 Welcome everyone. Please join us. We're here on the engineering for the SCG's workshop. Insights from the 2020 Inferno City Fellowship. My name is Mariela Machado and I'm program manager here at ACME, an engineer for change, to the co-host of this event. I just want to remind everyone about engineering for change. And if you haven't checked it out, I invite you to become a member and subscribe. Engineering for Change is a knowledge organization and an online community of over one million individuals that believe that engineering can change the world. The first mission is to prepare, educate and activate the international engineering workforce to solve the most pressing challenges of the world and to improve quality of life on the surf communities. We do this by providing products, resources and platforms that enable this to happen. But we also have a variety of programs that are targeted and aligned to this mission. One of the most critical and one of our main programs at engineering for change is called the E4C Research Fellowship as you're seeing on the screen. This is one of our core programs because it's really aligned to our mission, the one that I just explained before to prepare and educate that international engineering workforce. Our program is a highly competitive program where we're training the workforce over the world. As you see in the map, we have awarded 86 fellowships in 24 countries. This is a workforce development program, as I mentioned before, to train these engineers to become top leaders in their space and to keep working to solve these challenges locally and globally. And hopefully achieve those SDGs. I just want to highlight before I move on and this slide here, the next slide that I'm showing is about data from the 2020 cohort because I want to introduce our fellows in the best way possible. We had 423 applicants in 72 countries and as you can see below, our recruitment avenues are very targeted. So we do university one-on-one partnerships. We do on the E4C website, but you need to sign up. And if you're interested in this opportunity after this workshop or beyond, please visit the fellowship, the E4C fellowship page on our website and you can sign up to learn more. We also do recruitment through ACME, conference and events that they have like EFEST and international partnerships in general. Out of these 423, we selected 25 individuals. As you can see here, it's so competitive. This 25 that got selected are highly qualified and are just rock stars from 15 different countries. You will meet some of them now shortly. But before I move on to the actual research that you're here to learn more about, I just want to provide context to what that means. The fellows during their five-month period and work with us is a part-time opportunity. They work with us for five months and they do research on our behalf. And I just want to be sure that I explain that the E4C research collaboration is cut across geographies and sectors. As you see here, we tackle many of the SCGs that you're seeing on the right. And it's meant to provide an ecosystem perspective of technology for good. We're really wanting to bridge the gaps between the academics doing their work, between the development practitioners that are in the field, and the policy makers between the private sector companies that are doing R&D. And we want to provide all of this and put it into context. So the fellows that we select are matched to these very specific topics that come to us through our research partners. And I want to give a huge shout out here and thank all the partners that supported us this year. And you see there that we have private sector. We have academia. We have nonprofits. And they are also from every corner of the world. These topics are then researched and all the insights are collected through our fellows. And we publish those and we are really hoping and I mean, that's usually our target after we develop this research is to really put this in the hands of the policy makers, the implementers so that we can have actionable plans and achieve the SCGs. So before having said all of this and really not wanting to lose any more time, I want to introduce you to our incredible forever fellow, Grace. Grace is a PhD student in design science at the University of Michigan, but she has been a fellow with us for the past four years. And something that I want to highlight is that during for our fellowship program, we have tiers of fellowship. So the fellows that were this year fellows have the opportunity then to become kind of the supervisors of the fellows for next year and become and also increase their opportunities to manage people to learn about program management so that the fellowship can really last a couple of years if you're interested in working with us. Grace is the best example of that. She excels in everything she does and I'm super proud to present her. She's a research manager for this year and she has been our junior program manager, expert fellows and expert fellow and fellow. So without further to say, I want to introduce you to Grace. Grace, welcome and thank you for joining us. Thank you so much, Mariela. So happy to be here. I'm excited to share more about what the fellows have been working on in 2020. I'll start off by talking about the approach that we take. All of our research collaborations first start off with detailed desk research. This includes academic articles, but also news articles, white papers and even policy briefs. Next fellows supplement their review with semi-structured interviews with key experts. We use the E for C and the ASME network as well as the networks of our partner collaborators to identify who these experts are and get a hold of them and perform an interview. This year our fellows met and collected insights from over 160 practitioners in academics and policy makers and so on. We know a lot of you who participated in the interviews are actually here watching this session, so feel free to introduce yourself in the chat. As Mariela mentioned, we really think that using a multidisciplinary approach is key when investigating these topics that cut across sectors. At