 I think I see a lot of their faces from yesterday, so I'm going to be diving in. So today, again, I just talked for maximum two hours about how you search for that type of H3. You guys have a captive audience after two hours. I don't want to select an explosion, which is my focus. I'm in a research area. I'm touching a scale a little bit. So I'm going to talk about this thing, the structure. I'll start with this whole first part. This is about some of the general assumptions. I'll talk just a little bit about how I've been developing over the years, and then further down. So down here, there's a lot of Play-Doh. I won't drag you through all these slides. We can really go with whatever you guys are interested in. So this is sort of the selection of studies that I've done over the years. Some of them are a little older, but I think that because they're simple and relatively quick to understand. I can talk about them quickly, explain them quickly. Some of them have developed further over the years in different studies, but I think those that are training need to understand, and then I'll go through various domains. So I'm going to put my presence in the body, which I'll let you come to that. I'm hoping to be a little bit between a budget. So until right now, I'm going to stop, sit down and sit by the water, and you guys talk. So that's the overall idea. A little bit more tidy. So a key premise of my research agenda for the world is that people attend messages in the media selected. Hardly ever are you forced, in this case, not in this room, to look at all this, but that's a very unusual circumstance. You guys should choose from all these magazines that are out there, how many television channels, how many different songs you could download from there, and all the online news and printings that are available. So almost always we are selected from media messages. And this... good morning. I gave those back to classic research for Zostrom and his co-authors already know it. Long time ago, exposure is always selective, but when you look at the research out there, also in the journals, you'll see the news from discussion yesterday. A lot of that work is usually forced exposure designs. The mental work of pretty much the entire body work uses forced exposure, which is a very different situation. How do you feel when someone is forcing you to read the Bible? The issue is in the topic. You may have a very different attitude or political stance. So the whole situation is totally different from what we do every day and how we are actually affected by media because we get to select, we choose what influences us. So that is the key premise of my work. I want to see what's happening when people choose messages, what drives them to select these messages and then ensuring how are they influenced by them. So let me give you a brief definition of selective exposure. Oftentimes you... I'm dizzy. Before I go to the definition I'll work with, let me just reference the definition that oftentimes we'll see in other communication research. The idea that we prefer messages that are aligned with our own attitudes. Political messages that reflect what we believe ourselves. That's what we prefer. But my definition is broader. That's just one context, if you will. So I have a broader approach to the terms of selective exposure. Any systematic bias in audience composition will give the medium a message. Let's say football. More men watch football than women overall. So there will be a bias in audience composition. There will be women's magazines, more women than men read those magazines. So there are all kinds of biases, if you will. I'm pretty sure there will be newspapers in Spain who want to hear a political stance and those who have made the right way of orientation will be overrepresented in the American audience. These are all examples for systematic bias, which to me is an example of selective exposure. Another way of looking at selective exposure is systematic bias into the messages that diverge from the position of what is accessible. For example, if you're looking at eight news items on the website, you might be reading just one of them. You're ignoring seven of them, or just checking out briefly if you read one of them in depth. There might be a bias, if you will, because you're not using 25 or 20% of your life for one and so forth. If you were to spread your time portionally, there would be no bias in selective exposure, you will, but almost always. I mean, we never spend equal amount of time towards accessible. So there will always be some sort of bias. My interest is why I spend your time with that particular movie, that message, that video, channel, whatever it is. It's across the board what I study. It seems that I've lost word messages, some accessible messages, but I don't know. Given this very broad approach to selective exposure, I've been using a lot of different theories over the years. So, selective exposure is pretty much a deeply variable. It's phenomenal. And then I draw on a lot of different theories to explain why we pick something, how we're influenced by it. I won't go through all those theories. I'm just trying to know. Okay, there's a lot of stuff that you can utilize to predict what people select and how they influenced. So, I'll have to remember. Here we go. And then in terms of methodology, the approach that I have used most frequently is computerized tracking of what people select for computers. A marvelous tool when it comes to tracking what people read, what they want, and randomized sequence of which things are shown and so forth. So, it's a marvelous tool to track selective exposure. But I also use videotaping. I love tracking. The classic approach is to have a specific device and remote control that tracks when people watch the channels they pick. If I get to it, I'll talk about showing book covers, video coverage and asking people what they want to watch and read. So, there's a million different ways of measuring this. One thing that I want to write, if you look at my work, oftentimes I've been using software, but you might as well do it much simpler. Thank you very much. Which of these two would you want to write? And have people make one of the two. And have me more of those and just maybe take them. And it's very simple. I like to hear it today. It's not that complicated. It's my work sites. You don't have to have a program or one of them. So, great ways of measuring this. Maybe I feel like, what? Just open up. You, Margie, when do you