but we don't use this phrase when we talk about copyright We don't say you know intellectual Monopoly anymore. We've been talking like that on copyright in 19th century Even at the beginning of the 20th century We've been calling copyright intellectual monopoly, but now we are calling it intellectual property because intellectual monopoly, you know in in in in a neoliberal Vocabulary Monopoly, you know, it's a it's a it's a really bad word. You don't like this word So if you want to push your agent agenda You want to call it a property because it sounds much nicer property is something you protect Monopoly is something you fight, right? So But but but but but but anyway, it is intellectual intellectual monopoly so And and so this is artificial monopoly and it exists for one reason only it exists because it's a very useful tool to Exert money from the unprivileged one to the privileged one This is exactly how copyright is working This is a tool to get money from the people who don't have the privileges and give it to the people who do have a privileges and Most of the time we are on the receiving side. We are the ones to get the money so we So we don't really, you know, recognize this pattern. We don't like it But And and and you would rather, you know, use different, you know terms and words to to you know to hide the fact that we are the on the receiving kept and of the I would say Not truly just privilege. Of course copyright has its merits and and it's useful, but but it is it is what it is and Such a copyright as it exists now is not really beneficial to cultures and education and We know it from a lot of studies on on on public domain that copyright is the major obstacle in making Knowledge available and we know that that after publication the ability to access the work falls down and it and and and it's it and it changes only after the work falls into the public domain we But that happens Unfortunately, 70 years after authors death in European Union and if you are lucky and live in Canada It's only 50 years, but it may soon change because there is The there are those new treatise that the USA is pushing hard to To make it to make it 70 years in Canada as well. So So who benefits this is like this is the important question who benefits and on the so on the individual level, this is somewhat simple and this is The benefit Benefits that the people who control their work and most of the times it's just publishers because Because because because Authors don't really have a power, you know to negotiate contracts most of the time So the publishers and other intermediaries amass Amass Copyrights now, but it's also interesting to look on the to look at this topic on the macroeconomic level because because It's important to understand what happens in in in copyright policy And How this copyright and how this modern copyright is being established on a global scale And it will be impossible to to understand what's happening without you know looking at the money and The answer who benefit on the macroeconomic level is very simple. There are just two countries Who which export more intellectual property than import could you name those countries? Yes, exactly. Whoa that's impressive it's USA and Japan and All the other countries including European Union are net importers What that means? That means that the global copyright system is designed in a way Which make us import? Basically fresh air I Mean nothing and send out real money That's the system and if you look and if you look at how copyright treaties and you know Economy treaties are being being are being pushed. You can see the forces There is TPP trade agreement, which is just to be adopted in United States and you know or Pacific Korea and It's designed to make The the the the payments to the United States and Japan even bigger That's that's it by making copyright more strict more repressive and and And and and and pushing people All over the world To abide to those laws who benefit someone else This is exactly what happened in Poland in the past ten years This is something which happened when I this is the this is why I began this you know this speech about what we achieved and So This is very so and and the the the history is very ironic because for example, the first in turn international copyright convention was called burn convention and Who was pushing the burn convention in the end of the 19th Center? Center, it was the France which was a you know cultural capital back then and France wanted to make sure that if someone is buying a book of Proust sending money to France and The the one and only country, you know, which which which for decades Didn't signed the burn convention was United States because back then the United States was net importer of of of of intellectual property and Because it was relying on the production of United of cultural production of United Kingdom, right? So the United States signed the burn conversion very late in actually in 80s Of the 20th century because at this point they were net exporters with the Hollywood and and And so and so on so And it's not to and it's it's it's it's very it's very important also to note that the copyright will stay with us and and other intellectual monopolies because also it's a very useful tool for Corporate money laundering because what's the value of the work? if the system is Artificial there is no market to the sites to the site. What's the value of the work? so the the value of the work is what the Owner the the says it's worth I mean that you know the the the the the scientific magazine may be like $20 or maybe $20,000. What's the difference? Just you know the opinion of the publisher So and this is exactly what what's happening. I mean if we got too much money, you know in one packet Let's you know, let's pay for a trademark. That's very easy How much money we need to how much money we need to transfer? That's the price of the trademark, right? This is this is this is this is how how how how how it's it's happening So the system is too useful for certain players, you know to be abolished so it will so it will So it will it will it will stay with us So this is important for us because we are We are fighting the results of a very long copyright battle and And for especially for developing countries Such as Poland And others The This the the system is getting worse and worse it it got worse with with the with the trips treaty which introduced to to which was He you need to you need to to to to to sign a trip if you want to join World Trade Organization and Obviously, most of the countries want to to to join World Trade Organization because of the benefits But if you if you want, you know to reap of those benefits you need to introduce a strong copyright into into your legal system and It introduced free free step tests to to to to to many countries And the free step test is basically a tool to make sure that the the scope of the educational exceptions will be very limited So the countries are not free to say okay like anything can be used for educational purposes and We free step test this close to this close to To To to impossible and if you do you need to pay this is exactly how it works in How it works