Impact Engineering this year, you're probably hearing a lot about the sustainable development goals, which have a deadline set by the UN for 2030. This year our research collaborations aim to address some of the gaps that exist towards reaching these goals. We don't have time to discuss all 17, but we will highlight key insights from our fellows for these seven goals specifically. First we'll start with goal number two, zero hunger. Target 2.3 aims to double agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers. This year fellows investigated sustainable energy and technology, particularly in post-harvest and agro-processing. Importantly, fellows investigated food packaging and materials to provide recommendations for less energy-intensive alternatives. Reducing waste throughout the agricultural value chain is also very important. I first want to welcome two of the fellows who worked on a project in collaboration with Feeding Tomorrow Foundation and the University of Missouri. First we have Bezalil Adino. He is an agriculture fellow from Ghana, presently working remotely with Prescouter, which is a research company based in Chicago. Welcome Bez. Thank you for having me. And Jonathan Kempt also worked on this project. He's a fellow in energy and agriculture from the UK, currently working in Malawi as the technical manager for EGLE's Relief and Development Program, a local NGO there. Welcome Jonathan. Thanks. It's great to be here and to bring some of the sounds from Malawi with me in the background. Great. So tell us more about the issue that your team explored. Certainly. So our team investigated the current states of mango, post-harvest losses in Kenya and mapped out the value chain of the choke points with substantial losses, as well as technologies that can help to reduce those post-harvest mango losses. I'll add that our partners, Feeding Tomorrow Foundation and the University of Missouri, supported us in identifying this topic. Kenya is a leading producer of mango in Africa, producing over a million tons of mango each year. But the use of mango is nearly 40 to 50% of the mango they produce post-harvest. So, some of the practices vary from county to county. Kenya is divided into various counties. However, it was generally noted that the mangoes moved from farmers to traders or brokers or cooperatives then on to both local and foreign fresh mango markets or processes. And then finally to the consumers. That's great. Can you tell us where these different losses of mangoes occur across the value chain? Yes. So, we gathered that the losses occur in different points in the value chain. First, poor harvesting and handling techniques account for about 13% of the total losses. Next, improper packing of mangoes for transportation results in 5 to 7% of the total losses. And this results in bruising of the mangoes in the process as the losses. And then additionally, there's a lack of adequate straight technologies in the local market contributing to up to about 10% of the total losses. Oh, wow. So, actually identified these different show points. You know, you looked into different technologies to reduce the mango losses. Can you speak about that process and what you found? Sure, I can do that. So, we found that there are various different technologies available to reduce post-havoc loss of mangoes in Kenya and globally. But not all technologies are appropriate or suitable for each different user. In addition, most technologies are designed for a specific purpose, whether that's cooling, storage, or many other purposes. And this presents different actors in the sector with a challenge to identify which technologies are actually suitable for them and which technologies can help them in their work. Can you share about the different ways you looked to help these different actors address their challenges with technologies? Yeah, of course. So, we performed a comparison of different technologies to create an output indicating which technologies are most suitable for different value-chain actors. And this is to help users quickly identify which technologies will meet their needs and select those technologies that will be most beneficial for them. We did this by first classifying technologies into categories based on their purpose and then tabulating different types of technologies within those categories. For some, there are machines that perform different parts of the process as different types. So, for example, juice extractors and pasteurizing machines both help in the juicing process that are clearly different. And for other categories, it was just where there's similar technologies that are very different in terms of cost or capacity. For example, tunnel-server dryers used for dehydrating mangos produce many fewer mangos per day than a freeze dryer or an oven dryer. They also produce a much lower quality output of dried mangos. But they're substantially cheaper based on capital and operational costs. And so, they're more appropriate for a small crop to let them start drying their mangos instead of a large-scale commercial process. Excellent. I know you mainly focus on the needs in Kenya but can you share some of the broader outcomes from this research collaboration? Yes. We believe our approach for mapping and performing a technology comparison can be applied more broadly to other sectors like the energy sector or the water sector. Comparing and categorizing the different technologies that seem to meet a specific need can help to make all the value chain actors more efficient through more informed decision-making. Also, it will be helpful to funders and policymakers to direct their efforts effectively whether through creation of enabling environments while opening up new opportunities for assessing these technologies. Wonderful. Thanks, Des and Jonathan. Moving along to goal number three, good health and well-being. Target 3D aims to strengthen the capacity of all countries for early warning risk reduction in management of the global health risks. I think this target brings to mind an extremely relevant global health risk, COVID-19. This year, as our largest team of researchers, fellows