 We have two talks left in the session now. The first one will be by Shaban Khalil, a bit more theoretical, or to us discussing models of new physics. And then the second target would be by Yahya to a small experimental side. So Shaban's talk will be on physics beyond the sand model in that era. So please, you can start now, Shaban. Thank you. Sure. Thank you for the invitation. I will share the screen and then make it now for us to begin. Share the screen. What? Please ask the host to give you permission to record. I think you already record this, right? Close. Share the screen. Control L. OK. You see my screen now? I think it's coming. It's coming. OK, at least you hear me. Yeah, we see you, but I think the PDF is locked in the corner somewhere. What is locked? I think you have to share the specific application of the PDF, because right now we only see the top. You should be bigger. Yeah, so you should stop sharing and share screen again and then choose, I don't know, maybe your desktop. This is share screen. Yeah, you can choose desktop. OK, we'll see it now. You can see now? OK, so I can start. Yes, thank you. OK, as I said, thank you for the invitation and I am pleased to join this meeting. And I know that the meeting has different topics and different background audiences. So I will try to have very simple and long introduction than usual. So what's this? OK, so the topics, as Shraib said, physics beyond standard model in the LHC era. And the outline of my talk, I will start as I promised, I will give some long introduction to what we are talking about. So I will introduce the standard model of particle physics. I know that we hear the talks about standard model of cosmology, maybe, but now standard model of particle physics. And in fact, there is a lot of, you know, link and common interesting points in the two models. And then try to convince you that we have some evidence for physics beyond standard model. And I will show you some direction and the potential theories and direction for physics beyond standard model. Give you a couple of examples of this type of physics. Super symmetry as one example and also extending the gauge group with some non-minimal gauge group and even supercentrizing. And we have what's called a non-minimal super symmetry as another example. And I will try to show you how we can even provide examples and the candidates for dark matter in such models. OK, let me start with the standard model. As I told you very briefly, standard model is well-known theory now. It's almost to complete. In fact, it is based on the gauge century SU3 for the strong interaction times SU2 for the weak interaction times U1 for hybrid charge and electromagnetism is a combination of a loss to gauge century SU2 cross U1. Standard model turns out to be an excellent experiment agreement, in fact, even more than what we ever expected and even Salam and Weinberg and Glashow expected when they proposed. The standard model based on this gauge affairs so it has very simple Lagrangian. Sometimes the people in try to make some joke and they write this is in components. It looks like a couple of pages or something, but it is really quite simple Lagrangians and beautiful theory, I guess. Based on the gauge interactions that I mentioned and the matter is described by either triplet under SU3 and the strong forces like the quarks, for example, or doublets quark left and the leptons left under SU2 with some specific hypercharge under U1. So for example, we have three generation leptons, a left-handed neutrino electron, neutrino and immune, and also a tau neutrino was tau. This is the three families of the left-handed leptons. We have three families of left-handed quarks, up, down, charm, strange and the top and bottom. So this is a three families of the quark left-handed and then we have what's called right-handed or singlet fields under SU2 left and this is the quark right-handed and instead either up sector or down sector right-handed. There is no doublet, so U right and D right, C right and S right, T right and D right and so on. Electron and the muon and tau is kind of the charged leptons, right-handed charged leptons and no right-handed neutrino. So the neutrino only left-handed in this model and as you see, it appears in the left-handed so there is no left-handed neutrino and in fact this was a very beautiful and a nice mistake people did in the 1950s when they construct the standard model because they thought the standard neutrinos are massless and therefore we should not introduce any right-handed neutrino to avoid mass neutrino and let us build the right-handed neutrino and let us build a model like that and this was good because if they assume right-handed neutrino they started to think of doublet under right-handed and then we could have SU2 left cross SU2 right cross in one hybrid charge for example and then we will pass by the standard model and we go for complicated model which is left-right model which is one of the candidates who still for physics plans standard model but I think it was a fortunate that we started with this symbol model and we check all the, you know, all the prediction and all the ingredients that we are using first in symbol model. So it was really historical a mistake but it was very, very interesting and very good mistake that they did. The symmetry of this SU3 cross SU2 cross U1 in fact SU3 for the strong interaction where gluino glones are massless and the symmetry should remain exact but weak interaction we know there's a short range of force and the gauge carriers W and Z should be massive and