choose to text your mom, your friend, or your family? I'm not going there in a person's communication, but other than that, like computer communication or any kind of communication domain, oftentimes driven by my students, I have a lot of students that come to me, hey, why don't we look at the same size of communication? Of course you want to see why don't people read about the global warming or whatever it is. So we can apply or utilize this methodology in all these different domains. So that's where I was hoping you would also maybe feed me some more ideas, you know. So if anything crosses your mind, I'm very curious to hear about it. In fact, but this is like scroll paper. I would love to take some of your ideas and see what kind of tens of them fit you. My teaching stuff when I was interested in it and I absolutely wanted to do this study. So I ended up studying with this methodology or some perspective I'm very curious to hear about it. Maybe some, of course you can probably, it's going to be interesting to talk more about what could be relevant. So as I go through these domains, let me just highlight, so these are just some of my current or recent students. So I want to help you be a lot and have inspired me. She's a Texas Technologist, so I'm going to be working with her. And Laura's now, I think I've been showing Johnson is a person who's now, and these are my current students. So I've been helping me a lot and you will see more in the world as I go through the various studies. So just want to highlight, I'm certainly not doing this all on myself. I'm so weird. So for the summary of all these studies that I've done, I've published in a book that came out this year. And so the bottom line of the book is the model based on these studies. And I won't drag you through all the little boxes. I just want to give you a taste of it, if you will. And talk about some key assumptions that are based on this model. I like to think of media users as being very about themselves. It's very much based on the psychological concept of the dynamic self. And I thought football player would be a great example to some of you who also wanted to illustrate that. And it's not so much about the looks, but dear, dear, you are not that stable person. You think about yourself in different moments in very different ways. And right now, I think of myself as an academic. See me at home with my boy. So it's a very different way of thinking about myself at a particular moment. And there's a lot of different examples along these lines. Sometimes you think of yourself as a voter, as a taxpayer. Well, so, as an athletic person, maybe, so at a given moment in time, you think about yourself in a particular way. And to me, media users often sort of shape how you think about yourself. So when I picked this, that would probably make me think very much about my inability in a sense, and, for instance, being German, living in the States, and what not. So depending on what is in front of me, it makes me think about myself in a different way. If I look at this, I feel very confident about this, not so much. So looking at different messages, that will trigger very different self-perceptions. And I think a lot of the selections that we make every day, we bring certain aspects of ourselves to the forefront. Like maybe if you're reading in the morning the ability to coverage that makes you feel like you're a good citizen, and a well-informed person. So it might bolster certain aspects of myself that you like. And that, to me, is a fascinating way of thinking, of conceptualizing why these different messages. So we don't have a stable self-concept. We have a working-situational, accessible self, not all aspects of yourself, or accessibility of moments. Right now, I would think of myself as model form. And not self-perception, that will also strongly affect me. So this experience of thinking so intensely about my work might inspire me to do more research, or if, let's say, you're reading something along the signs for my existence in the States, you're going, okay, I'm going to go to the gym later. So thinking about yourself more as an athlete, maybe because you look at certain messages, that in turn affects your behavior. And I think you do this habitually, you do it very often in the morning, reading the newspaper, or maybe you're trying to motivate yourself to go to the gym later on, or to eat healthy, or whatever it is, you might then pick up messages, or men's eat, that will direct you whatever you want to, sort of, how you want to think about yourself. I mean, if one's in turn, you don't need to. So, let's see. Is there anything that pops up, I'll give you a moment while I drink some water, is there anything that comes to mind where you're like, oh, kind of, wait. This is something I can ask myself, that's shaking my behavior, or my reading, and trying to get my behavior. What would be an interesting thing to say when I have some water? You are thinking about, when you're, or first thing you're going to do, you talk about dissonance, cognitive dissonance, best in your life, and in this sense, I'm thinking about now, the no-social, no-social messages, is about positive messages related with action. So, in some sense, media are being specialized in sending positive, active messages that we can hear from, we can see in ourselves. We can do it. I'm thinking about a cultural, typical cultural North American mother that's more positive, more linked to action, more linked to a positive construction of sense. In some sense, perhaps Europe in all the time, was entered in all the way to understand such center for ourselves. But now, commercial and media is a huge general. I see when I curve, I write, I see I am really a cultural mother to understand ourselves. So, they're trying to make you think about yourself in a particular way that you should. I think that it's in some sense, you don't want to go into some problems. I would be willing to change the software, all the hate or the private. It's impossible if you do, if you see or if you say to him you have to do that, because it's bad for you. It's a persistent one. It's a persistent one. You don't want to lecture, if you will. You want to help people. You need to change the way of a good girl. You can do it. It's a model of our western model to be a successful person to be with an embassy with possible feelings about citizens and society to learn. Even though the way you talk about it, it sounds always positive thing. Often times we reinforce things