 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel, Explore Education. I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Assistant Kanna Galshwari College, University of Palahava. And this time I am going to discuss a few issues over philosophy, you can say. In this semester, there is educational philosophy in which few topics are based on philosophy itself. There is nature, function, branches of philosophy, meaning of philosophy and relationship of philosophy and education. Then it comes to educational philosophy, that is, many naturalism, pragmatism, etc. So I have already covered nature, scope and function of philosophy. In this video, I will definitely cover branches of philosophy. So for starting point of view, I have a few slides over philosophy itself. So let's start with Darshan. What is philosophy? Darshan. Darshan Shastra. Philosophy is the mother of all sciences, means the study of general and fundamental problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, law, justice, validity, mind and language. So how can you get knowledge? What are the methods of knowledge? What is the truth? Is there a teacher or an ordinary teacher? Is my truth your truth? An or? Beauty, who are you going to call beautiful? What angle are you going to look at? Law. What is law? Are there universal laws? Don't there be universal laws? Everything. Justice. What is the definition of justice? How will you judge the other person's justice? Very DG. Mind, nature, knowledge, knowledge, and everything. Correct. What is the definition of justice? Justice. problems and philosophy. Moreover, philosophy is rational thinking of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world. He is saying that you can say that the vision is a rational thinking. It is a systematic thinking. It is more or less systematic. But it is systematic. And he tells us about the general nature of the world. He talks about the nature of the world through metaphysics. He can also say that it is a theory of existence. The justification of belief. The justification of faith. Epistemology. The theory of knowledge. Knowledge of faith. The principle of knowledge. And the conduct of life. And the way of life. How to live, what is good, what is bad, what should be done, what should not be done. The ethics of life. The ethics of life. The theory of value. There should be an exeology here. There should be ethics here. There should be ethics here. So philosophy is rational thinking. The first thing we need to understand. The study of general and fundamental problems. And this rational thinking tells us about the facts. It tells us about the knowledge. It tells us about the mood. That is why the three main branches of philosophy. Metaphysics, epistemology and exeology. If you want to know the meaning of philosophy. Oxford, Collins, Deschnery said. That philosophy is a study. And creation of theories. About basic things. The nature of existence, knowledge, thought. And about how people should live. It says that Darshan, Tarsvik, Adhyan. And creation of theories. Or the principle of the principles. And who are the principles? About our existence. About the nature of knowledge. About thoughts. Or how should people live. So this is what we understood. Nature of existence. And how people should live. Exeology. And Plato. Plato said in his republic. Plato said. Or you can say. What is the philosophy according to Plato? Plato says. He who has a taste for every sort of knowledge. He who has a taste for every sort of knowledge. He who has a taste for every kind of knowledge. He who has a taste for every kind of knowledge. He who likes knowledge. And who is curious to learn. And who wants to learn. And is never satisfied. This should have been N more. And is never satisfied. Maybe term philosopher. They are saying. Sorry. What is Darshan Shastra? What is Darshanik? That person is Darshanik. Who likes every kind of knowledge. Who wants to learn a lot. And who is never satisfied with learning. That means he is always full of greed. And he can learn more. So Darshanik is called in accordance to Plato. What is philosophy? It is a system of beliefs about reality. That means. System of beliefs. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. That means. So you should know that the difference between knowledge and wisdom is that the wisdom is higher than knowledge. Knowledge means you have knowledge. It is a very good thing. But if you come in the right direction in the way of using that knowledge, then you become very weak. So you can write all this on each page, on critical examination, on reality, on rational inquiry, on truth and wisdom. So you can say that you can't even write the word with the use of light words. So how difficult it is to put it in your life. Because there can be so much discussion on everything. What is reality? How is the critical examination going to be? What are the special features of rational inquiry? What is the truth? What is the wisdom? And how do we get wisdom? It is all so tough. Then definitions, some definitions, that is, some Darwinists have tried to define philosophy, like Aristotle says that philosophy is the science which investigates the nature of being as it is in itself. They are saying that it is the science which investigates the nature of being, that is, whatever it is, about its nature, whatever it is, whatever