there is no mass if the symmetry is exact so the symmetry should really be broken somehow and this was an issue and we need to break it in a very elegant way to keep the theory is what we call it the renormalizable still consistent we can compute and we can really have a prediction so this is done only by introducing scalar field what we call it hex field and try to extend the matter content or the content of the standard model with extra doublet one doublet only and there is no reason in the standard model Y just one doublet it's just economical reason that we will use just one doublet this five scalar so it spins zero and it has hypercharge one it has a charged component neutral component this is a Lagrangian of the scalar field and the potential V of phi as usual it's master phi square and kind of quartic term lambda to phi to bar four here is another trick that phi square the master should be negative so we wrote it like minus mu square why minus mu square because without this minus sign we cannot get this potential this is known as a Mexican hat potential require in fact the masses square to be negative so one should start to ask can we have masses square negative this is tachyonic well this is just bare mass this is just the parameter and the potential is not the physical mass however yes we agreed that need justification need explanation why in the potential that we usually consider positive now we should take it negative to make make this kind of Mexican hat and to make the minima or the stationary at phi equals zero is no longer minima but maximum and the field should drop to from phi equals zero to some value of phi different from zero and this is the true minima and this phi different from zero is really broken spontaneously and we generate masses for the gauge bosons of the SU2 F and U1 hyper charge we have a three gauge boson in SU2 and one gauge boson in U1 so four there is a three combination will be massive only one combination remains massless and this is identified as a photon that the gauge carrier of the remaining symmetry U1 electromagnetism and this is really was a wonderful result because this is shown that the electromagnetism is merged from the two higher higher higher scales symmetry or interact and this is shown that there is a kind of unification really between the weak interaction and the hyper charge that makes together and they give us the electromagnetism and this is we call it partial unification as I will discuss later about this now also because of Higgs it coupled with a fermion quark and leptons via the Eukawa interactions equation that I wrote it here usually we have doublet and the Higgs is doublet so doublet doublet should coupled with another singlet so usually the Higgs is coupled with left handed and right handed so when the Higgs get a vacuum expectation value that the one value that I showed here V which is a square root of mu square the negative mass squared essentially over lambda this is a V this is a vacuum expectation value now once if I go to the start to generate mass term for the quarks and leptons this mass term is proportional to the vacuum energy of the Higgs times what we call the Eukawa couplings and now we understood that the Higgs field is a responsible for generating the masses for the gauge bosons and fermions and all the matter in our universe and if you have no coupling with Higgs then you may remain massless like neutrinos or the photo for example they are not massive become no interactions at all with Higgs this is nice and now we understand a little bit more information about the masses apart from that you know the mass was missed and remains in special terms of relativity we understood that the mass is a kind of energy and there is mass energy relation but now we are saying that mass is really the vacuum energy of the scalar fields that create the weak interactions and this is what we call the Higgs and Higgs mechanism obviously no right handed utrino then there is no Eukawa coupling for the left handed right handed utrino with the Higgs and then we have massless neutrino and this is what Glashow, Weinberg and Salam and even before they tried to build the model to give this important result at that time now we go for evidence for physics to understand the model and the first evidence I already mentioned that the neutrino are massive and in fact since they are massive then it is clear that we need to go beyond the standard model and find out how to generate mass for the neutrino the solution is simple okay just add right handed neutrino as we said before if there is right handed neutrino we could have a Eukawa coupling and then we could have a mass this is true but it's not that simple like that because right handed neutrino is not like right handed quartz or right handed leptons it's neutral it's neutral under all gauge centers that we have you could have once you add right handed neutrino to build the kind of Eukawa coupling like this one you could allow also for mass term of the right handed neutrino you could have in the potential or in the potential some mass term M new right new right and this M is not protected by any center is not restricted by any scale and it could be as large as you want and this is makes you know kind of difference and differentiation between the masses of the quarks and leptons and neutrino now we have what's called Miorana and the mass of the neutrino in addition to the usual Dirac neutrino mass Dirac neutrino mass or Dirac masses comes from the cow interaction similar to other parts but extra term becomes M new right we called Miorana