 Well my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and we are studying the topic transportation. These topics are with reference to industrial revolution and you may Google, you may research and find other articles on these topics that are being discussed. Dear students at the beginning of the industrial revolution in land transport was by navigable rivers and roads with coastal vessels employed to move heavy goods by sea. My dear students, wagon ways were used for conveying coal to rivers for further shipment but canals had not yet been widely constructed. Dear students, animals supplied all of the motive power on land with sails providing the motive power on the sea. The first horse railways were introduced towards the end of the 18th century with steamed locomotives being introduced in the early decades of the 19th century. My dear students, improving sailing technologies boosted average sailing speed 50% between 1750 and 1830. My dear students, as a matter of fact, the industrial revolution improved Britain's transport infrastructure with a turnpike road network, a canal and waterways network and a railway network. How could transportation be developed through industrial revolution? Where could it be used only by sea? Where could it be used by boats? Where could it be used by locomotives and other developed sources? My dear students, raw materials and finished goods could be moved more quickly and cheaply than before. Improved transportation also allowed new ideas to spread quickly. My dear students, here it is necessary to talk a little bit about coal as it has worked in the industrial revolution. Dear students, about coal, it was said that we may well call it black diamonds. Every basket is power and civilization. For coal is a portable climate. It carries the heat of the tropics to Labrador and the polar circle. And it is the means of transporting itself withers ever it is wanted. My dear students, what and Stevenson whispered in the ear of mankind their secret. And secret is that a half ounce of coal will draw two tons a mile and coal carries coal by rail and by boat to make Canada as warm as Calcutta. And with its comforts bring its industrial power. My dear students, here it is necessary to talk a little bit about the progress of human beings. We took the work with perseverance and developed a lot of things and developed civilization. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.