the world is, whatever people are, whatever life is, its science is the philosophy of the same kind of investigation. Radha Krishnan says that philosophy is a logical inquiry into the nature of reality. We are getting it again and again that philosophy is an inquiry, logical, rational, about reality. Again and again, everyone is defining it as a home trick. Spencer says that philosophy is concerned with everything as a universal sign. D.B. says critical reviewing of the familiar things. That is, when everyone talks about nature of reality, they say familiar things. They say familiar things, that is, the things you are familiar with. The things we are familiar with, that is, our inner guild. You will be familiar with them. The first thing to notice is the philosophy of the 15th century. The seller is saying that philosophy is persistent attempt to gain insight into the nature of the world and of ourselves by means of systematic reflections. He is saying that vision is a persistent attempt. That is, we are trying constantly to get insight into the nature of the world. That is, the nature of the world, that is, the nature of the world, is an attempt to get insight into the nature of the world. You will also find out about the world and about yourself and of ourselves. And how will you find out? We will reflect. We will reflect, we will reflect, we will reflect. And how will this happen? Everything will happen in a systematic way. That is, it will not be haphazard. It will happen in an polarized way. It will happen in a systematic way. So these are some definitions of philosophy. Then, features, definitions, meanings, and so on. We know a few characteristics of it. It is a set of views or beliefs about life and the universe, which are often held uncritically. They are saying that vision is a sample of the universe, a sample of faith. Who is the faith? About the universe, about the universe, about the universe, and about the universe. It is uncritical. You cannot criticise it. Then, philosophy is a process of reflecting and criticising our most deeply held conceptions and beliefs. The conceptions, beliefs in our hearts, criticising them in different angles, that can be wrong, or by reflecting them. It is a rational attempt to look at the world as a whole. The world is a holistic way of looking at it in a holistic way. It is a holistic way of looking at it in a holistic way. There are many ways of looking at it. It is a logical analysis of language. The study of language is a very disciplined study and it is very literate. Language is a logical analysis of the meaning of words and concepts and the clarification of the meanings of words and concepts. It is said that whatever word is used, whatever context is used, whatever context is used, the meaning of words and concepts will change. Language is a logical analysis of the meaning of words and concepts. It is a group of perennial problems that interest people and philosophers always have sought answers. When we are faced with a problem, we look at it from the Darshmikas or you answer the problem. So those problems that are coming and those people's interest problems, interest problems, the problems that we face, the solutions we get, the answers of all of them are always given by philosophers. These are some of the features of philosophy, whether it is philosophy or vision. Now let's talk about branches. Now you should be aware that there are three main aspects of philosophy. Tattva Mimansa, Gyaan Mimansa, Mooli Mimansa. Tattva Mimansa is called metaphysics, Gyaan Mimansa is called epistemology, Mooli Mimansa is called exeology. Exeology then increases in two parts, ethics and aesthetics. Ethics means from the bottom and aesthetics means from the bottom. So Tattva Mimansa, till now we have come to this level, at the level of BEA, BEH or even further. Generally people know that the study of questions concerning the nature of reality or existence, that is, that question is concerned with the nature of reality or existence. They are all part of metaphysics. Meaning, what is Tattva? What is Tath? That is metaphysics. That is its main cause. It is metaphysics. Then what is epistemology? The study of the nature of knowledge. The study of the nature of knowledge and how these are attained and evaluated. What is Gyaan Mimansa? It is the nature of Gyaan. You can understand Gyaan Mimansa so much. And how these are attained? Only Gyaan does not have the spiritual power and this also tells Gyaan Mimansa how you can get Gyaan, how you can understand it. Then what is exeology? The study of the question of value. Exeology is to be taken from the question of value. It deals with issues of value in the following areas. In the area of ethics and in the area of aesthetics. What will be in the area of ethics? The study of moral principles. That is, it is about ethics. What is kinetics? What is the rational ground? What is good conduct? What should do and what should not to do? All of this is to be taken from the study of ethics. And aesthetics. You can call it Sondarya Shastra. The study of the nature and value of works of art and the aesthetic experience. It is a very beautiful painting. It is a very beautiful painting. It is a very beautiful painting. It is the reflection of all of them. And to find the value in it. What is the good to beauty, goodness and what is it? Okay. Now