and now this mass matrix could be like you can look it at like 2.2 mass matrix and you diagonalize and you get one very light and one very heavy and if you allow for M of the right handed neutrino to be rather heavy and this is in fact was the way to explain why the neutrino is so light it is almost a mass less as we were thinking and now it is turned out to be very like less than one electron ball so people introduced right handed neutrino but right handed neutrino at which scale we should consider and we have to adopt it such that the linear combinations to this gauge iron states give me mass iron states and one very heavy and in fact now this heavy right handed neutrino how we can profit how we can check that this is really physical particles that are just you know input from our sides to explain the neutrino masses so this is will take us to to extend the standard model matter fields with one at least one pharyngeal signals another important evidence also the observations of the dark matter now I think you are convinced from the we are most of astronomers and cosmologists and also particle physicists believe that more than 95% of the mass of our universe are dark non-nomines model and this is either dark matter dark matter according to the latest observation by blank satellite is about 25% what this what this matter is it's different completely different from the matter that we discussed in the in the standard model we need new source new candidates for this this matter should be kind of non baryonic not from proton and neutrons that we are familiar with non baryonic dark matter so from where this comes it comes from some extension of the standard model and fortunately most of the theory of particle physics can provide us with different examples and candidates the dark matter evidence I think for at least for me there is no doubt people try now still not now try and they are still trying to explain that this may be a change by modifying the generative gravity Newton Newton's law or generativity but I think there is clear evidence that the standard of standard model of gravity and standard model of particle physics to explain the observation confirmed by more than thousand spiral galaxies and this rotational curves give a beautiful result to show that really our halo should be filled with some dark matter another evidence maybe a little bit theoretical but quite relevant and important as I told you the Higgs and the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs is giving mass for all matters that we have in our universe even the Higgs itself because Higgs itself is a self-coupling so it has a lambda for 4 and when it gets there when the Higgs gets there so this coupling can be adjusted or arranged to be a mass term for m square phi square comes from from that expression the mass will be given by essentially square root lambda the coefficient of the of the phi 2 power 4 is a self-coupling times the vacuum expectation value the vacuum expectation value is known now because we predicted the mass of V W the mass of Z and this turns out the V should be of order 174 gV ok so this fix it it's essentially we know to very well approximation now as m H is discovered at LHEC of order 125 gV as we will discuss soon then you can calculate and predict and you find lambda and the lambda in fact turns out to be of order 0.12 but 0.12 this is at electric scale around 100 gV or around W scale Z scale m H scale and we know that the couplings are energy dependence and if you explore the running of the coupling and normalization group equations you can explore and to high scale and you try to find out the values of those couplings at high scale the theory should be well behaved and stable as we assumed that lambda should be positive to avoid any unbounded from below because lambda phi to power 4 if lambda is negative lambda lambda phi to power 4 will take the potential to minus infinity essentially and we were assuming lambda to be positive and we got it at electric scale 0.12 but now if you use your normalization group equation just within the standard model you will find that the running of the gauge coupling may go to cross 0 and it becomes negative at some scale of order at intermediate scale god scale electroplank scale and so on Sorry to interrupt you Shahbaz but we will have to wind up in another seven minutes only seven minutes so I have to be much faster okay okay we are still in second point in my talk anyway okay but this is another problem is the model and the construction of the model. So as I said, maybe someone say it's not important that high scale, but in fact, no, because the universe started from very high energy and start to cool down and they get the mass, the particle was massless and then the symmetry is broken at TV scale or electric scale and then we got mass. So you need to be sure that the potential and the model is well, as well as supplies it so that you can really have successful scenario. This is really required something to cover with the hex to push it a little bit up. Since I'm late, so this is another evidence, the hex again is a big trouble for the standard model after we discovered the hex also has a bit of correction. So in one loop corrections for the electron, you got corrections of order log lambda. So lambda could be 10 to 19 or 10 to 16 GB, got scales still inside the log will give you percent, as you can see. However, now the hex is not protected and in fact the correction of order lambda square and therefore delta M H could be something really of order got scale or more something 10 to 15 