 My dear students in America, the early labor movement harbored a conception of the just society. Now question arises, what is just? Just means a righteous society, a virtuous society, a society based on the principle of rule of law, equity and justice. Just society bane ke liye zeroori hai ke law majuud ho, rule of law majuud ho. Jab rule of law hoga to rights and duties johain wo determined hongi. Now question arises ke right kya hota hai? Right is basically an interest protected and granted by law. Sab se pehle ethics develop hota hai. Jab ethics ke saath sanction attach hojati hai to wo law banjata hai. To just society joh America me kaim hui hai uske piche law ki formulation ka bohot amaldakhal hai. The early labor movement harbored a conception of the just society, deriving from the Ricardian labor theory of value and from the republican ideals of the American Revolution. Which indeed fostered social equality, celebrated honest labor and relied on an independent virtuous citizenship. By the students in America, the transforming economic changes of industrial capitalism ran counter to laborer's wean. The result as early labor leaders saw it was to raise up to distinct classes, the rich and the poor in America. By the students beginning with the working men's parties of the 1830s, the advocates of equal rights mounted a series of reform efforts that spanned the 19th century in America. The most notable were the National Labor Union launched in 1866 and the Knights of Labor which reached its zenith in the mid 1880s. My dear students on the very onset these reform movements might have seemed at odds with trade unionism aiming as they did at the cooperative commonwealth rather than a higher wage, appealing broadly to all producers rather than strictly to wage workers and eschewing the trade union reliance on the strike and boycott. My dear students, trade unionism tended to the workers' immediate needs, labor reformed to their higher hopes. The two were held to be strands of a single movement rooted in a common working class constituency and to some degree sharing a common leadership in America. But equally important, they were strands that had to be kept operationally separate and functionally distinct in America. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed. Thank you.