that make good about yourself. Looking at the coverage about the refugee crisis look at all these people helping refugees I don't do the same on such a good person or you might feel like, look at all these refugees. They have nothing to do here. It's a lot of money. Sometimes you might bolster something that's great and positive. Like this also you want to feel good about yourself. But, for example, in this case I've heard from weeks ago one sentence for me very interesting. It's not a case of solidarity. It's a case of responsibility. For example, solidarity means my possible feelings are I'm not good at saying I am. It's a case of responsibility. So, well, yes. That's a whole different thing. But different people will probably have different ways of thinking about it. I should be doing that because I'm responsible. At the end of the day I can do a lot of things to feel good about yourself. So, feeling responsible or expressing solidarity on that it all makes us feel better about ourselves and it's an actual process. I think that's just how people are functioning. So, that's how we are following the set up. On the other side we are making a research part of the image. On the other side we have the positive images that you feel very bad because you are not fit in this model. And you feel the anger and you feel guilty about that. I think I want to come back to that. So, maybe you said something I missed but now I'm trying to write a research project for you in Komsomol. It's what you said something called Transhumanism. Yeah. So, I think it's important to understand so it has our implications on the way we concept ourselves not just as individuals but as society or as human beings. As beings in fact. You can go if you are here or today or tomorrow you can go to the CCCB in the center for contemporary cultural and more humanist. So, Transhumanism is that non-biologically enhancement of human beings. Yeah. So, it's not related to values but it's related in fact to this metaphor that is being used continuously as a human being as a machine or computer. Yeah. So, I don't know whether you have analyzed it or not but it has the hard implications on the way we see. Think about ourselves. I'm not talking about myself. Yeah. I'm not talking about you I'm not talking about anybody in particular. If you compare yourself to computers that might think about yourself in a different way. It's a long story this metaphor has been used for centuries almost. From the beginning of the year industrial revolution the man as a machine to the information revolution as the man as a computer. So, I think it's a little bit weird and I'm saying your expressions compare yourself to the computer but I mean there's a stressful customer model that comes out of Stanford that we are after machines as if they are people. So, that's a little bit belated. I think it's also belated there too and probably I'm at the stake to this trend in science itself. What you said yesterday and what we are doing all the time numbers and stats The way we describe human beings is not through collective methods Sometimes But I have stuff for you guys So, in my previous trend that we can configure everyone is talking about the possibility that we can be non-thiologically enhanced in 20 years. I don't believe that so it's not me just asking how it could affect in the maybe I can come up with a connection it makes me think of the fact that we all have these apps and she comes and steps that she wants for them So, she is thinking about herself as a worker in America. How many emails do I get today? How many friends do I have on Facebook? Chinese and American And that reminds me a little bit Not just that Regarding the cyber exposure you know that it's difficult to concentrate any content just your content the rest is following 20 minutes I will be thinking about something else I will be talking about not the same not the same as to us So, we are more behaving not just as we used to behave in the past as pure information computing machines but it's just a proposition I would like to solve it So I don't know whether you have think of that analyzing cyber exposure because exposure is something that probably may change the work itself because it's all dynamic It is extremely dynamic It can be applied to pretty much any content but with computerized perception or the American perception of ourselves I think you do see that already that all these apps that are using to track all kinds of things like how many fatigations do you have now how many calories do you consume so far so there's a lot of the computer helps us think about ourselves in a lot of numeric ways if you will then again also qualitative like all these images that we're taking all these pictures that we're taking and I might look at my phone and have my phone a picture of whatever and it makes me think about a certain experience and it brings that back to the forefront and makes me think about vacation in Germany or whatever is on my phone and the way people can sell is usually how would I like to think about myself and how others think about myself and I selectively will put things it could be networks or it could be qualitative information let's just see where we're going with more of this so the model and my plan of these is I don't have much detail to put into all these steps but my idea is that there are studies in the various fields and I might skip the one or the other study but based on what I've heard about your interest so one proposition is that a lot of our visual media use serves to increase coherence and positivity over self concept coherence let me start with coherence I'll go to position number 2 later so the idea first of all is between media use oftentimes experts to just increase coherence going back to the idea where self perception is very dead you want to have some premieres you want to think about yourself in a stable way so we do a lot individually to stabilize how we think about ourselves and one like the classic application that context is confirmation bias along the lines of political messages and that's a study that we did before the 2008 residential election let me illustrate how those studies work and how that follow up work so you would see 8 articles and there's always 2 I personally see topics so let's say you want to have personalizing of coverage people are in favor of I pay for my own insurance so I'm responsible for what I'm doing and I want to pay for all these slackers who don't make enough money and you might