let's talk about Metaphysics. We will study Metaphysics so much and leave. And if we know, then our work will go on. That this is a concern with the questions of nature of reality in existence. But the questions of reality that are being asked. You can share them in 4 categories. Cosmological, Theological, Anthropological and Ontological. What is the meaning of Cosmological? It is taking it from Brahmand. Theological means taking it from Dharmasastra. It will be related to Ishwar. It is related to Brahmand in science. It is related to Anthropological. It is related to Manusya. It is related to Ontology. It is related to existence. It is related to Vasthu. It is related to Nature of existence. So, Ontology and Metaphysics sometimes get confused. Because Nature of existence is also related to Metaphysics. You can understand that Ontology is the subject of Metaphysics. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the ultimate nature of reality of existence. It has been cleared. Metaphysical questions are the most basic asks because they provide the foundation upon which all subsequent enquiries are based. They are saying that the questions of Manusya are the most basic because the rest of the enquiries are based on that. They are saying that Metaphysical questions may be rewired into four subsets. They are saying that the questions of Manusya are the most basic. First, it is related to Brahmand. Cosmology consists in the study of theories about the origin, nature and development of the Universe. That is, how did Brahmand come into existence? What was the first life in Brahmand? How did Brahmand's existence take place? How did the Universe originate and develop? All these questions will come to the Cosmology as soon as we get to it. The second aspect is the theological question. It is related to religion. Theology is part of religious theory. It deals with the conceptions of and about God. Is there a God? Is there God? What are the rules of God? What rules are the rules of God? Can you see God? Can you see God? These kinds of questions will come to the theological question. Anthropological questions are related to Manusya. It deals with the study of human beings. What is the relation between mind and body? What is the difference between the mind and body? Does the mind work on the body? Or does the body work on the mind? These kinds of questions. The fourth aspect of metaphysics is the ontological. What is ontological? It is the study of nature of existence or what it means for anything to exist. That is, it is related to facts. The questions related to facts are related to ontology. Like, is basic reality found in matter or physical energy? Or is it found in spirit or spiritual energy? Like, is basic reality found in matter or physical energy? Or is it found in spirit or spiritual energy? These kinds of questions will come to the ontology. Then, metaphysics and education. What is the connection between metaphysics and education? Metaphysics or the issue of ultimate reality is central to any concept of education. That is, how is the focus of education of metaphysics? Because it is important for the educational program of the school to be based on facts and reality. We are told that your school program will be based on facts and reality. Metaphysics is a speculative and focuses on issues such as the nature of causative relationships. It relates to teaching in terms of thoughts about educational goals, the selection of appropriate content and educational goals and attitudes towards the general nature of learners. He is saying that, in fact, the whole core of the course is education. Because it tells us what your goal will be. It will teach us what your goal will be. What content will be chosen for it. All these things are to be taken from metaphysics. Then, epistemology. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge and is also referred to as theory of knowledge. Did you understand that science is important? You can say that it was the principle of science. It is to be taken from science. It is the study of the nature, source and validity of knowledge. The nature, nature and the nature of the epistemology. It covers two areas. Mainly, it covers two areas. The content of thought. That is, the thought process. What is the subject of the thought and the thought itself. That is, the subject of the thought. It is to be taken from two things of epistemology. And in educational terms, it is to be taken from curriculum. What will be taught in Particram and instruction or content and method? Which method will be taught? And what will be taught in Particram? Why? Because Particram will culminate in the knowledge. Then, epistemology is sources of knowledge. They are saying that, we need to gain knowledge. What are the ways to gain knowledge? What are the ways to gain knowledge? What are the ways to gain knowledge? There are many ways to gain knowledge. First, you should know that many people talk about whether they can know the truth. So, we believe that we can know the truth. That is why we will talk about the sources of knowledge. So, the first source is senses. Empirical. We get knowledge through the senses. Central to most people's answer to that question is empiricism. Empiricism means the knowledge that you get through your senses. Second source of knowledge throughout the span of human history has