 Good evening viewers, welcome to the Hindi news analysis by Shankara Ace Academy for the date 3rd of July 2021. This is the list of news articles which are taken for today's discussion. They have been provided along with these articles page numbers in different editions of Hindi newspaper. Now let us start our analysis with this first article which has appeared in Delhi edition of Hindi newspaper and this article is related to the ancient history part of our syllabus. This article says that the archaeological wing of Orissa government has discovered a 4000 year old settlement and ancient artefacts in Balasore district of Odisha. And in this discovery, archaeologists have discovered distinct traces of three cultural phases or three cultural periods from this site. And these three cultural phases includes the Calculative period ranging from 2000 to 2000 BC and the Iron Age from 1000 to 400 BC and then the early historic period from 400 to 200 BC. See here you should note that human colonisation in India is divided into two broad periods. They are the prehistoric period which was before the emergence of writing and then the historic period that is after the emergence of writing. Now in this the prehistoric period is divided into stone, bronze and iron ages. Now among this the stone age is further divided into Paleolithic period, Mesolithic period and Neolithic period. Now economically the Paleolithic period and Mesolithic period represented a nomadic hunting gathering way of life. On the other hand the Neolithic period represented a settled food producing way of life and then later copper was introduced as a new material and this period was designated as the Calculative period. It is because in Greek copper is termed as Calcos. Here remember one crucial point which is elsewhere in the world the Neolithic period preceded the Calculative period but in India these two periods flourished simultaneously during the 4th millennia to 2nd millennia BC and both groups of cultures in India represent a farming based settled village way of life but note that the Calculative period represents a more developed stage of this way of life. Another difference between Neolithic period and Calculative period is that Neolithic cultures have comparatively restricted distribution. It was confined to the Kashmir Valley, the northern Vindhyaas, Middle Ganga Valley and the eastern India, north eastern India and south India whereas the Calculative cultures have a much wider distribution. They were found in the entire Ganga Valley, eastern Rajasthan, Malwa region or the western Madhya Pradesh in some parts of Gujarat, western Maharashtra and even in the northern Vindhyaas. Also when the Neolithic period was succeeded by the Calculative period the general pattern of life did not change but there were important differences between the Neolithic and Calculative with respect to technology, architecture and ceramics. Now some of the significant differences were there was a marked increase in the number of settlements there was introduction of copper bronze for the manufacture of tools, ornaments and weapons etc. Then there was improvement in architecture, there was introduction of wheel-made pottery there was diversification of wares and there was profuse decoration of vessels by painted and incised designs. So in this scenario just take a look at this map which shows that a number of Calculative cultures have been discovered in northern, central and western India. As you can see this map shows you the Ahar culture, Kayata and Malwa cultures etc. Actually these are the important Calculative cultures of India. Let us see them one by one. First and foremost is the Aukar coloured pottery culture which was present in the Indo-Gangetic divide and upper Ganga Yamuna Dhoab. This is in short known as OCP culture. It is named after a ceramic type which is extremely rolled and which is fragile. And this ceramic has a wash of red Aukar which is easily washed off. It was first recognized by Bibi Lal in 1951 in a small excavation at Bisoli and Rajpur Persu. These are the two sites in Uttar Pradesh where copper hoards were found earlier. The next one is the Ahar culture in the Mewa region of Rajasthan. It is among the earliest Calculative cultures of India. It is also known as the Banas culture. Now this name is derived from the valley in which most of the sites of this culture are located. And in the Ahar culture the name Ahar is derived after the site in Rajasthan which is the site of Ahar in Udaipur district. It was excavated in 1961 to 62. And then comes the Kayata and Malwa cultures. They are present in the Malwa region of western Madhya Pradesh. See among this the Kayata culture was named after the type site Kayata. This site is situated in the Ujjain district of Madhya Pradesh. Then this Malwa culture is the most predominant Calculative culture of Central India as it has a wide distribution of sites almost all over Malwa region. Then next one is the Malwa and Jorway cultures in western Maharashtra. The Jorway culture is the most important and characteristic Calculative culture of Maharashtra. It extends almost all over the present state of Maharashtra except the coastal strip on the west of Maharashtra and except the Vizarbha region in the northeast. Now this culture is named after the type site of Jorway which is situated in the Ahmed Nagar district of Gujarat. This culture was discovered in 1950. And finally we have the Narahan culture and variants. These are found in the northern Vindyas, the middle Ganga valley and in the lower Ganga valley. Now this culture has derived its name from its site which is a small village of Narahan. It is situated at the left bank of river Ghagra in the Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh. Note that this Narahan culture is basically a pre-Ian phase Calculative culture that is before the introduction of Ian. And this culture included ceramic assemblages of white, painted, black and red wear. So these are some of the points that you need to know about the Halolithic period and Calculative period. The differences between them and some of the important cultures in Calculative period. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on the snippet article which talks about short span bridging system. The news is that Indian army has recently inducted the first production lot of 12 short span bridging system 10 meter. It is in short called as SSBS 10 meter. It is a mobile bridging system. So what is a mobile bridging system? So it is a combat support vehicle. It is designed to assist the military in rapidly deploying tanks and other armored vehicles across certain gap type obstacles such as rivers. So this bridging system provides a bridge over these gap obstacles so that the military can move on them. And since it is a mobile bridging system, it can be moved from one place to another. It also allows armored or infantry units to cross craters, anti-tank ditches, blown bridges, railroad cuts, canals, marshy lands, rivers and ravines. Now a typical mobile bridging system consists of a vehicle or tank chases and a foldable metal bridge. This metal bridge is the one which bridge across the gap. Now during bridging the foldable metal bridge unfolds which provides a ready made bridge across the obstacle in few minutes. Now once the metal bridge has been put in place, the vehicle detaches from the bridge and it moves aside to allow traffic to pass. Now once all traffic crosses the obstacles, it reattaches to the metal bridge again and then it retracts the bridge and it moves to next obstacle. And this process continues again. So we can see that mobile bridging system plays an important role in combat operations of military. So in this regard DRDO has vast experience in developing critical combating engineering systems including these mobile bridging systems or military bridging systems. For example, already DRDO has developed a single span 5 meter and 10 meter short span bridging systems. Then 46 meter modular bridge, 20 meter BLD T-72 and then multi span 75 meter Sarvatra bridging system, etc. We have given you pictures here just for your understanding. These bridges have been widely accepted by the Indian Army. But our today's focus is on the SSBS 10 meter and it has been indigenously designed and developed by the defense research and development organization that is DRDO in association with the Larson and Turbo Limited. Now this SSBS 10 meter is a mechanically launched short span bridging system and it is used to bridge smaller gaps and canals up to 10 meter length. Now let us see certain silent features of this SSBS 10 meter. See it consists of high mobility launching platform which is suitable for heavy military traffic. Then it has a double A shaped trestle which provides stability to the platform. In addition to this, this can be quickly constructed with minimum crew and then it also has a beta light for deployment at night time. Now as of now a total of 102 SSBS 10 meter is planned to be produced and the first 12 were inducted by Indian Army recently. This is the news. Now the remaining are under production and note that these bridges are developed under the project short span bridging system. Now this project SSBS involves the development of two prototypes of 5 meter SSBS on TATRA 6 x 6 chases and another two prototypes of 10 meter SSBS on TATRA 8 x 8 re-engineered chases. And both these systems have undergone rigorous trials and after successful completion of all the trials the systems were recommended for induction into the services. It is also important to note that these bridging systems are compatible with the Sarvatra bridging system 75 meter. See this Sarvatra bridging system is also known as Sarvatra multi span mobile bridging system and it is a truck mounted multi span mobile bridging system which is developed for Indian Army. So now why is this SSBS crucial for Indian Army's functioning? See particularly this SSBS 10 meter can play a vital role in bridging the gaps up to 10 meters as you already saw and it can bridge gaps in a single span and it also has a 4 meter width and they also have a fully decked roadway. So this will ensure faster movement of troops especially in tough terrains. So the system will help in quick movement of troops along with enhanced mobilization of resources. So this was about SSBS 10 meter. Many experts believe that these indigenous inductions will give a boost to the fast growing Indian defense industrial ecosystem and it will also help the industry to contribute towards Atman-e-Bhar Bharat. So these are some of the points that you need to know about mobile bridging systems including SSBS 10 meter. Now let us move on to the next discussion. This discussion is based on this editorial article which talks about a mechanism adopted by European Union for handling the pandemic. See as we know the world is slowly recovering from the impacts of second wave of COVID-19 and as a result of this countries across the world have started to open their borders. So that means this will lead to international travel but there is a concern in this which is that international travel might lead to surge in COVID-19 cases. So to tackle this scenario certain travel mechanisms are adopted by countries and one such mechanism adopted by European Union is stated by many as a discriminatory travel mechanism and this mechanism is named as the green pass. So this discussion let us see what is this green pass and we will also see why it is called as discriminatory. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See this green pass is nothing but it refers to a COVID-19 passport. The European Union has made available its COVID-19 passport for all the European Union citizens and residents and this passport is also available for specific categories of travellers from third countries and this has been made available since July 1st. And this mechanism of providing COVID-19 passport is known as the European Union Digital COVID Certificate Regulation and this regulation is what we call as the green pass. So what is the purpose of this European Union Digital COVID Certificate? This certificate proves that all European Union citizens who have been vaccinated or who have been tested negative for coronavirus or who have recovered from the COVID-19 are able to prove that they have undergone these with this certificate. And this certificate is issued for free by the national authorities and it is recognized by all the 27 member states of European Union. Other than this, certain other non-European Union countries also recognize this. It includes Switzerland, Iceland, Norway and Leichenstein. So that means those who have the certificate only they can travel to the European Union countries. So now what is the issue in this? The issue is only certain vaccines are authorized in European Union. See these are the vaccines which are approved by European Medicines Agency and these include the Combernative Vaccine which is the Pfizer BioNTech vaccine and then the second vaccine is the Vaccine Janssen. It is the Johnson & Johnson's vaccine and then comes the Spice Vax. Remember that Spice Vax was previously known as Vaccine Moderna and then comes the Vaxavria. This one was previously known as the Vaccine AstraZeneca. So literally only four vaccines have approved by European Medicines Agency. So that means the citizens of European Union will be vaccinated using this only. And hence their vaccine certificates will have the names of these vaccines. But if you see not all of these vaccines are in some cases none of these vaccines are used for vaccination in other major countries. For example if you take India we have the Covishield vaccine and the Covaxin. Even though Covishield is the Indian made version of AstraZeneca's Vaxavria jab still this vaccine is not recognized by European Medicines Agency. And therefore those who are vaccinated with India's vaccines like Covishield and Covaxin would not be eligible for the European Digital Covid Certificate. And if they do not have this certificate they cannot get the green pass or in other words they cannot travel to European Union countries. Other than this the vaccines from Russia and China are also not eligible for green pass. Here the worrying factor is that the Indian made version of AstraZeneca's Vaxin which is the Covishield is cleared by World Health Organization. But even then it is not recognized by European Union. So that is why this policy of EU is clearly discriminatory. See here you should remember that this year India has been invited as a guest to the G7 Submit in Britain. And in a recently held G7 conference India also spoke out against the implementation of Covid-19 Vaxin passports. And at that conference itself India called this practice of Covid-19 Vaxin passports as discriminatory and disadvantageous to developing nations. Why? Because here we have to consider the fact that developing countries have lower levels of vaccination in contrast to developed countries. For example only 3% of India's population is fully vaccinated. And if you take the underdeveloped countries the scenario is much worse. Here another issue is that along with this the underdeveloped and developing countries are also addressing many other issues such as they have issues with respect to equitable and affordable access to vaccines. There is issues with supply and distribution of safe and effective vaccines etc. So from this we can say that majority of the world population is still under crisis. So implementing the policy of European Union which favours a particular group of people alone is hugely discriminatory and disadvantageous. So in this regard only the author of this editorial puts forward a valid criticism which is the hint of racism in European Union's policy. We saw that the European medical agencies list of vaccines only includes vaccines which are already used by Europe and North America and not the vaccines that are used by other countries. So as a protest to this even recently the African Union issued a letter of protest saying that Kovishield is the backbone of Kovacs Alliance. And we know that Kovacs is the one of the three pillars of access to COVID-19 tools accelerator. And the Kovacs ensures that people in all corners of the world will get access to COVID-19 vaccines once they are available. So even then when an international organisation which represents a continent said that Kovishield is the backbone of Kovacs Alliance still it is not included in the European Union's policy. So because of this this issue is gaining more attention. See here we should note that after vocal protest by many countries including India several European Union members have approved India's Kovishield for arriving travellers. And some of these countries are Austria, Germany, Slovenia, Greece, Ireland and Spain. And even Estonia has accepted both Kovishield and Kovacs. So that means these steps will significantly benefit Indian travellers to these countries. So same kind of practice should be adopted by European Union also because we have more vaccine programmes and a third wave of COVID-19 is on the way. So that means more nations may go for vaccine passports in the near future. And if such a scenario arises then that means every other nation should recognise the vaccine programmes of other countries also so that international travel could be allowed along with curbing of COVID-19. See here we are not saying that there