developed a catalog of over 140 standards and resources for rapid engineering response to this global pandemic, including certifications for ventilators, contact tracing apps and best practices and key hygiene and hand-watching technology and protocols. Additionally, our fellows interviewed engineers from around the world who have been responding to the COVID-19 pandemic. Makerspaces in Ghana quickly created hubs for PPE production and private partnerships such as that between Ford Motor Company and GE Healthcare joined forces for rapid technology development. Governments also responded to varying degrees, including vaccine development funding, contact tracing apps, rapid testing and so on. Next, SDG-6 aims to address access to clean water and sanitation by 2030. This goal aims to achieve adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls in particularly vulnerable situations. There has been a lot of engineering and innovation put into water and sanitation technologies. This year, fellows explored ways to select and compare technologies for context-specific applications. Fellows aggregated household water treatment decision-making frameworks to develop key list of considerations for practitioners during needs assessment stages of their implementation. Okay, now let's welcome two of our sanitation fellows, Dr. Jonathan Treslav and Thomas de José. I'd like to invite both of you to introduce yourselves. Hi Grace, thanks very much for having us. I'm Dr. Jonathan Treslav. I'm a research associate in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Strathclyde in Scotland. I've worked a number of wash projects in the past including sustainability across the life cycle of rural water supply infrastructure in Malawi and currently I'm involved with the programme to improve the use and quality of wastewater going into the environment from the streets of Glasgow. Thanks Grace and JT. I'm Thomas de José. I'm a civil engineering graduate from the University of Technology Sydney. I'm currently a project manager at ACOM working in the delivery of public infrastructure but also the co-founder of Mesa Consultants a social enterprise based in the Philippines involved in making wash services safe and accessible for all communities. Wonderful, thanks guys. You both worked on a research collaboration with engineers without borders Australia. Tell us about your project. Yeah, of course, a little bit of context. So our project was based in Cambodia which has a 100% improved sanitation coverage target by around 2025 and poor flush latrines are a recommended solution to meet that target and in rural Cambodia there are a number of challenges associated sanitation and challenging environments such as hard rock make it difficult and costly to construct conventional poor flush latrines are also a contamination risk to drinking water resources and the surrounding environment. So the purpose of our research collaboration was to evaluate sanitation technologies that were suitable for hard rock environments while ruling out traditional approaches such as those poor flush latrines. Excellent. How did you approach investigating solutions to this problem? We conducted a variety of desk research which looked into hard rock as a challenge environment the legislation and policy of rural sanitation in Cambodia as well as emerging themes of existing sanitation solutions suitable for hard rock environments. This was of course supplemented by semi-structured interviews with 11 experts including academia NGO and consultancies to help deepen our understanding. And yeah, so after that we had to look at where hard rock might be a notable issue in Cambodia so we found it wasn't commonly encountered however hard clay and soils that present the similar problems as hard rock were more common so collectively this could be known as a hard ground challenging environment. So next we had to look at what technologies existed globally and available in Cambodia for sanitation and we found a number of emerging themes to mediate the challenges of hard rock such as watertight controlled leaching or waterless containment of sanitation and sanitation that was constructed above hard ground levels or above the water table to avoid that contamination pathway. What was interesting was we found a number of technologies that fit these themes. They're already well established in Cambodia and they tackle and are marketed towards other challenging environments. So this includes regions that are prone to flooding or regions with floating communities. So solutions that are already well established and marketed for other challenging environments for Cambodia are also suitable and could be used to aid the hard rock challenging environment. So Thomas would you like to speak on how we evaluated these technologies? Of course. So our priority focus of our research project was the development of an easy to use selection criteria that was composed of key physical and social cultural conditions. This tool was designed to support solution providers and organizations recommended in sanitation options that met the needs and profiles of target households noting that these needs do vary and then a tool would also aid households as well in their own decision making process to understand which sanitation technology is best suited to their condition. Thank you so much for sharing. In your report where you describe this tool you also mentioned the importance of scaling these technologies. What were some of the key drivers that you identified? We identified five key drivers from our research. These are the first being behavior change from open identification and conducting a vehicle sludge management through community engagement. Second being financial subsidies from public and private partnerships. There have been making the use of existing capacity chains. Fourth being household considerations beyond affordability that make improved sanitation an aspirational product for households. And of course the fifth being in monitoring and valuations to ensure continual improvement based on evidence-based decision making. We do believe that these lessons learned will help