 Hello again, hello everyone, and welcome to this EdenNAP webinar. We still have people joining us for this session. And I'm very happy to moderate this session. My name is Vlad Mihaescu. I am the EdenNAP Steering Committee Chair, and I am from the Polytechnica University of Timishora. The EdenNAP stands for Network of Academics and Professionals, and is part of Eden, which fosters collaboration between its members and supports the networking side of the members. We foster knowledge sharing and collaboration through all our webinars and workshops, which we are doing. Hello again, I see we have people from many countries, from Germany, Croatia, Turkey, Romania, Sweden, Portugal, Lithuania, many, many countries, from India also, England, Italy, Belgium. Welcome everyone, this is very nice to take place into this webinar. We tried to think of a different topic for today. We heard in this period many opinions from experts, from researchers, from teachers, from policymakers. But we wanted to know what this period has been for the students. We wanted to hear their perspective, to see what they experienced, to find out what they love most about this period and what they love less about this period. We wanted to see their struggles and how they thrived to overcome the challenges. And that's not the least, we wanted to know how they see the future of education after this whole online experiment. So this is the topic for today. I am very happy to moderate this session as I was telling you and no further introductions more about the topic. I want to introduce already the first speaker we have today. So we are going to start this session with Angela Sozio. She's a psychology student at Aldo Moro University in Bari, in Italy. Angela is currently studying work and organizational psychology. She graduated in 2019 in psychological sciences and techniques. And recently, she has been attending psychology of education and e-learning in organizations courses. During the courses, she has worked on a research project on the evolution of micro-learning modules. And as a result of the cooperation with the company organizing this module, she and her team have produced a literature review based on micro-learning features and the micro-learning evaluation questionnaire. So join me in welcoming our colleagues from the student side and starting with Angela. Angela, please. So hello, everyone. Firstly, I would like to thank Vlad for giving us the opportunity to take part in this webinar that I consider an exciting and training opportunity. And I would like to thank Francesca Mendooni too for supporting me and my colleague Annalisa during this day. So thank you. And secondly, has a child that was the most introverted person ever. And speaking in front of all of you today, it's for me the most achievement so far. So before we start, I have to say that even if myself and my colleague Annalisa have attended the same module and worked on the same project, we have tried to answer the same question in a different way. So let's start. How could you describe your overall experience with online learning since the COVID-19 pandemic started? Well, at the beginning of this situation, we were all unaware of its gravity and length. And at first, I was relieved about attending lessons from home because I didn't have to wake up two hours before having to go to university. However, online learning has been very functional for group works because we worked until late in the evening without any interruption. And these couldn't have been possible normally. But slowly, my motivation toward the lessons and studying started to decline. What are the biggest challenges you faced? Firstly, internet connection didn't work well in every room in my home. And for this reason, I had to attend the lessons and make the exams in the living room that was not so comfortable. Secondly, I noticed that being in front of a screen for such a length of time made me restless. Indeed, I find it difficult to stay still while I'm eating or studying. Thirdly, it was said that we couldn't spend breakfast and breakfast together, talking and drinking coffee. Can you share one positive example of best practices from your teachers? Sure. One positive example is from the Psychology of Education and eLearning in Organizations module. The coordinator and the teacher, Maria Beatrice Ligorio, organized the module in a very original way based on the methodology Gixo. She divided us in for different work groups. And the game of these numerous interactions was to elaborate new theories or perspectives for eLearning future development. Thanks to this module, I had the opportunity to know my colleague better. Moreover, I acquired many skills in relations to team working, public speaking, and knowledge of several software. And furthermore, we tried to roll taking didactic strategy. And I loved it so much because I was the leader of some of the groups. And as a leader, I tried to manage the groups based on the needs of all the members. And I gave them the same time to talk about their original ideas. Lastly, this module gave me the opportunity to work on a project with an important company, the International Atlanteo Kids. The company offers managerial services, especially to public administration. And we collaborated with development of digital content for the online learning sector. We produced a letter to review based on micro learning features and the micro learning evaluation questionnaire. A micro learning, what is a micro learning? A micro learning is the new didactic format. It improves learning in short time with the chunks of essential knowledge. And the micro learning specularity is based on interactive features, including the videos, images, flip cards, podcasts, quizzes, and immediate feedback. So which type of