want to have Spanish money or self-care so depending on your political attitude that's a contentious issue in the United States you want to go here and read that spend more time reading that or go here if you want the right way of orientation so we would track what people read and he would before and after measure their attitudes do you oppose or support stricter gun control and then if you support stricter gun control this would be dissonant for you because this is saying guns are great, we need guns or if you're thinking you don't want to have stricter gun control guns kill kids that would be dissonant it would contradict your view so depending on your attitudes you pick that exposure that exposure would be categorized as consinent or dissonant and then the more time you spend with exposure to consinent messages the greater will be you will see an increase in the accessibility of these attitudes so those attitudes will be reinforced you're reading about guns are great that's what you believe and that would also in turn increase the accessibility of your right wing orientation so that's something that you can nicely demonstrate it sounds a little smooth and easy there's a lot of statistical headache you can demonstrate that of course it's a well established pattern by now we prefer consinent messages that then increase the accessibility of these attitudes and that makes your self-deception if you will along the lines of political views so you're reinforcing your political self concept so that's one demonstration if you will of this let me get back to this so this is an illustration of how we increase the coherence stability of our self-perception so political is one example there's a little discussion about it over there so there's a lot of this women's magazines and the guys who are in sports magazines I suppose so we want to see how that affects the selective reading of magazines how that affects their gender conformity it's also given women's magazines actually we gain business magazines sports illustrating all that that's sort of a dog thing to study we follow a huge very very clear patterns it's amazing so we wanted to go beyond that and see how it affects people and if this is working it's a little bit easier to study selective exposure so this guy is doing what we all do every day he takes something spends some time reading where you're studying selective exposure doing this and whatever you're so interested in you can line up in front of people and just take it and then what we use videos, segmenting software to kind of introduce all those and have them decode it but it's a beautiful way of tracking what's going on what people spend their time with sports illustrating the resolution is not great what people do is not to demonstrate how beautiful these magazines are obviously you hear all the women's magazines so just a little demonstration how you can track selective exposure collaborating with me and of course we were interested in how that affects and how people think of themselves so first of all we saw that biological sex will of course predict whether you think of yourself as more feminine or masculine and then what these things actually influence what you choose how much time you spend with those magazines with my magazine you squeak or whether you're in a winning sports illustrator and then in turn then you're gender conformity, post selective exposure we used the then sexual imagery which has terms that are associated with femininity and masculinity so again this is an additional illustration of how we increase our self-perception of the coherence not just political self-perception it's another way of thinking about how we increase the stability of how we think of ourselves something as mundane as reading magazines will very much shape how you think about yourself and how you react with others what you perceive as more positive alright all that about coherence so far now let me talk a little bit about positivity also this is so far just increasing stability of coherence but often times as I touch on briefly you want to feel great about yourself and one way of doing that is social and in the approach of this study is to look at different portrayals of people in magazines or news media so we used portrayals of people of African Americans and white of occasion Americans maybe you would have two distractors then you would have positive articles about white individuals this is a negative one obviously people this is a job maybe you have a new side of the blood a white guy and then you have a white guy a positive article about black women and so forth so we would erase the portrayals and the context whether it was positive or negative everything established very clearly that everybody would clearly see this as a white woman and this as a positive woman so you have a lot of quality we will and then we used African American participants white participants in the tract what they would select is what we found we found black waiters who will discriminate for them it's more salient what their race is for whites their race is salient because it's normal but for African Americans because they have an American minority you find that in a lot of different contexts their race is more salient to them so it does affect their choices more strongly and they choose primarily positive articles about African Americans they have a general greater interest in coverage about their own race if you will if they go and read about white individuals they prefer negative and that's like a self-hold strain pattern if you will I don't have a graph on that but the more time they spend in this with this pattern of self-hold strain selective exposure the greater their self-esteem is after this selective reading so they are also better about themselves that they read more positive stuff about their own race and read more negative stuff about their the other group if you will it's not the same for white Americans for them their race is less salient you do see a little the pattern but it's not the same it sounds a little too possibly I would get to that I'm participating more about the visibility how do you share equity in some way what do they know about you yeah, right there yeah, I'm really going for this very superficial level so I'm glad to talk more about how we went about this I think in this we may have 25 participants half of them African Americans half of them white and these were students so it's like a wonderful representative sample how much do they know