in Poland So so it was so the trips and it was a serious blow to all the countries which relied on fair use to make sure that their citizens benefit from access to to to works and And and this oppressive system is being pushed in Africa in Asia everywhere and Most of the countries sign Without really understanding what's going on. What's happening? What will be the the result? So So let's get back to open educational resources or free educational resources as I call it because I have a fear that In a way, we are we are Building a vast library of Free books We are making available, you know The vast amount of free knowledge for anyone to use and reuse but in the same time We are we may it's we may Maybe taking a role of useful idiots of The people who you know will be will be taken around to show that within this Absurd strict restrictive copyright system you can do something good and That and just maybe maybe You're making things worse not better and This is this is this is my fear because I see the pattern the pattern in in How businesses around distribution of information on the internet work? Basically, we got two economical models. I I like to call them the Amazon model and the Facebook model But the first one is Is distribution of works if you pay if you register and Log in and pay and then you get access to works. This is how Amazon works. This is how Spotify works and so on and Then there is the Facebook model or YouTube model, which is basically putting everything To access for free, but then you need to watch advertisements and And of course in the real world in real world there There always was There's always a mix of those two approaches But those are the two basic economical models for making business on information on the internet and And all the other all the other Models are being pushed outside of the legal system Um For there is a very nice example There was a there was a Russian there was a Russian service called all of mp3.ru Which was running because of the wide scope of the fur Use in Russian copyright law. It was it was legal But when Russian wanted to join the WTO World Trade Organization, there was only one demand from United States it was and it was it was close the all of mp3.ru and It was legal, but anyway the owners got sued and and and and What other models we have we have Wikipedia, which is which is which is being run on donations and and But all the cost-less models like torrents are Being effectively Delegalized why because the existence of Technology which allows to access and distribute works Without the need of the capital investment, which is without the need of running central servers is the only thing which Endangers the ability to make money on the internet in Amazon and in Facebook model Yeah, that's the that's the reason that why we got we got we got torrents the legalized and the and and the end the policymakers are much less strict on On on on on services In Poland we got we got homicoy Which is slowly legalizing itself. It's kind of mega upload. You know mega upload It's easy to exist the mega upload didn't want to adapt didn't want to know to start paying This is why it was closed Homicoy started paying so it wasn't closed So they are much less strict on such services much more strict on on on something entirely entirely new so So so we are always part of something bigger and we need to think big scale to understand to understand What some what what what what role we play, you know in this in this global circus so So One way to think about our role is to learn from people Who did it first and the people who did it first were the free software people they did it first way ahead of us and What what we can learn from free software people first of all it's that licensing matters Licensing matters it's not it's it's not that you know You may choose any and a license as long as it's you know, it makes publishing on the internet, you know Possible no licensing matters the free licenses are obviously way better to non-free licenses and Coppola left licenses are way better than non-coppola licenses Do you understand the difference between couple of licenses and non-coppola licenses? No, okay, so the couple the the free licenses the free licenses are the Us as defined by the Richard Stallman Richard Stallman defined the free licenses as the licenses which allow for four things Which is to run the program? It's I mean he was a free software guy to run the program for any purpose to study how the program works to redistribute copies of the program to improve the program and Distribute the copies okay for freedoms of Stallman, so now that's very interesting Why because someone said that okay why redistribution and redistribution of improved versions are two different points and And and the answer is because when you redistribute the program, you know, it's you are just you know You are not doing anything. You know you got it. You send it but If you adapt it and give to someone else you are doing that not for yourself You are doing that for someone so this is where commune. This is exactly the point at which community starts so So and and this definition was very influential in what we do because if we If we read the the cap down declaration The There is a sentence that It's built on the belief that everyone should have the freedom to use Customize improve and redistribute educational resources That's the Stallman definition right written right into the text of the of the Caped of declaration and then There is the there is the definition of free cultural goods, which is the definition which which which for example Which Wikipedia uses and a lot of free culture projects uses and and and even creative commas Uses I mean it was forced to use it in a way Which is some the which is a definition says freedom to use the work and then join the benefits of using the freedom to study the work Freedom to make and redistribute copies freedom to make changes and improvements. That's the Stallman definition so the the lesson So the so that's the definition of what free means This is the reason why I say free educational resources not open because because open means nothing and The free we got a definition. We got a standard the free is solid the open is So So so it's important to use the free licenses and within free licenses You will be differentiated between couple left and non-couple left the couple left licenses are those when you adapt and redistribute The the new version of a work has to be under the same license So the non-couple left the licenses make it possible to to to appropriate the work I mean if you adapt it you say okay the original work was free, but My version my translation or something is not So couple left forbids that and if we look at the software work I mean all the software which was under non-couple left license now is effectively privatized and And it was appropriated like macOS X the Apple operation system that was was was built on the non the free non-couple left version of Unix and and with Android which was built on the on the on the on the free software under couple of license Google is trying hard, but it's it's really cannot Appropriated I mean you got free versions of Android