should not be any travel restrictions. The travel restrictions could be simply that you should be vaccinated. But that does not mean that a country should go for a discriminatory practice like green pass which does not recognise a vaccine which is mostly used by the developing countries. So keeping these facts in mind it is advisable that the countries which want to go for a similar kind of practice shall make sure that it is not discriminatory to anyone. So these are some of the points that you can take note from this editorial article. Now let us move to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this news article which talks about a recent meeting held by the Education Ministry. See recently the officials of Education Ministry had a meeting with the members of the parliamentary panel on education. And in that meeting the ministry conveyed that it is still gathering information from the states regarding the existing learning losses that have occurred due to the closure of schools and due to the introduction of digital education. And in this meeting the panel also heard presentations from ISRO and Prasar Bharati regarding the use of satellite technology to bridge this learning gap. So in this context the news article talks about the Swayamprabha initiative. So along with Swayamprabha we will also see other few initiatives of Government of India in strengthening digital education. First let us see about Swayamprabha. See this Swayamprabha is a group of 34 DTH channels. It is devoted to telecasting high quality educational programs on a 24-7 basis and this is done by using the GSAT-15 satellite. Now these channels are uplinked from BISAG. See BISAG stands for Baskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geoinformatics which is situated in Gandhi Nagar. See here uplink means a communications link to a satellite. And here note that the contents to these channels are provided by NPTEL, IITs, UGCC, CEC, IGNO, NCRT and NAOS. And the web portal of Swayamprabha is maintained by InflipNet which stands for Information and Library Network. So this was about Swayamprabha. Let us see about the other initiatives. Another important initiative is Swayamp. Swayamp stands for Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds. It is a program initiated by Government of India. It is designed to achieve the three fundamental principles of education policy which are access, equity and quality. And the objective of this program is to take the best teaching learning resources to all and most importantly taking these resources to the disadvantaged sections of population. And note that the courses hosted on Swayamp are in four parts. First part is video lecture. Second is specially prepared reading material that can be downloaded or printed. Third one is self-assessment tests through tests and quizzes. And fourth one is an online discussion forum for clearing the doubts. So in short, Swayamp seeks to bridge the digital divide for students who have previously remained untouched by the digital revolution. Now the next initiative is the National Digital Library of India. In short, NDLI. It is a virtual repository of learning resources. It provides a host of services for the learner community. It has an important feature of filtering search. This filtered searching facilitates focused searching so that learners can find the right resource with least effort and in minimum time. NDLI also provides user group specific services such as examination, preparatory for school, college students and job aspirants. And note that this NDLI is sponsored and mentored by the Ministry of Education through its NME ICT. NME ICT stands for National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology. Now the next important initiative is the Dixia Initiative. Dixia stands for Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing. It is a national platform for school education which is initiated by NCRT. You know that NCRT is under Ministry of Education. Now this Dixia was developed based on the core principles of open architecture, open access, open licensing, diversity and choice. In simple words, Dixia policies and tools make it possible for the education ecosystem to participate, to contribute and to support a common platform for achieving the learning goals for the country. And this portal can be accessed by learners and also the teachers across the country and it currently supports 18 plus languages. And it supports various curricula of NCRT, CVSC and SCRTs across India. Most importantly, note that this platform is being developed for school education along with foundation learning programs and also to support the inclusive learning. So these are some of the digital initiatives in India that contributed to the functioning of education system in our country during this pandemic. These initiatives are not only important from parents' perspective. You have to take note of these initiatives so that you can mention them in your mains answer writing. Now let us move on to the next discussion. Our next discussion is based on this editorial article which is based on India-China relations. See when we are talking about the India-China relations, we all know that an atmosphere of unpredictability prevails right now. Things seem less optimistic day by day and we still have not recovered from the shocks of the bloody clash that happened in Galwan Heights last year. Scars are still fresh and the situation in the eastern Ladakh is still tense. And in this scenario, China is going to celebrate its 100th anniversary of the foundation of Communist Party of China. So in this backdrop, the author of this editorial article talks about the reasons behind the hostile nature of China towards India. So let us see these aspects now. The syllabus relevant to this discussion is given