organizations in the sector as a whole to really scale their impact. Any final words JT would you like to share? Yeah, thanks Thomas. So these lessons learned from our research can aid decision makers in the sector improve the sustainability and uptake of sanitation solutions at the local level. So when we're looking towards the decade of action we're required to accelerate our efforts towards achieving the SDGs. But this also must consider the sanitation solutions that are used to increase the access are appropriate for the environment but are also accessible and affordable to those most underserved. Alright, thanks guys so much. Thanks guys. Thanks JT. Next, an SDG of most relevance to the engineering community is goal number nine, industry innovation and infrastructure. Target 9.1 aims to develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure. This year, fellows mapped out the importance of both soft and hard infrastructure, particularly for digital solutions, for example in our partnership with Huawei and Igo Africa. Hard infrastructure refers more to the built environment, like roads, electricity, whereas soft infrastructure refers to other key resources for innovation, like innovation hubs and financial services. Fellows explored this need for infrastructure by mapping out landscape analysis of social enterprise incubators in the United States and also by exploring the needs of social entrepreneurs and innovators in the Middle East and North Africa region. Next, we'll present some highlights from our research collaboration with the American University of Beirut. I want to welcome Hala Triggy, who is from Tunisia and works as an aeronautical engineer in Germany. Hala, thanks so much for being here. Thank you Grace. Can you tell us about this research collaboration? What was the motivation? So this research collaboration with the American University of Beirut is about energy, water, food, innovation in the Middle East, North Africa region, MENA region. So MENA is one of the world's most water scarce regions. This issue related with water is even accentuated now with the climate change impact on the region and will be even more in the future. How do we consider those three sectors? We consider them as a nexus because if we take every sector in silo, if we consider every sector in silo we would not have sustainable development in the long term. To do this research we started by doing desk research. Then we interviewed 27 innovators using different networks and databases of startups in the region. Wow, 27 innovators that's a lot of insights. What are the various technologies that you're seeing to address this nexus in the region? The trends in technologies are various. They included agriculture technologies, water treatment, waste management and solar energy. So the most common trend is using technologies applied to agriculture, agritech. Those technologies they range from innovative irrigation methods fertilizers, aquaponics to ICT applied to agriculture using IOT and AI. Other technologies included solutions for water treatment with plant filters or water efficiency using ICT. Waste management was also present as a technology but it was less popular among the interviewees. In all those products, solar energy was either integrated as a power source or planned to be integrated. All the technologies were mainly driven by the needs of the local communities and the experience of the innovators. Unfortunately, there is a clear gap between this innovation and the local entrepreneurship ecosystem. Aside from those technology trends, we identified barriers and challenges. First, we found out that the access to finances and markets is quite difficult in the region. Second, about the sustainability all the innovators were aware about the sustainability and the impact they are having with their product but it seemed that the efforts that they are doing were not fully recognized or supported in the region. There is sometimes a lack of awareness around sustainability issues in the country and this seemed to be a challenge for the innovators. Further, and finally just missing the proper research and development infrastructure is also discouraging those innovators from pursuing their goals inside their local countries. Wow, that's a lot of different challenges. What do you think are some of the different ways to address these and then also encourage innovation in the MENA region? So we found out a lot of things. Among them, first one was the access to finances and markets. So it is quite challenging in the region as I already mentioned but it should be encouraged and supported by the local governments and the private sector there. Many indicators within the SDG-9 are aimed at granting access to markets to small scale enterprises and we believe this is very important to be addressed in MENA. Another very important finding link to this SDG is also the research and development. Being a challenge in the region it should be considered as a part, rather as a part of this enabling environment. So all of the innovators that we interviewed, they showed a high interest in research and development and a willingness to do R&D but they were not supported. And by promoting research and development at policy level first and building the necessary human capitals, those countries would benefit from very skilled researchers who would thrive and innovate in their local countries. And finally about sustainability so policy makers should also encourage and give proper incentives to sustainability and also they should raise awareness around sustainability as a topic inside the communities by changing the mindsets and shifting towards more sustainable behaviors. One of our recommendation to the decision makers is to try monitoring the indicators of SDG-9 and work on those goals with the innovators themselves. They should be part of the process of policy making. Some countries in the region are already integrating those valuable feedbacks from the innovators and using them to build proper frameworks. For example, Tunisia and Egypt are already having startup frameworks with also the help of the innovators who participated