Adapted you know and clean it you know from all this advertising can't monitoring your device and so on and so on Available on the net. It's not easy, but it's possible to install free version of Android Because it was couple left at software And I believe that the same logic works in the field of educational resources if we produce resources under free but and I mean if not free it doesn't matter I mean if you if you are going to publish under non-free license Just you know use basic copyright. Don't try to pretend that you are open really Use free license But if you if you if you publish under free license use couple left license because this protects The the right to use it and reuse it much better for the future but So this is also why I was absolutely furious furious when I read the Paris declaration Paris open access declaration which says explicitly that the recommendation is to publish educational materials Under CC by license. I was furious because what first of all why not I mean if Why not that they've just know do the same what everyone else is doing which is take a definition of free and And and but if you choose one license which is bad because you don't want to rely on one organization I mean the organization may be brilliant We may love this organization, but you don't want to rely on one organization only So if you choose one license why not couple left Because obviously the history taught us that the couple left is working much better so probably Again the answer Should be the answer we should look for an answer who benefits so who benefits from the who benefits from from the from the from the proliferation of Works which are up to grab so That's that's important because education is somehow in culture in Culture free licenses will never work because you cannot substitute the works The way you can substitute the program if program is doing something you can take another program Which is doing same thing and you can substitute it culture doesn't work like that in culture If you have if you if you want to read Harry Potter, you know, you cannot read something else because the Harry Potter is you know That book you want to read there are no substitutes in culture Education is something in between in education. There are a lot of things which you can substitute and this is why In some areas of the education free licensing is working But in other areas, it's not working at all because Those areas are where you cannot substitute the work with something else so we know for sure that the That free educational resources are not an answer to all our problems That the copyright system needs to be amended To answer where you know to to solve all our problems But copyright system is not everything because we are always part of something bigger and I got seven minutes so So Because there are other factors on how we can Free the people from the oppression of the privatized ideas and Those factors have have been put down by Ibn Moghlan the guy I began my my my my journey with Free educational resources in the past ten years in in an article written in 2003 Which is called the communist manifesto, which is by the way that I really recommend reading it It's it's an essay which also is you know kind of poetry. He's like a very skilled writer and But he says what are the what and in this essay he says Okay, so what we need to free the people from the oppression of privatized ideas and what we need is Abolition of all forms of private property in ideas that we discussed already We've drove all of all exclusive licenses privileges and rights to use electromagnetic spectrum nullification of all conveyances of permanent title to electromagnetic frequencies Development of electromagnetic spectrum infrastructure that implements every person's equal rights to communicate this is This is probably the next big thing because We can we cannot communicate with others freely if we don't control Our tools our computers our cell phones. This is done. We have free software for that But also we cannot communicate with others freely if we do not have control of the network The communication goes through Because there will be gatekeepers and who is a gatekeeper who has a control of the flow of the information Gets the power and gets the money and and and so on so we need the distribute that control over the Infrastructure the communication infrastructure. This is not done. We are and and we are nowhere near Then He says common social development of computer programs check done Full respect for freedom of speech including all forms of technical speech This is important because free licenses and you know making works available. It's just part of the equitation I mean in Poland we got we got some 17 different laws Which regulate how people communicate with others? So in your countries is probably similar We need the legal protection For free speech then there is protection for the integrity of creative works. That's in that's interesting Why he put it? Why he chose integrity over recognition of an author Come on. This is the I mean that this is the also the recognition of an author is the only widely accepted concept of the copyright right and and so This is something I don't understand why he has chosen integrity of creative work Maybe because he's a friend of Richard Stallman and Richard Stallman is very sensitive on this that no one changes you know a letter in in what he writes and the last Free and equal access to all publicly produced information and all educational material used in all branches of the public Education system. This is what even Moglen wrote in 2003. So in January. So it was even before the Paris The Paris Publication he's like So open educational resources are part of the knowledge economy and and a part of something bigger and And and thank you for for being with me and I hope and I hope that what I what I what I what I did was Was useful and and will make you know Think on on on think on it and if not, I'm sorry And I also would like to note that probably It's also a farewell speech because I'm Obviously, I'm less and less involved with open educational resources. I stepped it down from the coalition Of open educational resources board this year and I didn't participate in elections It's time for you know younger people to take over and I will be concentrating on Other things and by other things. I probably probably mean that economy of Economy of in in material goods is the field I would like to explore for the next couple of years Also, the foundation is changing. We are getting bigger. We are just um the modern Poland Foundation is Just joined the partnership with with the EPF Foundation, which is as Which is a public sector information organization mainly and We want and we created something called fundament. We want to we want to we want to to to to to Look to work in a much less narrow scope Because the problem we are problems. We are trying to solve are much more universal than only Education and So so so Yeah Thank you and and I'm just in time and and if you want to ask me questions There's like a break right now, right? So we can you know if you would like to sacrifice the break to ask me questions You are welcome