here for your reference. See we know that last year the India-China relations were strained to a maximum level. But at the end of last year, there was some progress in India-China relations. For example, there are progressive talks over disengagement of troops near Pangongso Lake and near the Kailash Ranges. But now the progress has reached a deadlock. And in addition to these escalating tensions, China is now planning tactical maneuvers in the border regions across Ladakh. For example, China is reportedly raising new militia units comprising of local Tibetan youth. These militia units are planned to be deployed in eastern Ladakh and they will be used for both high-altitude warfare and cyber-lands. So such deployments by China has worried India and it has further strained the India-China relations. See we know that India and China are two Asian giants who share a several thousand kilometer land border. So a peaceful relationship between these two giants is essential for the peaceful functioning of the world. But that is not the case so far. We still haven't had a proper answer to the question as to why China chose to attack Indian positions in Ladakh last year. This attack was done without any provocation. This attack caused the death of many soldiers. So according to the author, only by knowing answer to this question as to why China attacked India last year, India-China relations can be reset. Otherwise it will further strain the relationship. So if you see historically, India has always had concerns about China. This is because we have been facing threats from China for a long time. But today even other nations are expressing concern about the threat posed by China to the existing world order. For example, recently both the G7 and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, that is NATO, both have criticized China for its military ambitions and the threat posed by it to the world peace. And in spite of all these criticisms, China is still carrying out on its ambitions and its aggressive actions. Like it is still performing aggressive actions in the South China Sea and East China Sea. It is still subjugating the Uyghur Muslim minority. It is still posing great risks to the democracy and lies a fair economic system of Hong Kong. And it is also carrying on provocations against India. So China is not stopping even after criticism from the international entities. If other countries would have been in China's place, they would have been deterred by these kinds of criticisms. But these criticisms do not seem to impact China at all because it still continues on its military ambition in spite of these severe criticisms. And as a recent measure, it is continuing its tactical maneuvering on Indian borders also. So what is the reason for such a behavior of China towards India? Many have this question. See, last year when the attack happened, after that many experts believed that China attacked India due to two main reasons. First is India's prominent role in quad grouping. And second is India's significant role in the Indo-Pacific region. And this significant role is assigned to India by the United States and other Western powers. So many experts believed that these reasons must have rattled China to attack India without any provocation. But the author of this editorial article doesn't believe so because the author believes that there is another answer as to why China attacked India last year. And for this, author examines China's past to get a proper answer. Here author examines a past period in Chinese history when it possibly acted in a similar erratic manner. For example, during the periods 1950s and 1960s. See, during this period Mao Zedong was the chairman of China. He was facing a difficult situation at that time. His ill-conceived policies and programs caused huge issues to the society. At that same time, China was also facing one of the worst famines in history. And this famine was the consequence of the ill-conceived program of Mao, which is the Great Leap Forward movement. See, this Great Leap Forward movement is a campaign undertaken by the Chinese communists between 1958 and early 1960s. And during this campaign, the Chinese government tried to organize its vast population into large-scale rural communes or cooperatives. They believed that such kind of cooperatives will address China's industrial and agricultural problems. See, through this program, Chinese hoped that they could develop labor-intensive methods of industrialization. That is, they could emphasize manpower rather than machines and capital expenditure. So, thereby, it was hoped that the country would bypass the slow and more typical process of industrialization through gradual accumulation of capital and purchase of heavy machinery. But it did not happen so. This plan failed. Instead, it affected Chinese growth and it put millions in famine and poverty. So, at this period, Mao Zedong, instead of correcting his mistake due to his ill-conceived policies and programs, he attacked India as a diversion tactic. See, you should remember that during this period, India had a good relationship with China. But in spite of that friendship, Mao attacked India to divert attention from China's internal turmoil of poverty and famine. Other than these economic situations of the country, it is said that during this period, the Communist Party of China was also facing internal problems. According to the author, many members of the party were critical of Mao's autocratic attitude and his ill-conceived policies. So, his position was wavering in his party. Now, to retain his position and to strengthen it, it is said that he attacked India. So, in this similar way, author of this editorial believes that Xi Jinping is also trying to do the same. That is, he is also trying to work on the steps of