they don't know anything they don't know what this is about so that's a big I would never want to have them know what's going on but then they will be able to take that and watch waiting for good question this is like you come right here and you want to read something in 5 minutes that would be ideal sometimes it's a little hard to make that point but I think we've already explained that if you haven't taken the general information test on a computer we've taken the next part of this research session we'll have you read some magazines just so you can clear your head get some time just to read some magazines I mean, the number we had to write there but between while you're down clear your head a little bit let me take you like that for more too so nobody steals the magazine you'll be able to tell that you can't just take them so we squeeze in to make sure nobody steals anything so we try because once they know all they'll be able to do and then I might as well sell an all bit read something because that's all right for me then that might as well be easy then obviously they have the smartphone because maybe they decide not to read the magazines you can tell that you can't leave stuff up front turn on your phone and be distracted and distract people so yeah, you know what that means unless some of my students want to study multitasking so sometimes you might take an interest so in the future to make more naturalistic maybe people will allow them to use their phone I mean in a way they're forcing them to look at magazines or they can just stare in the ear that's possible too but for the full choices they might be able to use their phone in the future but they have so much there's so much variance that you don't want the phone ringing and all that yeah thanks for giving me a couple of details here alright where was I? I talked about positivity so take home point we use a lot a lot of media that we're engaging in helps us to feel to create stability but also to feel good about ourselves now we manage our affect adapt to situational requirements maybe tell you a little bit about the moods of that when I started with study exposure I felt very much mood management so let me take you back to the situation of how we use media to also regulate our affect it's not just how we think about ourselves we know that and affect our place together but often we also just want to influence our own mood states what we did I should first tell you in this study we place people in a good mood in a neutral mood or in a negative mood how do we do that? we show them we give them a test this is an important test of your ability to recognize patient expressions which is a very important skill then they see images of patient expressions depending on how you try to move wrong wrong wrong wrong so you put them in different emotional states and then you'll do them through media so let's just say just to test we just got an exam that we got a terrible grade you got a good grade so that's sort of what this is so we want to make sure that they bring a certain affect to it and you can see this one still we wanted to see do people use more information if they are in a good or bad mood do they use more positive or this is negative or positive messages so we had 8 sites here half of them were informational half of them were entertaining so this would be an information piece negative and this is sort of a short story also about this spooky kind of negative but in a team then I can think about what to use if you're in a general mood would you read more information would you read something positive what would you do so it's a little funny I was looking at this 13 years later I still think it's not too bad it's such a good time I still think to look at this study I think it's informative so if I place in a bad mood this is positively bad on this material people in a bad mood will spend more time with positive messages people in a mediocre mood spend less time with positive and then it was a bit surprising for us people in the good mood they were apparently not so they were doing all kinds of things they were not preoccupied with improving and what is nice here it's also attracting this across time so this is across time they had 25 minutes so pretty much across the board people in a bad mood would spend more time with positive messages than people in a mediocre mood but the people in a good mood were not so consistent apparently improving that mood was not so much on their minds but relatively clear here for the information exposure information slides so if you are in a good mood you read more information if you are in a negative mood you are more looking for an attainment which is typically more effective in fixing your mood if you will so whether you look at information or an attainment depends on your mood if you are in an attainment is more attractive if you are in a negative mood how do you measure your mood? do you measure your mood? we place them in these different if I give you a test and then you fill out a piece of paper writing long responses and then well I will give you terrible test feedback if I want to put you in a bad mood you get an approval as a postdoc I did a similar thing you see them like they are sinking a little bit in front of the computer it is a fact that you are being told you are not very good at skill stick it's more drastic than a lot of them but then again say on Facebook somebody tells you well again this was stupid what we just did there are all kinds of instances in everyday life that might put you in a bad mood and we just manipulate that so that we can cleanly show how it affects what people choose of course you can there are all kinds of how ecologically valid it is it doesn't reflect what's really going on in the world it's representation I guess so far so good no idea when did I start my theory I don't know so this is one demonstration of how moods and affect influence what people make and often we not only want to anticipate something that we have maybe in an hour you have an important meeting you are sitting in your office I want to get erased from my boss this is something that you need to do so that sort of behavior regulation what you put yourself in let me show you sometimes you use media to prepare yourself to do something like this this is I think the negative in this city they all have a negative and then the supervisor would also mostly send you know reverse results something like that so we would provoke a lot of trouble with that you did poorly