activities, technologies feel best suited for online education from your experience and why? In my opinion, laptops, smartphones, and Microsoft Teams have been perfect instrument for online learning as they have facilitated activities such as work groups and synchronous forum chats. With the large screens are good for spending a long time in front of a screen. And smartphones allow you to attend lessons even in situations where normally you shouldn't have been able to. For example, had you had a medical appointment before online teaching, you would have had to completely miss the lessons. Whereas now you can log in to it online. A software I have greatly appreciated is Microsoft Teams. And in particular, it's either views and the option of creating a lot of subsections and sharing screens with the other and work simultaneously. What do you miss the most from the educational experience before COVID? What do you miss the least? What I miss the most is face-to-face in-person interactions between teachers and students. This is particularly felt because of the missed opportunity to understand the students' mood and to establish a deeper relationship between the parts. And what I miss the least is not to be able to share documents and download slides instantly. And of course, the alarm at 6.30 a.m. How do you see the future of education after these crisis finishes? Well, I hope that in the future, we will have learned to recognize the importance of education and the training and the importance of socialization. For this reason, I think that the best solution for every age group is face-to-face teaching instead of full online learning. However, we also must recognize the positives of blended teaching and learning and find a good balance between the two. So in conclusion, here's my wish for everyone. Always be the best version of yourself. That's all. Thank you. Thank you, Angela. When I started the session with you, I didn't know you were an introvert. And I'm very happy that somehow you overcome, you overcame this challenge, and you did a very good job. Thank you. I suggest all of you to look over the questions in the Q&A section. And I propose we will try to give some answers after we finish all the presentations. So until then, please read the questions and try to prepare an answer for them. Okay. The next speaker is also from Aldo Moro University. It is Annalisa Jan Domenico, a second year student of work and organization of psychology. During the last three months, she took part in the psychology of education and e-learning course similar to the one Angela took as well. And she also collaborated with the same company and created the literature review on about the perceptions of micro-learning. So Annalisa, please, the floor is yours. So, hello, everyone. First, I want to thank you for this great opportunity. And I would like now to share my experience about online learning with you. The first question I answered, too, is how could you describe your overall experience with online learning since the COVID-19 pandemic started? So, at the beginning of the online learning, I wasn't very happy because I attended the Telematic University for the last two years of my bachelor's degree at the Faculty of Psychological Sciences and Techniques, and I didn't like it much. And for my master's degree, I didn't want to do the same, and I was excited about finally meeting people in person. However, I realized that the online learning is way different from the Telematic offer. Due to its interactivity, which is something that I am enjoying. And here, you can see a fun picture our teacher took during our last lesson. You can tell we were all in a very good mood, even if we had our pajamas on. And at the beginning, I followed all the lessons, but then slowly I've chosen to follow only some of them. In terms of time management, I would appreciate some breaks during the classes to refocus attention, as we used to do in the classroom. Moreover, it seems that some professors assume that as we are staying at home, we don't have much going on in terms of things to do. So, presumably, we have more time to spend in front of a screen or to study. But on this point, I firmly disagree because staying at home also means helping my family in household tasks, such as cooking or tidying up. And some teachers get disappointed when the attendance rate is low without considering that in our course, attendance is not compulsory. So, my overall experience so far has been pretty positive. About challenges, back in March 2020, during the classes in the second term of the first year, the biggest challenge I faced was the sluggishness of my laptop. Actually, even just to open the platform we use, which is Microsoft Teams, it took almost an hour and sometimes it didn't open at all. And I had to take three online exams and surely I faced them with more anxiety than those I took in the classroom at university. Both because I was afraid that the platform would close at any moment and because I was anxious the internet connection would go down, things that really happened to me during the classes and even this afternoon, actually. Another challenge I've been facing is how easy it is to get distracted for many reasons, such as the doorbell or a family member coming to the room and one last challenge is how hard it is to concentrate. So, to sum up, I think it's definitely better to go to uni, see people and change your environment to take your mind off things. When it comes to what's needed to make the online education experience positive, I think laptop is the best technology to use for online learning, as it allows an excellent screen visibility which helps to keep your eyes healthy too and it's easy to carry around and adjust to any places. Anyway, I had to buy a new laptop to follow the second year