 have this presentation together with Andreas Krontz, who does an analysis, but he is not here. He can't come and take his part, too. The great view of Cologne of Anton Wunsamm shows in the front of the Lake Medieval Harbour of Cologne, the west side of Cologne. Behind the front and the wall, there's a wide market area. The situation did not change since the second half of the 10th century. The topographic situation is totally different from the Roman time when the city of Cologne was founded about two decades before the birth of Christ. For the early medieval glass production, in Cologne, we have to get clear of two topographical situations, the situation and development of the harbour. And secondly, the location of the glass workshops of the Romans, which is different from that of the early medieval glass workshops. At the time of the foundation of the city on an arm of the Rhine River, this separated an island. Before the middle of the first century, there were glass workshops at the western bank of the Rhine Arm, which probably produced window glasses for the later Praetorium. In the year 89, at the elevation of Cologne to the governors, the city wall facing the Rhine was built and the glass workshops were abandoned. In the same time, the southern part of the arm was tilted and 100 years later, the northern part too. And so the island was linked to the city. On the island, there was built straw houses. And on the eastern part of the island, they were built a cave. And they are the activities of the harbour took place. The chips which were used for the trade were chips with flat bottoms, we call it prams, and one was found in the arm of the Rhine in the first century. Others of the Keringian time were found downstream in Koehfeld, at Koehfeld, and Xanten. In the later period, the harbour was defended by junction walls and bridge led to Castella de Vita on the other side of the Rhine. This, and then on the Heumarck, that's a major place of excavation, there was built a long building for the government of the harbour. In the early medieval, one of the straw houses was transformed to a church. The picture does not show us not only the development of the harbour, but also of the areas of excavation. There are important differences of findings between the island and the arm of the Rhine. The site in the north part of the silted arm could not be settled before the Carolingian time. The main excavation concerning the early medieval times took place at the Heumarck 20 years ago. In the fifth century, the area was settled and the settlement of the city was reduced to the eastern half of the city with the harbour on the eastern part, where Germanic Franks settled since the first half of the fifth century and built pit houses while manufacturing metal, waving and carving bones. In the first half of the fifth century, during the Roman government, the Franks didn't produce glass yet, but learned by Romans the skill of glass making who had a famous trait of glass in cologne. The glass workshops of the Romans, on the other hand, were so far excavated in the surroundings of the city in the north, north, west, and south. That is sub-earths of the city. Only the earliest and the latest were situated in the east side or the middle of the city. The Romans produced a part from simple vessels, glass specialties, glass specialties with the decoration of trails, conchilias beakers, vessels with animal painting, and carved and engraved glasses. From the fifth to the seventh, to the 10th century, extensive glass workshop worked in a connected area at the harbour of Cologne. At the harbour, the glass trade could have been supplied easily by raw material like wood and raw glass, as well as export the product that's what the workshop especially worked for. Hints for the glass manufacturing at the early medieval harbour of Cologne are furnaces, crucibles, and raw or recycling glass shown by the diffusion map of the glass fragments. There are only few furnaces for glass production, and they dated in Carolingian time, but also fragments of furnaces indicated by vitrified funerous lining. The best preserved furnace is situated was found just inside the wall, during the excavation for the underground at the Quart Hakenbergplatz in 2004-2012. The picture shows the bottom of the furnaces, crucibles, of Rheinisch pottery of the eighth century, as well as raw and recycling glass. Fragments of older furnaces in the bottom indication for a long time workshop as this site. The same composition shows a Merringian pit, a greater number of fragments of a furnace, some crucibles and fragments of raw material. Between the raw material can one find rods and trails for the decoration of the vessels. Clear indication for the production of the glass are rests of not of glass pieces of the blowing pipe and of glass caps. Big early Frankish beads were obviously manufactured as a harbour of cologne, because they have cracks and are not finished entirely. Small beads of opaque blue or green or translucent color were produced from tesserae of the same color and size. They are broken and not finished entirely too. However, the production of other types of beads at cologne is not clear. The table of glass finds gives a different overview of the Frankish workshop. The number of in total 126 fragments of early medieval crucibles and 2 thirds of a whole vessel is much higher than the amount of Roman crucibles at all in cologne. The main excavation at the Heumann with 722 glass fragments