in building this framework. So this is just a first step towards more innovation in the water energy food sector. And to finish this discussion, I would like to say that we found out from our research that there is a lot of innovation and entrepreneurship spirit in the MENA region and it was very nice to see this willingness to innovate in the region. So we call all the local policy makers and the governments and the private sector to support this spirit, this entrepreneurship and to bring in more innovation into the region. Wow, great. Thank you so much and I know you have so much more insights and recommendations in your report. So just as a reminder to the audience, all these different research collaborations that you're hearing about are being published on the E4C research platform and then also if you have any questions as any of the presenters describe what they have done, please feel free to type those in the chat and they will respond. Thanks. Next we will focus on Sustainable Development Goal Number 12 Responsible Consumption and Production. Specifically, targets 12.5 and 12.6 aim to reduce waste reduction and encourage companies to adopt sustainable practices. I'm excited to welcome two more fellows who worked with us on a research collaboration this summer. Elizabeth Collins and Dana Shua, tell us more about yourselves. Hi everyone, I'm Elizabeth from Scotland. I have a degree in mechanical engineering and my work experience has mostly been in manufacturing engineering with Cummins. I joined E4C as a transport fellow this summer. I am currently living in Spain working remotely and improving my Spanish. Hello, my name is Dana and I'm from the United States. I have a degree in mechanical engineering and I'm currently working on my masters in sustainability from Stanford University. I'm currently working at Tesla as a technical program manager intern for the industrial battery program and was previously an energy fellow for E4C. Excellent, thank you. Tell us about your research collaboration without a desk. So our research focuses on sustainable development opportunities in the engineering design and manufacturing industry. So as a little bit of background there are currently so many opportunities for the industry to improve their sustainability efforts. Currently Autodesk, our research collaboration partner offers various simulation tools such as computer aided design CAD and it's one way for designers to improve their manufacturing efficiency by reducing waste and minimizing energy in their design. However, there's a lot of reasons companies are becoming more sustainable. Overall, there's a variety of standards yet there isn't one gold standard across these companies. So we wanted to investigate what else other than the standards might be driving the sustainability efforts in companies. That's excellent and super relevant. How did you go about assessing what drives these companies to consider sustainability outcomes? In addition to desk research we've remapped our existing standards and practices. I used connections from the ASME and Autodesk networks to identify the experts to interview. We connected with leaders across universities and leading manufacturers and consumer technology companies. When talking with these experts some of the most notable motivations were regulations, customers, competition and social values. It seems like one of the most effective ways to push companies to be more sustainable is increasing regulations. We heard how even local and national regulations can have global influence as it's not uncommon for larger international companies to bring their standards up to match the toughest regulations in the world just for consistency. Of course companies can lobby against stricter regulations and we did hear that enforcement of the laws could do with improvement but generally speaking it was accepted that regulations do push companies to do better. I'll also add that with customers we found business to business interactions to be really important and big companies have a lot of leverage over the suppliers and can pressure them into change and when one company is seen as changing then the others don't want to feel left behind and that's where the competition aspect comes in. The ideal situation is where companies sort of team up to push the industry in general to become more sustainable. We also found that concerns around social impact seem to be growing possibly motivated by current climate related events which reminds us of what is at stake and some companies rely on their reputation for doing the right thing and this can act as a strong internal motivator for change. We also found that cost cutting and shareholder demands were also cited as drivers but seem to be less important. Cost was often a higher concern for the engineers that we spoke to and some of the cost cutting initiatives translated into positive environmental impacts such as reducing waste but it seems company-wide sustainability initiatives are often stated started not primarily for cost reduction. Excellent. What would you say is a recommendation that we have from this research? So from our research we found several major classes of changes that needed to happen. We found that there was a need for communication collaboration and sharing of product life cycle information across companies. Recommendations include increasing reporting and communication between companies. Common critique we found throughout our research was that voluntary standards are often not specific enough in the criteria and expectations for products. They're often scoped to products end of life metrics instead of design considerations. This can lead to a similar issue of companies avoiding the process of challenging and reimagining the design process. In order to make true progress toward designing a more sustainable future companies must be transparent and consistent in how they present sustainability information. Great. Thank you both. Moving along to goal 13 it's clear that climate action cuts across many of the SDGs that we have been talking about. Target 13.1 aims to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate related hazards and natural disasters which are increasing in frequency and severity due to climate change. In 2018 nearly 40 million people were affected by natural disasters. This year fellows explored how innovation can be used to enhance ecological resilience in Uganda with particular emphasis on prioritization of indigenous knowledge and perspectives. Fellows also identified interventions for flood risk reduction in Kenya and Tanzania by mapping out various context specific solutions. They followed a very similar process to the one you heard previously by the fellows who explored mango processing. The last SDG that we will highlight today is number 17. Partnerships for the goals. Target 17.1 aims to enhance regional and international cooperation on and access to science technology and innovation and enhance knowledge sharing. This is key especially since currently many of these sectors and fields are working in largely siloed organizations. This year through a series of interviews with ICT practitioners and experts our fellows identified communities with different taxonomies and categorizations of technologies. We also found that there's ample opportunity for enhanced knowledge sharing in this particular sector. In EFRC's State of Engineering for Global Development reports we've aimed to catalog various actors and organizations within the academy that work in the sector with the hopes that this will provide a place of information that's all in one spot. Last year we published reviews for the EGD programs in North America, Australia, New Zealand and this year we published reviews of Latin America and Asia as well. It is clear that partnerships are essential to advancing the various targets and goals that we have discussed today. I will pass it now back to Mariela for closing remarks for the session. Thank you Grace and thank you to all the fellows for the incredible insights for this research. I just want to emphasize that going back to the title engineering to achieve this important and the fellowship work store training holistic engineers that bring expertise the right expertise into the system we need more ecosystems perspectives as you're seeing here integrating all the different aspects of this type of research questions and integration of academia of underground of non-profits of private sector we need that holistic perspective to be able to advance in these goals and the partnerships as Grace mentioned are key to achieve the SCGs. That process or collaboration again we believe it's very important and we're doing this through the research collaborations that we just presented to you and through our fellowship program I just want to make sure that I bring to your attention that we have just published the annual research report for 2019 and you can find that we'll share in the chat now for all the research collaborations that were done last year we'll be publishing the 2020 annual report in January 2021 so stay tuned for that you can find the rest of the research collaborations on the links that we just shared so if you want to partner with us email us at partners. if you want to be a part of the fellowship program check out I learned more and sign up to receive more information on the website as we just mentioned so without further to say I just want to go to the live Q&A so I will invite all of our fellows now to join us welcome fellows so if you have not put your question in the Q&A box be sure to do that I have a couple of questions here so I will get started because we just have 10 minutes the first question being asked by Vishan Patel is what advice do you have for freshman university students who look forward to start participating in EGD and do not have much experience working in such sector should I he go ahead and apply for the fellowship I will pass this one to you I was inspired by the work of previous fellows and their experience so I would definitely recommend that you apply you will definitely learn a lot about EGD during the fellowship and how lies a great example of an engineer that was working in the private sector and just transition into EGD so our advice to you is that you do apply and start entering this sector we need more engineers to get training in this field to advance the SCGs the next question that I have here is for Elizabeth and Dana something that stroke one of our attendees is that there were not a sustainability manufacturing standards can you share what is it that stroke you've done on Elizabeth about this field and what can you tell us what should be done in the future to set the standard for this field that's a good question I think what we've done is that there will be a lot of growth in the area of sustainability and industry and so there's a lot of interest from not only company but society in general there's a lot of light being shed onto social issues at the moment so there's definitely interest in these companies however there also isn't really consensus on the right approach there isn't one right approach and a lot of companies are finding different ways like developing their own standards we do some research on experts in the field and I'm really surprised this is the complexity of this issue that there isn't really a one-size-fits-all at the moment and the state of industries kind of we're looking at as many different solutions as possible Elizabeth do you have anything to add yeah I completely agree with that I think some of the feedback we got is that some of the larger companies are now looking to work together on these things so kind of within the industries they are looking to influence suppliers and things like that so I think that's definitely the way forward is for the bigger companies to work together something that was also quite interesting I found was there's a bit of a kind of disparity between probably engineers and the kind of academics and management in these companies I think for engineers the kind of focus is on time and cost and not so much the bigger picture on some of the sustainability goals so I wonder if something like that would be helpful going forward if engineers were just as invested and conscious in