lessons as the previous one was too old and not suitable to support the technology platform we're using. Among the activities I consider very useful for the online learning, there are with no doubt the group work which have proved to be a vibrant place for learning and knowledge and at the same time, they reduce the distance between students establishing a new friendship as well. Moreover, the group work allow to fairly split the workload facilitating the achievement of the objectives thanks to the mutual support. And to give an example, during the psychology of education and the learning course, everyone in turn took a role with a different task and this has given us the chance to gain more knowledge and skills to increase the level of attention during the lessons and finally to take responsibilities. In terms of what I miss the most and the least about the educational experience before COVID, I miss the most the direct interaction with my colleagues characterized by funny moments, exchange of points of view or just suggestions and support. I also miss coffee breaks between classes, our meals together waiting for the beginning of the afternoon classes where we shared mutual knowledge and chit chat. What I miss the least is the journey to go to university. I live actually 60 kilometers away from Bali. So I wake up three hours before the beginning of classes and sit on the train for about an hour and also saving money for the train ticket is for sure another upside of the online education. The future of education as a result of the pandemic could be characterized by blended learning including both online and face-to-face classes. However, I have my own opinion about blended learning which I believe should fit the training context. For example, for the compulsory education it would be better to restore frontal lessons about for children of elementary school as they could have some difficulties in sitting still in front of a screen for a lot of time. On the other hand, I think in an academic context sometimes that should be distance trainings even for a better time organization and better autonomy about rhythms of learning. The use of different platforms should be encouraged for both the possibility of recording lessons with the consensus of teacher and to learn how to use different programs. So trying to bring out positive aspects of technology. So I hope in the future that the possibility to make the most of distance learning won't be overlooked using it for different purposes to improve the learning experience. So in conclusion, my suggestion is try to always have a positive attitude towards any experience and make the most out of it. That's all, thank you. Thank you Annalisa for a very nice presentation. I have to say it's weird that you say that you miss going to the university but that you don't miss going to the road to the university but you miss the interaction with your colleagues. How can you get the interaction if you don't get there? Okay, there are, as I say, that there are positive and negative aspects. So of course I miss the interaction and everything but I mean with the Microsoft Teams or even Zoom we have the possibility to have some, how can I say, some, oh my God. Some sort of interaction. Yeah, actually, yeah, some sort of interaction. So yeah. No, it was more like a small joke this question. It could be, yeah. Okay, so like I also asked Angela, please read the questions because we have, you have a question especially for you in the Q&A section and we will get to those questions after we finish the presentations. I'm sure our other two speakers are very impatient to talk and to present what they prepare for us today. Okay, so then we move to the third presentation of the day. We have Dora Trögerlich from the Faculty of Organization and Informatics, University of Zagreb in Croatia. She is a second year graduate student of the Organization of Business Systems Study Program at this university. She received her bachelor degree at the same faculty in 2019. During her studies, she participated in the Erasmus Plus Student Exchange Program at the University of Gili Nijslovekia, which ultimately led her to the role of a student associate of the FOI International Relations Office. Besides that, she held the role of student coordinator at the Center for Volunteering and Humanitarian Work at the faculty. Throughout her higher education, she participated in many extracurricular activities, including an innovative learning project on social entrepreneurship. Dora, please. Hello, everyone. I hope you can all hear me. I'll start sharing my screen just a second. I hope you can see the slideshow. Yes, it's perfect. Okay, first I would like to thank to Professor Igor Balavan and FOI International Relations Office for huge support, according to all opportunities like this one. And to start, I would like to say that my experience with online learning is not ideal and I am still a huge fan of traditional education. And I have some kind of a love-hate relationship towards online learning. Sometimes I was really glad that I can just listen to my lectures from my bed, drinking my coffee and listen to these lectures whenever I want, whenever I can. But sometimes it became really tiring since there is always a point in the semester where you have a lot of assignments, a lot of tasks, midterms. But it was quite challenging because we were all supposed to behave and work and concentrate like there was nothing going on, like everything was normal. But it wasn't and we all had problems with concentration. So it was quite challenging to balance everything. And it kind of showed me the point of lifelong learning because we were pushed in this type of learning. The biggest challenges that I've dealt with, I'm sure that we all had problems with the insecurity of