 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Sandhi in Panimian Grammar. In the previous lecture, we looked at various types of Achsandhis, we have already studied the process of speech production, the concept of Samhita, which is the background for Sandhi to take place. We also studied an important concept called Vibhaksha earlier, which plays a very crucial role as far as Sandhi is concerned. Then we moved towards studying Achsandhi, namely Vavel Sandhi, and within that we said that there are two types. The first one is Ekasthanika Ekadesha, where you have one substituent in which place, in whose place one substitute is stated by the sutra in the ashradhyayi. And we said that there are two sutras and two types of Sandhis, which come under this one bigger type, Ekasthanika Ekadesha. The first one amongst them is Yen Sandhi, and the second one is Ayava Yava Sandhi. And we are dealing with the first one, namely the Yen Sandhi. So this is the diagrammatic representation of this Ekasthanika Ekadesha type of Achsandhi. This is stated in between 6172 to 6183. So we have A plus B and A is substituted by C. B remains as it is. So eventually the A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output. A is the substituent, C is the substitute. This is the sthani, this is the adesha, Ekasthani Ekadesha. And we said that Yen Sandhi is the first type of such a Ekasthanika Ekadesha Sandhi. And we shall study this type of Sandhi in a few lectures. This is the first lecture on Yen Sandhi. Here in this lecture we shall study some basic facts about Yen Sandhi, the sutra and its meaning and the overall data set that is covered in the sutra. And then we shall study some other important features which are stated at the end of this lecture. So let us look at Ekoyanachi, the sutra 6177 which prescribes in a way, which describes in a way the Yen Sandhi. We have already noted that ikaha is 6-1 of ik and it means in place of ik. Yen is 1-1 of yen, achi is 7-1 of ach which means immediately before ach and ach is avaval. There is also the word samhitayam which continues in this sutra from 6172. Samhitayam is 7 slash 1 of samhitayam which means in the domain of samhitayam. That means in the samhitayam mode of utterance. What is samhitayam? Extreme proximity or close proximity of sounds. And we have also studied what this close or extreme proximity is, absence of additional gap and provision of only that gap which is required for the distinct comprehension of two sounds in proximity. So when ik and ach are in close proximity, this is the meaning of the sutra. When ik and ach are in close proximity as per the desire of the speaker, yen is the substitute that comes in place of ik. So we have this particular meaning stated in Sanskrit, ikaha sthane yen adeshah bhavati achi pare samhitayam. To rearrange it, we can say that samhitayam ach avyavahita purvasya ach avyavahita purvasya ikaha sthane yen adeshah bhavati. What it means is that in the samhitayam mode in place of ik which comes immediately before ach, place the substitute yen. I repeat in the samhitayam mode in place of ik which comes immediately before ach, place the substitute yen. So this meaning can be put in the form of equation in this manner. Input is ik plus ach, the plus sign indicates the close proximity or the samhitayam and here ach is immediately coming after ik. To put it in other way, ik comes immediately before ach and so by the application of 6177 ik gets substituted by yen and so we have the output of 6177 yen plus ach. Output of 6177 is ik plus ach, output is yen plus ach. So the meaning that this equation represents is the following. In the samhitayam mode in place of ik which comes immediately before ach and ach stands for any vowel, place the substitute yen that is what this equation does. The next question we asked and we are asking now again is what is ik, what is yen and what is ach and we said that these are three pratyaharas representing three different set of sounds and these different sets of sounds participate in this particular operation stated by 6177 in different capacities. What are those capacities? ik is acting as the sthanen or kargyen, ik is the substitute yen, ik is getting substituted, ach is the nimitta or the condition or the environment and yen is the substitute, yen is the adesha. So ik, ach and yen are performing these three different duties in this particular sutra. What is ik, what is yen and what is ach can be answered in this particular way as well. So here you have a and che marked in red, e and ke marked in blue, a and an marked in maroon color. So this indicates how these pratyaharas get formed. So starting from a up to this che all elements that come in between except of course the markers and this che also all of them they are termed ach and also this e. So e and che makes the term ach which stands for all vowels, e and ke when they are joined together you get the pratyahara ik and this includes e, u, ru and lu omitting this anna of course. So ik is e, u, ru, lu and yen is from this e up to this anna, so e, v, r and lu. So this is how ach, ik and yen with the pratyaharas they get formed. So this is stated once again on this slide. So we can ask the question what does ik, what does yen and what does ach stand for based on the data that we have seen in the previous slide in the form of the pratyahara sutras and we can answer these questions in the following manner. Ik stands for e, u, ru and lu stated in sutras 1 and 2 ach stands for e, u, ru, lu, a, o, i and au stated in sutras 1 to 4 and yen stands for yen, u, ru, lu as stated in the pratyahara sutras but actually this these urs they do not count. So yen actually stands for consonants here, consonant v, consonant re and consonant lu. We have already stated that in the pratyaharas covering the consonants the vowels are uttered only for the sake of distinct comprehension otherwise they do not become part of that particular pratyahara. So yen stands for consonants here, v, ru and lu and these are stated in sutras 5 and 6. So if we rewrite the meaning of 6177 using this expanded information we can say that in the meaning is the following in the samhita mode in place of ik that is e, u, ru and lu which comes immediately before ach that is any vowel that is one of the vowels in the list e, u, ru, lu, a, o, i and au place the substitute yen here