Mao Zedong and that is why author states that Xi Jinping is similar to Mao because he is also trying to achieve sheer dominance over the Communist Party of China. He is also trying to consolidate his power and achieve a pre-eminence that was enjoyed by Mao Zedong at his time. Along with this, Xi Jinping is also pushing China to become a superpower by overtaking USA and is also trying to make Chinese military the most powerful military. But all these aspirations of Xi Jinping are stalling. It is not happening. Many in the CPC, that is Chinese Communist Party, are questioning Xi's policies and his moves. In addition to this, in the last few years, Chinese economy is also showing signs of slowing down and this slowdown of growth has affected Xi Jinping's goals. And if you take the international arena, many other countries are tilting towards India rather than China. It is because of India's diplomatic flexibility and ideological sophistication. Author believes that even within the Communist Party of China, some leaders and members wanted a peaceful coexistence with India. But this was a problem for Xi Jinping's aspirations. And in addition to all these, you would remember the 2017 ideology proclaimed by Xi Jinping which was a new socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics. Author states that Xi Jinping is finding difficult to push through this new socialist ideology. See this new socialist ideology of Xi Jinping is shortly called as Xi Jinping Thought. Its full name is Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. The doctrine is a blueprint for consolidating and strengthening power at three levels. One at the national level, second at the party level and third at Mr. Xi's level himself. But due to the difficulties which we just saw, such as slowing down of economy and losing support of CPC leaders and members, this ideology is not going forward. So all these setbacks have put Mr. Xi in a difficult situation. And based on this only, author of this editorial believes that Xi Jinping attacked India and escalated tensions along Indian borders as a diversion tactic. So it is clear that Xi Jinping is not going to slow down on his goals. So the author concludes by saying that India should expect and should prepare for more situations of this kind in the future. In other words, author is saying that Xi Jinping will go for more provocations to consolidate his power. This is another viewpoint as to why China attacked India. So you can add this point to your main sponsor writing. Let us move on to the next discussion. Now we have come to the last session, the practice discussion session. Now this first question is based on ancient history. It asks, with reference to prehistoric period in India, consider the following statements. First statement, in India, Neolithic period and Calculative period flourished simultaneously. This statement is correct. We saw during discussion that elsewhere in the world, Neolithic period preceded the Calculative period, except in India, where they flourished simultaneously. Now the second statement is Neolithic cultures have a wider distribution compared to Calculative cultures. This statement is incorrect because Neolithic cultures have a comparatively restricted distribution. This one also we saw during discussion. Third statement is Ahar, Kayata and Malwa are important Calculative cultures of India. This statement is also correct. Kayata culture was around 2450 to 2000 BC. Ahar culture was around 952 to 1700 BC. Then Malwa culture was around 1700 to 1400 BC. And here the question asks for the correct statements. So the correct answer is option A 1 and 3 only. Now this is a previous question that was asked in 2016. The question asks which one of the following is the best description of INS Astradharni that was in the news recently. So remember relating to different sector of our country. Sometimes these questions occur when such a technology vessel or system was developed indigenously. So here the options given are amphibious warfare ship, nuclear powered submarine, torpedo launch and recovery vessel, nuclear powered aircraft carrier. See INS Astradharni is an indigenously built torpedo launch and recovery vessel. And it was commissioned in October 2015. Therefore the correct answer is option C. Now this next question is based on short span bridging system. First statement it is indigenously developed radar system of India. This statement is incorrect because during discussion we saw that it is a mobile bridging system or a military bridging system. Which is used to bridge the gap obstacles like rivers, trenches etc. Second statement it ensures faster movement of the troops especially in tough terrains. This is a correct statement. This is one of the major functions of such a bridging system. Third statement it is the only bridging system of Indian Army. This statement is incorrect because during discussion we saw that DRDO has already developed other bridging systems such as 46 meter modular bridge, multi span, 75 meter servatra bridging system etc. And here also the question asks for the correct statements. So the correct answer is option D. Now let us take two main questions based on today's discussion. This one question is based on the green pass of European Union. You have to examine the statement and this next question is based on digital educations and initiatives relating to it. We discussed four initiatives today. You can mention those and also other initiatives of Government of India. You can write the answers and post it in the comment section. With this we come to the end of today's Hindi News Analysis. If you like the video don't forget to like, comment and share. And do subscribe to Shankar IAS Academy YouTube channel for more updates related to civil service examination preparation. Thank you.