the situation and that psychological impact. But since I'm a very extroverted person, I live close to the faculty and I used to spend a lot of time at the faculty hanging out with my friends, with my colleagues. I was spending a lot of time at international relations office and for first few days, I was feeling great because I finally had the opportunity to be at home, which was like a rare situation before. But after some time, I became really anxious and anxiety and fear combined, I started having panic attacks which didn't make anything easier and it affected my online learning as well because I got really frustrated about everything and everything was bad and wrong and guilty for the situation. So I wasn't really looking at online learning from the greatest point of view. Second thing is lack of time and space and infrastructure. Yes, I do have my own room, my own laptop, some kind of privacy, but since I was spending a lot of time at home, which was rarely a case before, my parents also wanted to hang out with me and they asked me to help them with some things at home. And it wasn't quite easy to always explain why I need time, why I need to concentrate and why it's disturbing when someone just opens my door to ask, how am I doing? And since my mom is a teacher, she also had online lectures with 37 year olds. She also had problems with some new platforms that they were using. So I was kind of a student and a user support and everything. And even though I have a lot of experience after five years of studying at the faculty, I'm let's say good at adapting to new professor. I think that I had a problem with feeling learning outcomes because for some things really took a lot of time to do by myself, even though we had presentations or online lectures filmed or something. Some positive examples. I think after these two semesters, I think that the best practice from a teacher was usage. When we had asynchronous lectures, it was a usage of presentations plus short video materials with the emphasis on the most important. So these video materials would be 20 to 30 minutes, like shortly described the whole presentation and the things that we need to, let's say learn the most. Best suited activities and technologies. I would say that I really liked synchronous lectures because I had a problem when one day a week I had four lectures from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. nonstop. And I think that's a problem for concentrating even when you're at the faculty. So at home, it was impossible. We used Moodle as an e-learning platform which we use since we start our lectures at the faculty. So that was kind of a good thing because we're already used to it. And for our synchronous lectures, we used Big Blue Button which is similar to Zoom so it also worked quite well. What do I miss most during this whole situation? It's definitely a social aspect of education. I miss just coming to the faculty, seeing people working from the library and just mingling with colleagues. And I was also supposed to go in the winter semester to Spain on another Erasmus exchange which this situation was formed to the summer semester but as the situation is still not quite the best I had to give my hopes up and just quit from this exchange which was supposed to be like some kind of a highlight at the end of my studying. For the future of education, I think that traditional education is coming back in great style because I think that people really miss being in the same place, both teachers, students at any age, it doesn't matter. And I think that we will appreciate more coming to real-time lectures. But when it comes to online learning and its pros, I think that it's giving more possibilities and opportunities for LSE virtual mobilities, conferences, different types of courses which was maybe possible but for but not in this, not in this kind. And in conclusion, I would say that probably there is the same amount of pros and cons, like everything but it is all about the perspective. When I was in a bad mood, I, let's say, hated online learning and wanted to go to school even though I wished sometimes to be at home and just listen to my lectures from my bed. And for the end, I wish you all a wonderful, calmer and more successful year ahead. Thank you. Thank you, Dora, wonderful presentation. It is not easy to speak in front of a crowd but it is for sure more difficult to talk about your fears and anxieties and you're very brave for doing this. This is one of the sides of this time which is not so much discussed about the psychological impact moving into online has on students and teachers as well. I am curious if you and your mother have exchanged some good practices from both sides? Well, she did definitely because I was like on a speed dial whenever she needed help. So she said that in this part of pandemic and online learning, she said that she definitely learned a lot more than she would if she wasn't pushed in something like that. So she definitely learned a lot in this period. Okay, great. Thank you, Dora. Like I asked your colleagues, also please read the questions in the Q&A and we will get to them soon. We move to the fourth presentation, last but not least, from Polytechnica University of Timishora in Romania, Aleksandro Konstantini Liascu, a student in the master program of machine learning. Aleksandro is also a student representative in the Polytechnica Senate and Council of Administration. He started to learn this field four years ago when he realized how important it is for a student to be represented as good as possible. Aleksandro is very concerned with the subject of education being most interested in the quality assurance in the field of education. Tried to develop in this field since 2018, he's a member of the National Register of Evaluators. In 