v, r, le meaning consonant here, consonant v, consonant re and consonant le. I repeat in the samhita mode in place of ik that is e, u, ru and lu which comes immediately before ach. So any one of them can come before any one of these ach e, u, ru, lu, a, o, i and au then in place of this ik place the substitute yen one of these four here v, r and le this is the meaning of 6177 in written in an expanded manner. The same meaning can be put in the form of an equation on this slide here we have input in the form of e, u, ru, lu one of them plus a, e, u, ru, lu, a, o, i and au any one of them and the output would be here v, r, le and a, e, u, ru, lu, a, o, i and au. So eventually e, u, ru, lu they get substituted by here v, r and le. We observe that there is a principle of correspondence which plays an important role which is also stated in the ashtadhyay of panini and this particular principle is referred to as yathasankhyam nyaya. By the sutra yathasankhyam anudeshas samanam this principle is stated the sutra is 1.3.10 what it says is that relation of same numbered elements is correspondence. In this case sthani and aadesha. In this sutra there are four sthanis which are stated and there are four aadeshas which are stated four substituents sthani and four substitutes aadeshas. So if we place the sthanis in this order 1, 2, 3, 4 and aadesha in this order once again 1, 2, 3, 4. Then the first of the sthanis corresponds with the first of the aadeshas, second in the sthani corresponds with the second in the list of aadesha elements, third in the list of sthani elements corresponds with the third in the list of aadesha elements and fourth in the list of sthani elements corresponds with the fourth in the list of adesha elements. In this case, you have i, u, ru and lu as sthanis and ye were stated as adeshas. So, i is the sthani corresponding with ye as the substitute and remember these letters are stated here as they were stated in the 14 sutras. As we already saw, these stand for just the consonants ye were and lu as was stated earlier as well. Now, these elements are written in different colors to indicate which element is corresponded with which other element. So, i is the sthani in whose place ye is the substitute, u is the sthani in its place v is the substitute, ru is the sthani and in its place comes r as the substitute, lu is the substitute or sthani and in its place comes l as the substitute. If we show the further expanded meaning of this sutra taking individual instances, we can show the meaning of the sutra in the form of equation in this particular manner. On this slide, we show having taken E as the sthani, how the meaning can be written. So we can have E plus R as the given condition E plus R in which there is some Hita and we see that E comes immediately before a vowel H that is R in this case and so 6177 applies and we get year plus R. So E gets substituted by year when R follows. Similarly, if you have E followed by U, E will be substituted by year and the output would be year followed by U. Similarly, if you have E followed by Ruh as the input as we have E as the substituent and the output would be year followed by Ruh. So year substitutes E. Then we have E plus Lu, E followed by Lu and we have the output in the form of year followed by Lu. Then we have E followed by A and the output would be year followed by A. Then we have E followed by O and the output would be year followed by O. Similarly, we have input in the form of E followed by I and the output would be year followed by I. Then we have finally E followed by O and the output would be year followed by O. The plus sign in all these individual instances indicates that there is Samhita between these two elements. Samhita is there in input and also in the output. What we have noticed is that something is missing. So if we look at this, we notice that we have E followed by U and then in this list of environments after Ruh we immediately go to U. There is no E that comes in between Ruh and U mentioned anywhere here. Why? Because this is not possible by this sutra. So if you have E followed by E, the output is not year followed by E. This is not possible and that is the reason why this is put in a totally different colour. This is not possible because there is some other sutra that comes into play and that says that when E in the Samhita mode is followed by E which is savarna, then in place of both of them plays the dirgha and so the output of this input would be long E and not this year followed by E. Theoretically, this output is generated by this sutra, but this is covered by the domain of aakassavarni dirgaha which we shall study later on. In this way in the overlapping domain of ikoyanachi, aakassavarni dirgaha plays a crucial role and says that in this particular environment E followed by E, ikoyanachi does not apply and rather aakassavarni dirgaha applies. Now if we look at the expanded meaning with U as the sthani, these are the individual instances that we can show. So, we have input in the form of U plus E and they are in the Samhita mode that is what this plus sign indicates where E is the right hand side environment immediately before which comes U and then the output is U plus E, U followed by E. If you have U followed by E, U plus E, output is U plus E, then you have U plus RU, U followed by RU and the output is V plus RU, V followed by RU, then you have U plus RU and the output is V plus RU, then you have U plus A as input and the output after the application of 6177 is V plus A, then you have U plus O as input and the output is V plus O, V followed by O, then you have U followed by I and the output is V followed by I, V plus I, then you have U followed by O and the output is V followed by O. Once again if you notice in this sequence of environments right hand side environments after E should come U but then that is missing we go directly to RU and the reason is once again like before. So, this is not possible if you have input in the form of U plus U, theoretically this sutra 6177 would generate the output in the form of U plus U, but the sutra aakasavarnedirgaha once again comes into play and says that the output of this should be one long U that is the second type of sandhi that we have seen before. So, this is not possible U plus U then cannot generate the output over plus U because of the interrelation