shows a large variety of material group. The main production were glass vessels, while only few types of beads were produced in Merovingian and not at all in cologne in time. And window glass appears in the early medieval context at the harbour of cologne even less. On the other hand, the discrimination of production groups leads to the focus on glass vessels. Hollow glass can be dated itself by the form. Window glass cannot be dated easily. Beads are rare. Because of small scale patches and often multipliers recycling, the chemical signature of beads is blurred. And this identification of the particular glass group is impeded. The granular glass type of cologne harbour is soda lime glass made of soda or trona. The later supplied most likely from the Vardinatrune in Egypt. Glass made from wood ash is rare in cologne finds. And appears in late Cologneian strata only. Some examples for mixed glass made from soda lime glass or wood ash glass were found. Soda lime glass in Roman times is a chemical very uniform glass type. It was modified in late antique and early medieval times. Several subtypes of soda lime glass point either to on different new raw glass material sources or can be regarded as an increased recycling and mixing of earlier produced glass or even both. Glass subtypes like Levantine, the one to Himt, one to, and Egypt one to appear at particular times onwards from the late antique during early medieval times until the Carolingian period when it was replaced more and more by wood ash glass in the 10th century. Most of the cologne glass is belonging to the so-called Himt II or Himt group 90%. Some are Himt I. Both types are also identified in the 4th century Hamburg glass production workshops or still have the chemical signature of Roman glass or of Levantine I. A clear separation between Roman and Himt II chemical composition cannot be found. Rather, it is more a continuous trend pointing to an increased recycling of Roman glass and probably mixing with Himt I type. Two of the beads, the big beads, were found in the biggest complex in an abundant Roman hippocauts in the north-east of the Hallmark. There, translucent and opaque raw glass tesserae and glass vessels were found, too. The glass vessels were produced in a workshop there and at the same time, that means in the second half of the 5th century and the first half of the 6th century, of the 5th century and 6th century, bowls with feather decoration, simple cone, beakers of Kempsten type, and beakers of Kempsten type with loops. I show you the reconstruction together with the diffusion maps. Where can you see the concentrations of these forms at the Rhine? The concentrations are a further indication to investigate the production site at Cologne. You can find exactly these forms of glass vessels in special Meruvingian graveyards, for example, in Bonn-Schwarzweindorf and even in the settlement of Bonn-Bechlinghofen. On this map, you can also find the routes of trade which I have investigated, not only for the Meruvingian but also for the Carolingian type. The gray field of Gravelgelep has the greatest amount of Meruvingian glass vessels which are expected to be produced in Cologne. One claw beaker has the same glass signature as a fragment found on the Isle of Amrum, close to Riebel. The analysis of cone beakers of the Kempsten type, which come from widespread sites, show a different picture. Their glass types are identified as Hymn 2, as well as Hymn 1, and Leventine 1. Hence, it appears that Kempsten beakers come coming from different workshops and are obviously not produced solely in Cologne. In Cologne, the number 18 and 27 were potentially produced at the harbor, but number 176 found in the middle of the city, not. In the middle and later, Meruvingian time, finds of glass vessels together with fabrications, rests us carefully. There again, more closed find complexes with Carolingian bell tumblers and funnel beakers, especially at the site Amdolmhof. While the best preserved trucebel was found at the church, Großsankt Martin. Many fragments of this beaker type, which could be used as drinking vessel as well as lamp, were found at most Carolingian palaces, churches, as monasteries, and some other settlements, especially at the trade centers of Dorostat and Riebel. In two pits at the Heumarkt, which seem to contain rests of production pieces of Riticella were found besides funnel beakers and bell tumblers. However, these two trails consist of Egypt II glass, a late soda lime glass appearing around 800 A.D. In the same time, wood ash glass was invented in Europe, probably in monasteries, because soda from Egypt was not longer available. At the harbour of Cologne, only window glass consists in wood ash glass, which was obviously imported and not produced there. Now I show you a summary, aside from Roman glass workshops of vicinity of Cologne, latest Roman glass production is now proven as for the city of Cologne. Franks continued the glass production in Roman tradition. Glass vessels and beads were produced for export along the Rhine downstream to the North Sea. Downstream, that means to the North. And the common glass of Cologne is soda lime glass, a Hymn II type. Window glass is rare and was not produced for the export. You have to imagine that the cathedral of Cologne is very close to the harbour. Because of the shortage of soda in Cologne in time, wood ash glass was developed in monasteries in peripheral areas about 800. And so many thanks for the attention.