2020, taking the step towards the European Students Union, student experts pull on quality assurance. Aleks, please, the floor is yours. Thank you very much. I will share my screen now. Just a second. Do you see my screen? Yes, perfect. Okay. Hello, everyone. Thank you very much, Vlad, for the introduction. Now I will start to talk a little bit about my experience in 2020 in the field of education to present you the student perspective in order to understand that, in my opinion, this year in education was hard for both teachers and the students. Thinking back to the beginning of 2020, our expectations for educations were to have a new year that looks about the same as in 2019, but with the hope that some things will change for the better. Unfortunately, what was on our minds was not what really happened. Now, no one was prepared for what 2020 has brought in the field of education. And when everything to the exclusive direction online, everyone was put in a position where they had to do some things to adapt to the new normal. Speaking from my experience, the year 2020 was not so easy for students, even if people think that our adaptation was easier because we use much more technology every day. Going exclusively online and studying online only from home does not just mean knowing how to use a specific tool. Unfortunately, not all the students know how to organize their time, so as not to fall into burning mode. Many of them felt that the beginning period was more stressful than the period when they were physically at university because they had more work and time seemed to be not enough. Some of the challenges I have seen or heard from other students can be seen on this slide because we did not believe that something like the pandemic would happen in 2020, not precautionary measures were taken. In this way, some problems appeared during this period and solutions were found for them at that time and weren't prepared before. Some of the students were not prepared to study from home because their infrastructure was insufficient, so some universities prefer some funds to help them. The problem of the adaptation was also seen in the group of teachers, adapting courses and all online documents has not been easy and in some cases, the adaptation has been done over a long period of time. Unfortunately, in these cases, the students felt that they are remaining in the same time and not develop their self in that field and they received some documentations just after some time and for, I don't know, one or two weeks, they felt like nothing is going on for that specific discipline. Even if the year 2020 was difficult and full of problems, I think it made us better to understand the overall situation in which education is at the moment. It makes us to understand that education in this moment is OK, but there is very big room for improvement and there are a lot of things that we can do in order to have better education and better quality in education. With the help of the pandemic, some things took an unexpected turn, so overnight they became priorities. In this situation is digitalization, a process that has been accelerated just so that the quality of education remains at the least at the level from the moment it takes place face to face. I talk about digitalization here because in Romania, digitalization was a problem because not all the documents were prepared for online and I think this is a good thing that came along with the pandemic in 2020. The solutions found to the problems that appear during the pandemic will remain no matter what happens, so that the future, at least from my point of view, has a good direction because now we had a rough period of education and for the future we know how to adapt rapidly and to do the things in a better way. In conclusion, I would just like to say that education has been greatly impacted by 2020, so in the future I do not think we will return to what was normal before. From my point of view, in the future a hybrid method will be used through which the disciplines that present this characteristic will be transposed online, at least at the level of the theoretical component because in my opinion and in my expertise in the field that I learn, I think most of the theoretical parts can be teach online and you can do the practical parts like hardware stuff in the face-to-face way. Thank you very much for your attention. Thank you, Alex, for this nice presentation. I saw a lot of good information. You talk about students' perspective, I think you talk with a lot of students. Being also in the national quality assurance organisation and being in contact with your position with other universities. A short question. In your opinion, how did our university, the Polytechnica, did in this period in comparison maybe to other institutions in Romania? In my opinion, we adapt very well and I can say this because I was there when the board, the council of administration, talked about what we will do now and I saw very good things that were done by the structures from our university in order to help the teachers to adapt to the new normal. Let's say the new normal because in my opinion, this will be the new normal. The teachers had some courses where they found how to use some tools in order to make the courses more entertaining, with more entertainment, let's say, and not just to be a PowerPoint that they read and the students listened. Thank you, Alex, so much for the answer. Again, thank you all for a very nice presentation. You did very good, Angela, Nalisa, Dora and Alex. Now we have some Q&A sessions and we already have some good questions in the Q&A section and I want to start with a question where I see already Angela wants to answer live. A question from Malin Alander. Have you as a student experienced any symptoms that