 So we talked about the 45 medieval towns, not only castles. So this is an introduction to the Fortune programme, which starts this year. So dealing with towns and fortification in northern France, it's a question about the place of towns within knowledge, which is mainly occupied by castles, in fact. So what are the role of towns in geopolitics? And we have a good example, for example, the place of Lézondelice in Normandy that you maybe can know. And what about the early medieval urbanism during the 11th century? So in France we have a lot of exhibition in large cities during the 20th century. We have information in those cities, but we have only one national inventory of the fortified town, which is quite ancient, no, and not complete. Hopefully we have a regional, very good inventory, such as the Moschee and Elnife. But we don't have such things that can find for Germany, for example. So what about the architectures of these towns? The purposes of the fortifications? What are the materials and the influences and the link with military innovation? But what we want to insist on is the environment of this fortified town. Of course, in a normal way, we speak about the role of topography, but there is more to say about the impact on landscape and geodynamics and the interrelation, in fact, with a cost-systemic service. So the actual Eurevoir is located here, 50 km southwest from Paris. Paris is here. And we have good studies on castles. L'Ogent le Retroux and Château d'un, for example. But in fact, they are castles from towns, but we all only know the castle. And we have a lot of information about the city of Chartres, but only mainly for the Roman period and the cathedral, which is a UNESCO cathedral. We don't know so much things about the medieval town. During the Middle Ages, Avelois is a place with many conflicts because it's between the royal kingdom and the county of Blois, for example. It's one of the first stony castles built in France in this county. And then we have the war between the Plantagene and the Capetienne. So you have the Contagene and the Capetienne kingdoms. And after that, of course, you have the 100-year wars. And the place of Gerardot, which is in Avelois, was taken full time, for example. So today, the actual preservation is quite good sometimes because in this fall, there were no wars, no bombing. And there is a very low organization until today, in fact. I will show you our pictures. So we are at the end of the 19th-century destructions to allow more circulation in the streets. So doors, medieval doors were destroyed. And only some of them, like in Bonval, were then protected by national heritage. But, in fact, in this old department, there are very few monuments that are protected, very few. And there are no endangers because there is maybe a kind of new generation of organism right now in the legal centers. So a lot of things are going to be destroyed. So we are dealing with a lot of places. And the first overview can count 28 potential fortified little towns. And so for all of them, we have a 19th-century plan and maps that we can work on. And we are making an inventory according to the A.S.A.U. means Santès Archaeologique urbain. It means that we gather all the information we have from British sources from archaeological excavation and so on. So if we talk a bit about the environments, we are mainly towns by rivers or planted in red. But some are completely plain, like here in the bus, where there are no rivers at all. So you can imagine that this is a long-term research program that we have started yet now. So to get environmental data, we plan to get them from the walls and the ditches by coring in the ditches to get shovels from the walls. As there is no urbanism, you see, after the Second World War it was like that and it's all not the same today. So we have a lot of empty plots when we have got data from the soil and the subsoil. We plan to make geophysics surveys through the ditches and the walls, which are now destroyed. And we started this year and analysed the hydro-system in the part of the department. I will show you. We are coring in peats and we will focus on excavation in the town of Garadon. So because it's a very huge area with many towns, now we decided to focus on Charte, Garadon and Château-Neuf-en-Timerais. Yes. Yes. So the town plans, the 19th century town plans, we work on it with the archaeography method developed by Chouker Noise. So we consist on getting evidence of if maybe sometimes you have a very good plan with the preservation of wall and ditches at the end of the 19th century. So it's very easy, but you can have also animal plot limits sometimes, or pattern of organisation that you can study to get morphogenetic patterns and information of the traces of ditches, walls and so on. So sometimes you have a very complex organisation like Indreux. You have very easy and idealistic, in fact, plans to deal with and sometimes you don't have any information of those plans. So in Garadon we are very lucky because we have this plan which is older and we have still the fortifications that are in the ancient mode and the very big ditches of the river. So this first analyser of the plan allows us to discover 11 new towns with fortifications. I do some of them here and you can see that they have almost the same size except for Chartres which is Bishopry, so it can be understood. And complex morphology, of course, because they are made by centuries of evolution of these walls and ditches and so on. In Chartres, Thomas Lecroyer made a study of the municipal accounts for the second half of the 14th century, which is very interesting because it got a lot of information of the way of building the fortification which is quite a long wall and this is in-house huge campaigns with masonry but also wood structures with local materials and what I see here is that the channelization of the river is very important because in the 14th century it was already considered a part of the walls so you can see that the river was completely managed with the river doors and so on. So we also started to study in this area the whole hydro-systems so I will only focus on the three-tone of Galardon, Eperdon and Lojour-le-roix which are very close, you can see. In Galardon, this is a line I just show you so what is important, I think, is that this very big ditches are connecting the plateau with the valley so there is a strong impact on the sediment transfer from the plateau to the valley and of course we have a canalization of the rivers to go to the mills and here we have a little problem because we can't always build a very huge canal on all these valleys so maybe it destroys more ancient information you can have. So this is the only actual remains of all the fortifications of Galardon and in the 17th century you have all the walls restored. Eperdon is situated on the connection of three valleys and so it's an important place because in the beginning of the 13th century we see more and more built walls in it but we don't know if these walls are this one which can be visible today which are not heritage-protected or maybe these ones but they are very big and maybe they are from Prehistoric or Iron Age period we don't know because we don't have any data. What is very interesting, and also is that we have a few archaeology data here in a huge area and we have found a village from the 4th to the 12th century which disappeared at the time the town was growing so we have a kind of studio to transfer the evidence in the 12th century from this day. Nezalora is located downstream of this area so that's quite interesting because it was the last place you can go with boats from Rouen, for example, when you're going to Charte so there is an marble mentioned since the 15th century and after that it was impossible to go with boats in the Eurevalais and there were proofs of problems and juridical problems of this kind and parchment are here to prove that people have to dig but they don't have the right to dig so the navigation was stopped here and the river was used for mills certainly for the fortification we don't have any data yet to prove that but this is the density of the mills you can have upstream the river, the town so if we consider the old hydro-systems huge rescue archaeology allows us to get data from pits and to have a transect in the Eurevalais from 10 km almost, 5 km, sorry, here and here and so we can see that there is a complex history of the pit formation of course but the pits stopped before the 10th century so here in the beginning of the 19th, the middle of the 10th and there is a high rate of erosion that started at the first half of the 14th century so to conclude I would say that this is an arena highly organized and fortified since the 10th and 11th century this is quite interesting for the problematics of the towns and the relations between the castles and the geopolitics and so on but it's also very interesting because we can have the first idea of what the modification of the sediment from the plateau to the valley of the hydro-system this town can have been made so perspective know how to look at the town without rivers know what is going on there and more precise analysis of material architecture and so on so we plan of course to make a survey of the urban development because you have always distractions of this area and in Galadon in the next ones we plan to make a radar geosciutto survey in all the areas with the moat and the corner the town fortification and in the following years the small excavation located in the ditch here and French from the ditch the inner part of the castle thank you very much for your attention