these things excellent thank you Dana and Elizabeth I have another question here I will leave it open for any of the folks to answer from your research what do engineers feel that they need to be able to understand and to improve sustainability during the design process and I think Grace this is very online to you so I mean non-democratic here so the question able to understand and improve sustainability during the design process so I think one thing I think is really important is looking at sustainability really holistically it's often considered in like three pillars or three parts of the social sustainability the environment and then the economic I think there's a lot of emphasis the economic sustainability is commonly practiced we want to cut costs of money and a lot of our tools are designed to be efficient and increase efficiency in that sense and then I think the increase in environmental sustainability is happening we see that in excuse me cutting costs and reducing material which means reducing waste but I think one thing that really could be improved is the social part so really thinking about like what are impacts on stakeholders who are the most vulnerable communities being impacted I think that is really needed. Thank you Grace and this next question comes from me to JT and Thomas they recently presented this research to the Cambodian government and so my question to you both is what is it that is needed and for this research to be implemented and what do you think are the next steps in this type of research especially in sanitation solutions that are looked upon down on and are so important. Thanks Maria I think in terms of next steps we can touch on first because of the nature of the research we were very much desk based we were remote working and communicating with a lot of partners in Cambodia a lot of experts in Cambodia and there's a lot of opportunities to then move that research when we move into the field to engage with users at the local level so we're talking a lot about solutions that would benefit users at the local level and I think that the future work could really encompass them and engage them there's opportunity to really just better understand the drivers for the behaviour change and sanitation solution uptake and experience their personal experience with the hard rock challenging environments really focusing in and leaning into that human design and considerations around those engineering solutions Definitely and just to build upon JT's point that we did recognise that the nature of the research is that gap is to really substantiate that model that we were able to develop with the communities or the intended end users and beneficiaries so that would be that's strategically the next step into really evolve or take that project one step forward and we believe that working with the experts we were able to engage with has provided a baseline for that so we're just quite excited how that would not only translate into Cambodia and sanitation in there but also wider Southeast Asia Excellent. JT and Thomas, thank you I have another question here for Jonathan Kemp and Betelel was there any insight from the mango producers themselves for this research Well yeah one interesting thing we found was that in addition to the products that are made from the mangoes like the mango juice and the dried pulp and the others some farmers that had also started exploring the use of the mangoes to make mango wine and they do not have the right equipment and the right understanding to be able to do it well enough to have the right markets for it so with this with the insights we got from the technologies and the comparisons we've done we hope to be able to provide the right knowledge and the understanding in selecting some appropriate technologies for making some of these new products and it also opens the avenue for upcycling the waste products that they have and using them for other productive materials, thank you Thank you Betelel we have one more question here and I think this is related to to the previous question and as more research and this is from Jennifer's most research and work has shifted online how do engineers continue to ensure that the social connection is not lost and that the solutions are based on community assets and their individual needs and I think I will pass this one to you Yeah, of course Hi So important as you said Jen to do those perspectives from the local people in the community and that can be done if you're not able to get there in person speaking to people who work with those people whether it's a local NGO or non-profit or whether it's the local government there and they will either be working directly and just be able to even be able to visit on your behalf the people who will be the end users of the product that you're looking to develop or technology that you're looking to implement and they may therefore be able to give you some useful insight to answer the question I hope it does but it was a really hard answer and I think Jennifer we're working towards connecting the dots so that we're actually listening to all the actors involved in the design of this type of solution so it's a really good question to end up with before we end up I really want to address one question that we have in the chat going on and that we get very excited when we see and this is from James and from Charles they're asking if there's a role for recently retired practical engineers with lesser minds than what I have seen today and that they are retiring I just want to invite you all to join Engineering for Change that org has many opportunities for people to connect and I think Bob was a longtime collaborator and expert advisor we look for expert advisors and for engineering expertise that can help advance this field so the answer is yes and we invite you all to join thank you so much for joining us today we really hope you enjoy this session as much as we did developing this research we invite you to visit our website and to check out the research I want to thank all the fellows for the incredible work thank you Grace for moderating it and we'll see you soon thank you