you can relate to your distance and in learning situation, physical, psychological, or others? And if Angela said here she wants to answer, I will let her be the first to answer. And also, for the rest of the speakers, think if you want also to intervene afterwards. Angela, please. OK, I would like to say that some symptoms that I can relate to distance, it has been a lack of sleep and because I became to watch series TV and I finished at 3 AM o'clock because I didn't want to go to sleep. So that... Thank you, Angela, for sharing this. Yes, it's not easy to do that. Do the rest of the speakers want to answer this one as well? I can answer also. The experience, yes. For me, I think the hard part when the education turned exclusively online was to learn how to organize my time in order to not become workaholic, let's say, because when you go to the school, when you go physically to the university, you know that you have some schedule and you are there for just, I don't know, four hours and then you go to your dorm or you do other stuff and things like that. But when all the day you are home, you tend to work more and if you don't have a perfect schedule that you try to create for you, unfortunately, you tend to work much more hours and because of that, you maybe go into a burning mode and that is not proper for your health and also for your, I don't know, physique in the future. Okay, thank you, Alex, for this point of view. Do we move to another question or do the rest of the ladies want to say something on this point in this topic? Okay, I remember Dora answered during her presentation about this and Adalisa did so in writing. So I have another very interesting question here from Yonai Onel, do you think that these online semesters turned you in less prepared students in comparison to previous generations with no pandemic experience? The analysis should be done both theoretical and practical from the part of educational development. So what do you think about this question? I see Annalisa already answered the writing. Annalisa, if you want to say something about this. Yeah, actually, I just want to say that it doesn't mean that online learning give us not so much information as we could have in front face-to-face lessons. I mean, it's the same if you want to improve yourself, if you want to learn more things. So I think you have the same attitude both in frontal lessons and in online lessons. So I don't think so. I mean, for me, it was the same. So the same preparation. Yeah. Okay, thank you. But I feel what you're saying is that if the student wants to prepare, then it's no difference. But the question is, what if the student does not want to prepare in the same manner like before? If the student does not have the motivation, how can we, the teachers, motivate him in the online? I mean, I don't think so because our professors give us the same information that they would give us in the frontal lessons. I mean, so if I understand the question now. So I don't think so. I mean. Thank you. What about the rest? I see Dora wants to jump in on this question about being less prepared. Yes, if I may. I think that it all depends on, let's say, generations. Because I think that the freshmen will have a lot of problems later because they just came to the faculty and they just kind of jumped in this whole online learning. And let's say they do not know how faculty functions in some normal circumstances. And they are now currently used to, I will not say cheating, but not preparing in the same amount as they would if they're writing their exams in the classroom. And also, I think that as we are finishing and graduating now, we're in the last year of our studies, I would also say that probably for some courses we are less prepared because somehow we already know what we want to do later. And we focused only on courses that we will need in our career later. And the other we just learned as much as we need to pass for the grade. And that's it. So I think it all depends on the generation and the year of studying. OK, I agree with this. It will feel different for each generation depending on their experience. This is a very valid point. Thank you, Dota. We also have a lot of questions already about exams, about online assessment and online exams, proctored exams, and so on. Could you jump in, one of you, on these questions about online exams? What was your experience with online exams and how were they done, the exams and the assessment ways? I can jump in. Yes, please. Firstly, I want to answer also to the last question because I have an opinion. In my opinion, the students will not be less prepared because of the online teaching because in my opinion, it's like this. If a student wasn't attended the course in the face-to-face period, he or she will not attend in the online period. All will attend, but will be just a black screen with his or her name for the teacher. But I think this problem needs to be viewed from two parts. I think there are problems with the students because they don't attend to the courses or they do other stuff and not learning. But I think we need to see this problem from the teacher's view. And I think some teachers need to understand that to be a teacher means to learn every day. And if you are, I don't know, a person that knows how to do his course for 20 years and you don't want to adapt to the new stuff that is used now, that's also a problem for you as a teacher. And you need to understand that you need to learn how to make the students to attend your classroom and to make them to learn what you are teaching. Because for me, to have a teacher just that just reads a PowerPoint is not enough. I can do that on my own whenever I want. But if the teacher now in the online period will talk with the students and not just present some