 Hello everyone, I am Kanchan Khedikar working as an assistant professor in computer science and engineering department at Valtran Institute of Technology, Solar Board. Today I will discuss IPv4 and IPv6 comparison. So for this, we have some prerequisite. So learners should have good understanding of IPv4 protocol and IPv4 addressing. Learning outcomes. At the end of this session, student will be able to discuss IPv6 protocol and they will compare IPv4 with IPv6. Now let us start with the introduction to IPv6. IPv6 is the new version of internet protocol which is better than IPv4 in terms of complexity and efficiency. IPv6 is also called IPNG that means the internet protocol next generation and it is the newest version of the internet protocol. IPv6 has an address space of 128 bits or we can say that it is a 16 byte long. The address length in IPv6 is 4 times of the address length of IPv4. Actually, in IPv4 address space is 2 raise to power 32. Address space means the number of addresses allotted by the protocol. So 2 raise to power 32 is more than 4 billion. So more than 4 billion are addresses are allotted by IPv4. So we can imagine IPv6 allot 2 raise to power 128 addresses. This shows the IPv6 address space. Now here, total 120 bits are reserved for the addresses. IPv6 has 2 notations dotted decimal notation and colon hexadecimal notation. This figure shows dotted decimal notation which is same as that of the IPv4 dotted decimal notation. IPv6 provide colon hexadecimal notation which is like this. So here total 8 section which is separated by the colon special symbol. Now the new term that is address abbreviation which is provided by IPv6. IP address in hexadecimal format is very long just now we have seen. Many of the digits are in terms of zeros. So in this case, abbreviation of the address is used. Now in this abbreviation leading zeros of the sections can be omitted. For example, if the address is 0074 then it is represented as 74. Another example, if address is 00F then it is represented by F, these three leading zeros are omitted. Similarly, if there is a 0000 in address then the first three addresses are omitted and only zero is remain. But note that suppose the address is like 3210 it cannot be abbreviated because there is no any leading zero. The next important topic is zero compression. This zero compression is applied to the colon hexadecimal notation. If there are consecutive sections consist of zeros only then the zeros are removed and replaced by double semicolon. For example, suppose this is an address which is FDEC colon 4 times zeros that means the four colon or four sections are separated by the colon. Then the next is after the colon BBFF and colon 0 colon FFFF. Then such type of addresses are represented by like this. That means here four zeros separated by colon is converted into double semicolon. So the address will be FDEC double colon BBFF colon 0 colon FFFF. This is known as zero compression which is provided by only IPv6 addresses. Now let us see the mix representation. Mix representation is nothing but the combination of colon hexadecimal notation and dotted decimal notation. This is appropriated during the transmission period in which an IPv4 address is embedded in an IPv6 address. Now in this mix representation colon hex notation for the leftmost six section and the dotted decimal notation for the rightmost four byte. Now let us see in this example these six sections are separated by hexadecimal notation that means colon hexadecimal notation whereas these four bytes are denoted by dotted decimal notation. So this IPv6 provide or it provide the combination of hexadecimal as well as dotted decimal notation which is known as mix representation. Suppose these six sections are zero zero then this address is represented by double semicolon and the remaining rightmost four bytes are as it is. So this is the mix representation. Now the next topic is cider notation. IPv6 uses the hierarchical addressing. Hence IPv6 allow classless addressing and cider notation. Cider notation it is classless interdomain routing. Look at this address fdec double colon double semicolon then bbff colon zero colon ffff slash 60 whereas here 60 represent the number of bits present in prefix. This gives us a number of class or the address. Now this is a question show the abbreviation for the following address total four addresses are given. Now write down the abbreviation of this these questions. For the first question is zero colon zero colon fff double colon because here are total five zeros or the five sections are nothing but the zeros. So that is why it denoted like double colon. Then for the next the solution is 1 2 3 4 colon 2 3 4 6 double colon 1 1 1 1. For the next address the solution is 0 colon 1 double colon 1 2 0 0 colon 1 0 0 0. For the next D the solution is double colon ffff colon 24 dot 123 dot 12 dot 6. Now look at the D this is the combination of hexadecimal colon hexadecimal notation and dotted decimal notation whereas it is represented in the in this way. Now let us see a very important topic that is address space. Address space is nothing but the number of addresses provided by the protocol. So IPv6 provide 2 raise to power 128 addresses. So it is 2 raise to power 96 times of the IPv4 addresses. So it is huge IPv4 provided 2 raise to power 32 that means what more than 4 billion address spaces. So we can imagine 2 raise to power 128 address space how big number it is. So definitely there is no address depletion problem. Now let us see the difference between IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 has 32 bit address length, IPv6 has 128 bit address length. In IPv4 address representation is in decimal format that means we can say the dotted decimal format but in IPv6 there is the hexadecimal notation format. In IPv4 fragmentation performed by sender and forwarding by the router whereas in IPv6 fragmentation is performed by only sender. IPv4 has broadcast message transmission scheme whereas IPv6 has multicast and any cast message transmission scheme. IPv4 has header of 20 to 60 byte whereas IPv6 has fixed header of 40 bytes. In IPv4 end-to-end connection integrity is unachievable whereas in IPv6 end-to-end connection integrity is achievable. Then the last difference in IPv4 checksum field is available whereas in IPv6 checksum field is not available that means in the header format this checksum field is not available. Now let us see the benefits of IPv6. IPv6 offers the various improvement over the IPv4. IPv6 is more efficient routing without fragmenting the packet. IPv6 provides the built-in quality of service that distinguishes the delay sensitive packet. IPv6 eliminates the NAT concept because there is an extension of address space from 32 to 128 bits. It provides the network layer security which is built-in in IPv6. IPv6 provides the stateless address auto-configuration for easier network administration. IPv6 improve the header structure with the latest processing overhead. So in this video we have studied what actually IPv6, address space of IPv6, then the comparison of IPv6 with IPv4 and the benefits of IPv6. These are the references. Thank you.