been revelation. Which has been revealed to us. Like, the knowledge of religion which has been told to us that these things are true and these things are true we have accepted it as it is. So, the first knowledge we got from the senses. The second knowledge we got from the revelation. The third knowledge we get from the authority which is available in the classroom. The teacher has said it is right. The authority has said it is right. And the fourth knowledge is reason. We get it from our nature. We get it from the argument. We get it from logic. We get it from thoughts. We also call it rationalism. And the fifth source of knowledge is intuition. Which we get directly immediately. Meaning, we get it immediately. Direct impression of knowledge that is not derived from conscious reasoning or immediate sense perception. In the literature dealing with intuition one often finds such expressions as immediate feeling of certainty. Suddenly you get the answer and that is intuition. So, how did we get the knowledge? We got it from the senses. We got it from the revelation. We got it from the authority. We got it from the reason. And we got it from the intuition. These are the five sources of knowledge in epistemology. And epistemology and education. Epistemology and education are tacit companions and both are primarily the act of knowing. Even in the education we need to know and we need to know the epistemology as well. So, epistemology is the motor of education in a sense because it drives the educational process. You can say that epistemology is the knowledge. It is the motor. It is driving the education. In that direction where she is going, where she is going, where she is going, where she is going, which direction she is going is the motor of epistemology. Okay. And exeology. Exeology means it is made from exeos and logos. Wherever it comes it means study. Exeos means value. So, this is study of value. Then, exeology is called two main aspects of ethics and aesthetics. Ethics is the model of moral values and conduct. That is, it is not a story of ethics, forms, and attitudes. Like, how should I behave? What should I behave? How should I behave? How should I behave? What should I behave? What should I behave? Let's see what does ethics. Ethics is the development of the context of ethical values and conduct. Ethics is the realm of value that searches for the principles governing the Exiology and education, what does it tell us? Projecting a system of values, proposes educational aims under the form of Exiological Objectives and Ideals. The educational aims that you have made are better than the point of view. Exiology comprises both general, human and universal and specific values. We also study the definition of education. The educational aims are to transmit values from one point to another. Exiology is connected to education in this form. Performance of values requires knowledge and experience. It is said that when we show the principle, when we perform the principle, there are two things. One is our knowledge and experience. Exiology is to be given with this. And what is Exiology? Horizon of the manifestation of human creativity. We are creative, so it is necessary for us to have the knowledge of the principle. Exiology is the cultivation of creative power of the individual. Exiology is to be taken from creativity. Exiology is connected to education in this form. The matter was a bit too much. If I had separated the branches, it would have been too small. So I combined the meaning, definition and characteristics of it so that you can understand it in totality. I think now you people are clear about the concept of philosophy. What is this? It is a rational inquiry. It is about problems related to the existence of reality, human, knowledge, justice, validity, mind, language, etc. Then there are three main aspects of it. Metaphysics, epistemology and exiology. Metaphysics means, in Tattva Mimansa, it is said that the questions related to Tattva can be of four categories. Cosmological, in which the questions related to Brahmaan are asked. Theological is related to Ishwara. Anthropological is related to Manusya. And lastly, ontological is related to Vasthu. Then it is said that Tattva is related to Tiyasthita. And then it is said that what is epistemology? It is theory of knowledge and theory. It is said for sources of knowledge that there are many sources of knowledge. Like sensory organs, senses, revelation, authority, reason or intuition. Similarly, what is exiology? It is study of value. It is theory of value. It tells us what is the principle. It tells us that it is divided into two parts. Ethics and aesthetics. Metaphysics tells us how should I behave, what should do and what should not do. What should you do and what should not be done. It talks about your conduct. And who will you call beautiful? What are the parameters of beauty? You have to use all that aesthetics. So, this way branches of philosophy will be completed. And whatever philosophy you will study, keep in mind that the epistemology of this philosophy, metaphysics and exiology will be clear for you. And you will not have to remember it. So, in this way I have completed the basic conceptions about philosophy and branches of philosophy. So, thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel Explore Education. I have done from my side.