and this is awful so you get a personal message you get to evaluate the supervisor so you get to I get to I can let them know how terrible this is how several did not anticipate that they would just go ok great thank you probably agree their anticipation of being able to tell you or not a terrible message and then you say ok now we are going to do whatever you find interesting have them and we will actually tell you if you are angry I am aggressive to use this to keep me angry you want to sustain your anger I do if you are angry you might be feeling like this is interesting I want to see this in space you know and you would say yeah totally so this is very interesting maybe it's a closer look yeah just looking at you and thinking you are angry yeah women yeah women or maybe I need to who knows what you would do it's not a big one it's not a big one to express anger for a guy they would get back to the guy and say this was alright it wasn't by the way man but yeah I think the bottom line for this is we use media also to regulate our own states depending on what we need to do next we will give I mean if you are getting ready to work out go to class and teach probably in a gender situation women don't feel anger after when you receive concerns it's the worst result I have ever ever seen and it might be different that emotion in your definition is also in a gender situation I love you who? in society and also because we use an emotion as a woman you are supposed to be perfect recognizing that emotion so there is another so there are different things that play into what is going on I think the bottom line is to selectively compare ourselves what is the thing we need to do next what is the norm that I need to what do I want to accomplish so media help us maybe to stay angry or to just stay angry depending on what we need to do and we all kind of require some specific moves so here the effect of the message is an influence from so you didn't always be effecting the communication stop the supervising is that what you are asking me? no no no I mean there any information or effect itself of the components and nutrients you didn't is it really happening what people are trying to do to themselves sometimes not always it was originally proposed also claims it does not always work what we are trying to do to ourselves because those messages might then bring other thoughts so maybe it works maybe it doesn't but the more time they spend the more negative news the more negative you are so in that case more negative news so they worked the way we are but you are right there is an interpretation if you take the qualitative approach who would ask people how does it make you feel we are making an influence and also depending on whether you believe that people have access to what is going on in their emotional you need to go with some points or just make those inferences but yeah we are claiming that why is this happening alright we are slowly but surely approaching body image which is very much very frequently references social comparisons and in my work or in the way I think about theoretical processes I very often use social comparison theory I don't know how to compare ourselves with others to evaluate ourselves but sometimes the more modern psychological people would also say we might want to do self enhancement or worse than we are or almost maybe there is yet other processes that work so taking this whole movement might work further how do we use things like Facebook we spend a lot of time on G you would just move any of that then in the United States we spend a lot of time with Facebook and we were interested in how does movement do we use social networking size to manage our moods and I think social comparison is a perfect theoretical framework to conceptualize what is going on do you want to read how awesome the facts are doing everybody is getting a raise and I don't know what so this was sort of what we were interested in how does this move management and social comparison play into this the same thing we put them in a terrible mood you know all that already and then like this you will fake social network in size and we look at all male profiles we want to have similarity in the social comparison process and then infer what we manipulated attractness hotness rating resources so here for instance you have someone doing poorly this guy is doing great eventually so let's see this guy has it all so let's see can I have one yeah they are the same they represent so let's just say if you want to read about the positive like people would have it all and you would first read this and then you would also read this this year so pretend there's different things out there and then it would represent the same so you're right this is representing career see you later they would always look at the same gender portrayals so we took gender out of this equation so as a guy you would see this you would see and the friends were pretty much here's the example so the more endowment comparison you would look more at people who were romantically and career wise not doing well and those dimensions did not matter so you find a very well it's probably self enhancement if you feel terrible about yourself you won't hear about other people's successes so that's a very simple demonstration that in a positive mood you do spend more time with upward social comparison people so that at all interestingly enough generally people spend more time with positive you see primarily they rather hear about how people are doing fine so you would see a general preference for positive messages but there's a statistically significant difference between these two groups they spend generally more time with the downward comparison if they were placed in a negative mood so so the idea here is that I'm trying to look at the processes that are working primalism on social comparison to me is a very important process of how mass media make us think of ourselves in certain ways how would they affect our moods and how would we attend those trying to get to body end how why don't we look at all these perfect models why would we ever look at all these magazines with people who look perfect old body make a lot of money why won't we ever do that just to look at these perfect overshot models why do we buy the magazines then why do we watch movies with all these perfect movie people that's a big paradox and they feel to some way a perfection of the model but then we should not ever look at these magazines right they don't