theoretical parts in order to do it's hour, his or her hour, will engage the students in this discussion and will have better results. And the students maybe will learn the things in another way and better. And talking about the exams, I don't think this period was, I don't know, proper for copy or something like that. I think the students that learned before are learning now and their things and the things that they were done in the past, these things persist now, even if everything is online. But the students that copied before, of course, they tried now to see how you can do this in the online exam. But I think this also is a thing that the teacher can see if something like that is happening and can try some other approaches in order to don't have such a problem. But I don't mean here to have, I don't know, a lot of cameras. But I think you can have a discussion exam and not a written exam. And in a discussion, the students, in my opinion, cannot copy or cheat. If he or she knows, he will tell you rapidly the answer. If he or she doesn't know, he will stay five minutes and the answer will not come. OK. Thank you, Alex, for your opinions. Thank you. Let's see if there are other hard things happening with exams and assessments in other countries. Let's see in Italy, if Angela wants to say something about this, about the exams. OK, yes. I think that take exams in online learning and from home. Don't bring us to be less prepared. But I think that for many of us, it has been less anxious. Yes. And but not less prepared, not, I think that. And how are our exams done? How many exams? No, no, what was the way which exams were taken? What type of exams did you take? And if there were some proctoring methods to stop you from cheating? I did our exam with the always on teams. And one, yes, one written exam, yes. And it was with no problem. OK. Thank you. Do Annalisa or Dora, I see Dora wants to say something about the exams. Yes, Dora, please. Yes. Well, since we have a lot of mid-term exams during the semester, we mostly have written exams. And since we are using eLearning platform noodles since our beginning of the studies, we are used to taking little quiz on every course. So our exams were mostly organized as a little quiz. And while writing our exams, we all had our cameras on pointing to us and our computers. So we had to be prepared for all of our exams. We do not have oral exams during the semester. We only have written exams. But when it comes to big exams in the terms, we also have oral exams on big blue buttons. So everything works quite well. Thank you, Dora, for this. Sorry, I muted myself. Thank you for your insight. I want to apologize to all the people who ask questions. And we didn't have time to go through all of them. It's very good to see that there is such a big interest in this topic. And you shoot a lot of questions for our students. And I encourage my colleagues, my speaker colleagues, to try to answer in writing both of the some of the questions. I saw also some questions related to how this period, and we are slowly moving to the end of this webinar, how did this period influence your career choosing and your perspective about your future? Annalisa, could you try to give an answer to this one? Yeah, sure. So actually, even attending the psychological of education and the learning course, I mean, I found an interest in this argument, I mean, and in the future. I think that I can choose to work even in any learning context, because I really interested interesting in this. So actually, at the beginning, I wasn't so technological. But then, attending online learning, I improved my skills. So yeah, if I mean, OK. Thank you, Annalisa. Do the rest of you want to say something about this? I see Angela. Before this period, I didn't know the existence of the psychology of education and the learning in organizations. And during this semester, I loved it. So it could be a professional future, in my opinion, for me. That's very good to hear. Thank you, Angela. And best of luck with this. Try to see if it works. OK, let's see. We still have time, maybe, for one question. And then we can stop. There are so many good questions. It's difficult for me to choose one. It was a question. I want to take a question from YouTube as well. Question from Federico Puleo. And he was asking mainly Annalisa and Angela, how did you manage the first reaction of shock that came along with the start of the lockdown? Did it affect the way you see the university overall? But I think this question can apply also to the other speakers. So if you can answer this one. So at the beginning, I wasn't excited, as already said. So I was looking forward to meeting people in person after my previous telematic experience. So yeah, it was like a shock, but I always stayed positive about this. OK, thank you, Annalisa. Do any of you want to say something about this question related to if this shock made you change your perspective of the university or opinion? OK. Then I think, unfortunately, our time together is up. Again, sorry for all the questions that did not get an answer. We will try to write them down and try to get an answer in some other ways. I want to thank all participants for attending today's webinar. And especially, I want to thank the courageous and brave students who spoke today about their experiences. Annalisa, Angela, Dora, and Alexandru, you are all very well-prepared. And I'm sure you can be proud of yourselves and of what you did today and also through your experience in this past year. Don't forget that we have an Eden Chat session on Twitter right after this finishes. So look for the Eden Chat hashtag on Twitter. And stay tuned for more webinars from Eden and Eden. Thank you all and have a nice evening. Thank you, bye. Thank you, too. Thank you. Thank you.