of this rule with the other rule aakasavarnedirgaha. Now if we look at the expanded meaning of the sutra with individual instances where RU as a vowel is the sthani and these are those cases. So, if we have RU plus R as input where RU and R are in the samhita mode indicated by this plus sign, R is the right hand side environment which is immediately preceded by RU and then you apply 6177 and then you get the output RU followed by RU. So, RU is the substitute in place of RU. Then you have RU plus E, RU followed by E and the output is RU followed by E, RU plus E. Then you have RU plus U, RU followed by U and the output is RU followed by U, RU plus U. Then you have RU plus LU and the output is RU plus LU. Then you have the input RU plus A and the output after the application of 6177 is RU plus A, RU followed by A. Then you have the input in the form of RU plus O and the output after the application of 6177 is RU plus O. Then if you have the input in the form of RU plus I, the output is RU plus I. And finally, RU plus O is the input and after the application of 6177 the output is RU plus O. Once again, we notice that in this list of right hand side environments after a EU there is the place of RU, but that is missing we would go directly to LU and the reason is the same as before. So, in this case if the input is RU plus RU, the output should be theoretically RU plus RU plus RU by the application of 6177, but once again we have the Sutra Akash Savarane Dirhaha coming into play and states that in place of both of them we will place the long variety of this RU. And so this output is not allowed by the interrelation of rules, namely the interrelation between Eco-Energy 6177 and Akash Savarane Dirhaha which we shall study subsequently in this particular course. Now, if we write the expanded meaning of these this Sutra with the individual instances as the highlight with the sthani in the form of the vowel LU we can write all those cases in the following manner. One note about the vowel LU, this vowel was uttered by the native speakers of Sanskrit until a given point in time. After that this was lost, but the Sanskrit grammatical tradition has still retained this particular vowel in its inventory. And so we do not have too many examples with this vowel LU, however with whatever little data that we have we can clearly formulate some examples. So, if we have LU followed by LU when they are in the Samhita mode indicated by this plus sign where LU is the right hand side environment immediately preceded by the vowel LU by the application of 6177 the output would be LU followed by LU that is LU plus LU. Then we have LU plus E and the output is LU plus E. Then we have LU plus U as input and the output is LU plus U. Then if we have LU plus RU as input the output would be LU plus RU. Then we have LU plus A as input and the output is LU plus A by the application of 6177. Then we have input in the form of LU plus O and the output is LU plus O. Similarly, if we have input in the form of LU plus I the output is LU plus I. And finally, we have the input LU plus O by the application of 6177 the output is LU plus O. Once again, if we notice the right hand side environments have a sequence RU and then we expect LU over here which is missing and the reason is the same as before. If we have the input in the form of LU plus LU the output that is theoretically generated by 6177 is LU plus LU. But this is the domain of application of and so in this case, eco-energy does not apply. So, this output is not possible this is not allowed rather in place of both of them the one substitute that comes is the LONG RU. How we shall study when we study the sutra akas sabarane virgaha. After having studied all these individual instances and we shall study the examples of each of these cases possibly. After having studied them, we note the important feature of yant sandhi that important feature is that yant sandhi is always conditioned by the right hand side environment. And therefore, it is called paranimit takar in the paninian grammatical tradition. It is a substitute in place of a vowel. So, it is called ajadesha, acch aadesha, acch aasthane aadesha. And these are the two terms used in the paninian grammatical tradition paranimit takar ajadesha. And on this basis, as we shall study later on, the concept of sthane vatbhava can be explained. To summarize, we studied how the terms yant ik and ach get formed using the pratyahara technique and what all sounds are part of these pratyaharas which undergo this operation. Then we also studied in detail, taking individual cases of sthanis and environments and studied what would be the substitutes in those environments. We studied the meaning of the sutra 6177 which describes the yant sandhi in this particular detailed manner. We also presented the meaning in the form of an equation and then we expanded the meaning with individual cases being highlighted. Now, we study the examples which illustrate these cases further. What we study next? We also study the uddeshya vidheya bhava which is part of the explanation of 6177. And after we use this uddeshya vidheya bhava in this explanation, the place of articulation as criterion for selection of the substitute becomes very important. Then we also discussed the examples of yant sandhi at all levels, padha level and vaakya level and in samhita and at various levels discussed earlier. Then we also study examples of yant sandhi with individual cases being the highlight. And in this process, we also study the interrelation of rules. Then we also will study this particular question. Can the substitute be considered same as the substitute event? Namely, can there be sthanivad bhava in this case? The next question would be how? How can we consider this? This most important question would be by application of which sutra? There are two sutras at least which talk about such a sthanivad bhava which amongst them would be applied over here. And are there some exceptions? Then we shall study how yant sandhi acts as an input to the Swara sutras, accent rules. And finally, are there any gaps in the description of yant sandhi in the grammar composed by Panini and has the later Panini and grammatical tradition tried to fill into those gaps by providing additional statements. This we shall study next in the coming lectures. Thank you for your attention.