but who's selling these magazines why are we still then I mean somebody needs to buy the magazines right I mean one thing that I just showed you in a way to also get closer to friends how people are beautiful don't break you generate an anxiety mood and you feel and in the subject it's my fault to be not to be so so pretty it's my fault my mood is depressed this is the message of the problem anybody can look like that why don't you look so perfect still paradox why we said why do we buy these magazines right because we don't want to compare ourselves to compare ourselves that's true picture that said still not double comparison but make fun of people I have all the disabilities in some way you are seeing the ideal of perfection and I feel anxious I feel anxious because I can't achieve but on the other side in the same magazine they explain to me how to achieve and the driver of this model you can see later if you do that wait don't say it's your fault you always said this is a model if you want to now let me tell you how I'm getting to that through the story then so you do see a lot of those images so the magazine on the computer the magazine would show a banking super body would help you see this and then we had two experimental so the editorial context was in the other half of the sample so what we found is independence you have something else where they will satisfy your body then affect how you respond it so if you saw body irrelevant editorial context and you did not like the look of your body you would not look at these perfectly shaped photoshopped creatures but if they tell you you can do it you're dissatisfied now but just by my product you would spend a lot of time even while the same as you would like your body so yeah I think you were right on the money and they tell you go for it so this idea of attainability very much changes how you compare everything social comparison is a lot more compared to this you're almost like these people so they create idealized body shapes I think that's similar for a lot of different like you can be as rich you can be blah blah blah but body shapes very much are a great context to show how attainability very much changes the way social comparisons will affect us so if you're being told that you just do it buy new shoes and you'll be as fast as I don't like a Jordan or whatever then you feel like you can affiliate with these super attitude or whatever yes then you told you didn't tell us whether you are more close to a minimal effects parallel to a powerful effects I think that probably you are close to a minimal effects parallel and my question is compared to face to face social comparison effect what is the effect of immediate social comparison so we are talking about that but I would really like to know your opinion about what is the really impact of these images in comparison those girls that are standing with me and those people that yeah well I think the first drastic difference is you have a lot of choices you have a lot more choices for social comparisons in the mediated context what you encounter in a personal way is limited to anything but I mean the media give you hundreds of people just by flipping through the channels as opposed to how many communities I mean in a personal way unless you walk well if you go down less or less there's a lot of social comparison there but you don't know that much about that here it's clear that what you are supposed to compare yourself with if someone is walking down the avenue you don't know you don't see how rich how romantically successful you don't get this feeling because you don't know that we can imagine and we are doing all the time true if you don't admit we are always right that's true so maybe you are selectively comparing yourself to in a personal way could be I mean I like to think about this as being the perfect change of body shape get yourself stressed out focus more on it or if you want to think more about money maybe come to yourself with rich people or career successful people maybe it's all that different this takes us to a different field it's a selective question in the real social discussion I I choose to maybe maybe you will and Facebook does allow you it's sort of in between computer media and in a personal so it's a little blurry but maybe the processes aren't all that different so here was my body which studied better thank you I don't know I don't know much more do you want me to talk about the signs let me maybe take you to a lot of study kids maybe let me conquer these words for us that we do listen to the social media impact that you're faced with as you spend maybe a week or well every day with media so what we're interested in is what's happening over a long period of time let's go beyond 20 minutes because this accumulates these effects accumulate over days and weeks over a lot of times so I want to get a little bit at least at these processes I can never study that easily across a very long time but what we're doing here we did a prolonged selective exposure study which means for four days if you are an example you would get to choose how much it is this is sort of neutral and here we had career women women in the study or parenting portrayals or the beauty let's see if you have a certain focus in how you think about yourself would you keep reinforcing that through those selective media exposure sessions and how that affected the accumulative fashion so this is taking it to the next level just five minutes because this is happening all the time and it's probably affecting how we plan our lives how we think about our relationships what career decisions we make all this is probably channeled, fostered by all the little messages that we consume every day so we wanted to get a glimpse of that so that's some of the latest that we're getting into let me just make sure because that's a very different complicated design so I would invite participants they have a lot of questions how important being a parent is to them and the future how important being a romantic partner is to them now and in the future and having a career how important is that to them in the future and then a few days later we invite them to take a step they get to make these choices I think every day they would make four choices and we make magazine pages I think 20 each day which is still the smell if you can't demonstrate effects with just a few pages it makes an exposure I said I'm going to blow away this has cost me so much money but I want to know if this works