GB. So you can imagine that three level of your hex is 100 GB, you make one loop corrections which you should be small correction to that, that three level you get 10 to 15 GB. This is called the hierarchy problem. We need to solve it by some new physics. But in a semi-climatar, anti-matter, semi-matter issue that cannot be explained in the standard model and you need physics to understand the model. There is plenty of other open questions in the standard model that require new physics like why we have this SU3 cross SU2 cross U1, we don't have just one symbol group. This is partial unification. Can we have just one unified theory for the whole interaction? There might not sign of the mass and the potential of the hex and the electric centrifuging that depend on this, how we can solve it and so on. Why we have three families and where is quantum, where is gravity? Is not involved at all in the standard model and we are just focused in electromagnetism and the nuclear forces. Now, let me, although I have no time, but in half minutes, let me summarize this part about the standard model. Maybe we can go to Pyan, at least we will have a message that standard model in our definition, it is really based on four dimension quantum field theory. So no five dimension, nothing exotic, just the four dimensional quantum field theory which is invariant under Lorentz and the one case century. The local century or the gauge century is SU3 cross SU2 cross U1. The particle content is point particles. We have the quarks, we have the electrons, we have everything represented by point particles and any relaxing for any of those definitions of the standard model, you make a new theory. We have no right-handed neutrino. We have just one hex doublet. We have no candles for dark matter. We have no gravity in the standard model. Let me now go through the directions beyond the standard model. In fact, you could go by relaxing all any of those definitions that I mentioned. You can extend the gauge group from three to one to something else, SU5 to 10 SU2 cross SU2 cross U1. You can go for hex sector for more than one hex doublet and in fact, most of the theories that we consider contains more than hex doublet. You can extend the matter like adding right-handed neutrino or any other quarks and leptons. You could explain the mass difference between particles in the standard model by assuming some new symmetry is called the flavor symmetry. You can extend this a full dimension to extra dimension and this is where it will give you reach theories which can explain different things. You can extend Lorentz symmetry with non-bosonic or fermionic generators. This is called super symmetry. The one I was planning to discuss. You could include gravity and then you could have super gravity. You could relax as a condition of having point particles although it creates a troubles in the quantization, especially quantization of gravity and you could have something like string theory. I saw in the questions or in the chat someone is asking about theory of everything and if super string can be that theory, I would tell him yes, it is a candidates but still in the under construction is not yet complete. Super symmetry in very, very quick... Sorry, Shabana, I'll have to interrupt again. We are really running out of time. Yes. Can I request you to please speed up? You finished? Yeah, I mean it was... Okay. Your time is already over but please... I didn't realize this but okay, let me take just one minute to give example of new physics. We understand the model which is super symmetry. Super symmetry is a kind of symmetry which you relate fermions to boson. So if you have quark then you create kind of new partners, fermionic super partners with this is half spin half. This is where this benzene we called S-square, electron with S-electron and so on but this theory is wonderful because of the Higgs. So instead of having one loop which was creating the diversions, quadratic diversions, you have now another loop from the partners and in fact cancel exactly the quadratic diversions and if super symmetry is exact it gives you just correction equals zero and if you break super symmetry you should break it carefully. There's a story so that you generate only logarithmic like what we did. Super symmetry also predicts something about the Higgs mass. This plot you remember the negative mass in the potential of the Higgs. Now in Suzy and in minimal super symmetric version of the standard model, you start with positive mass but due to the running from high scale from Suzy scale to electric scale one of them and play the role of breaking the symmetry and creating Higgs mechanism. Suzy also or the MSSM is really predicted the Higgs mass. The Higgs in the standard model is calculable with three level of order mz and at one loop of that order gauge coupling square. Everything is given by gauge coupling and top mass and soft stop square under the log. So if you calculate this you find the prediction and this to my knowledge that only fairly was making firm the prediction for the Higgs mass to be less than 130 GV. Sorry, Shavain, Shavain. It's discovered a little bit. Shavain? Yes. I'm really sorry we're already 10, 15 minutes above schedule. You must stop now. Okay. I'm really sorry but we have to stop. Okay, okay. At least I managed to show you that one of the extension of the standard model in the Suzy gave a prediction for the Higgs mass 130 GV and we discovered at LHSE was 125 GV. Okay, thank you. Thank you. Thank you. I'm really sorry but we're above time and the time was 20 minutes. So, okay.