so it's a crazy endeavor because this is like $12,000 just to pay people to actually study every day and then after four days we waited two days and then they followed another questionnaire to see hey how important is career in the future how important is being a romantic partner now what do you think what's happening because it didn't work out right so especially being a romantic partner showed a very clear pattern being a partner in the future romantic partner was important to these women they spent a lot of time with the beauty magazine and not reinforced then their self-perception as a romantic partner in the future what do you I'm not sure that I'm functionalist because the real interesting stuff is the fine print so what you can demonstrate with mediation analyses is that this works through this there is a mediated pattern to my home fine print the more important it is for you to be a romantic partner in the future to know you read the beauty portrayals that I've heard makes it more important for you so you're in force with that but demonstrating we do this for ourselves we shape what we think about ourselves and we do it with those messages that are so these values and I think that's what you're studying with them as well what values are represented in the media and we utilize them to reinforce the feelings of themselves we went up to 2000 questions to look at you thinking about the anger and how anger relation might be different in spain I could totally see that yes we described my thesis about the new way of such a romantic between my opening and the other moment my focus at the beginning wasn't selective expression but this topic and what I found is that activists for example they use a lot of social media to participate in the movement and to get information and if you compare my results all my results are about activists to the all the Spanish society and you can find that the results are really similar so then I start I believe you asked me what is the difference why do you serve me to do this and why do you serve me to be my agent or what do you mean by difference yeah what I mean is like activists used to have different information behavior but nowadays it's like social media it's a characteristic of being an activist in social media but it's the same as the all society when your content is great no the media that they go to so my question is what means to nowadays being an activist do you have the same information behavior or seeing that information behavior I'm guessing that the activists were very much argue with the proposition that they're doing the same they're trying to stir society even though they're still using Facebook or whatever but they're using their posts yes that's true the message are different but the media you know it's the same maybe for example people might hate but they read the media but the organization movement for example they're having the media but now they are not creating their own media they are using social media so why is what they use the same media as other people eventually disagree with what they see if it's a characteristic you know like something that identify an activist so now maybe it's like a sense of conflict yes I get that and speak to that media with the parallel example so it reminds me of the study that we did we were trying to make sense of when do Americans ever read messages that criticize their own content interesting enough for surprise so sometimes you want to feel different from the rest of the society I think that's pretty much cool for activists so there would probably be messages in the mass media that it's a little it's just like what I showed you a little while ago if the women read career portrayals often will dissent themselves from these so you can read those messages but the way you compare is contrasting so the process is the opposite of what most people read so that's probably the way I was explaining when they read those messages like activists they're probably processing them in a totally different way so they might like to read what they read so I think what my mind might have would be you need to process or measure or capture how they feel, whether they feel good or whether they contrast and there's nice ways of measuring that for instance did you feel connected to the women in these all these pages did you feel connected to the sources that the news came from do you feel similar to what activists would be reading so do they fill in or do they contrast and often we feel so awesome that the people that are portraying the news or you might think oh I'm so beautiful in this career or whatever so often we will contrast ourselves from certain messages or portrayals from our ourselves to you guys use as an activist the typical must be to reinforce your own difference in front of an output because you are dependent on the message it's both message and the way you think normal people will read that but I can't understand which is I know what's really going on but it's true that now with social media sometimes you arrive to message that you are not looking for like a must media message from Spanish newspaper but also I remember that they used to share a lot of information a lot of news information from the New York Times but they might still say oh this is stupid they worked out that we are in the New York Times we are ok so they were really relaxed with the mass media but not with social media in some kind they are also this kind of media are also mass media in some way almost all the people young people you just kind of media but it's very complicated because so many different messages are being posted so when you say social media you cannot talk about that as one homogenous it's like television so usually activists when they used to create media they didn't have the risk to be eliminated to be deleted with social media your profile could be but they are too really critical but how is that the same concept yeah I think feeling different is very important you want to be very different how do you think but if you are not this is a big point of your self-concept you have to accept and do it for the idea to be out of the mainstream and you will receive attacks and it's good because I am different I am proud to be different and to receive attacks I have seen that people no no you do not you will be the young one but the concerns are different thank you all so much for your attention and usually I conclude my talk with hey don't buy my book but in this case I will you can buy it