 So this is the first webinar of this session, the first of this series and we are starting with the Asia, Southeast Asia and China. So Southeast Asia is home, we know to enrich diversity of ingenious animal genetic resource, which is essential for food system sustainability, food security and poverty alleviation for millions of people in the regions and is really carrying a lot of animals which are known for the adaptive state, which include tolerance to disease, pest, heat, stress, feed and water shortage, etc. And it is good genetic resources to build on to ensure that we can ensure food security in the regions and conservation of this replaceable genetic resource therefore becomes highly critical in Southeast Asia or in Asia in general if we are to continue benefiting from this rich diversity of animal genetic resources especially in the face of climate change and this could be achieved through an integrated approach which consider both in situ and exit to conservation strategies. So this webinar is in fact preparatory to a regional web lab bio banking training that we will be planning aiming to present and familiarize participants with the gene bank operations, crowd conservation and restorations of local poultry, cattle and pigs, genetic resources. Using the stem cell technologies, what CTLGH, Rosling Institute and ILRI has been working on and to contribute to straighten capacity for conservation practices and sustainable use of local animal genetic resources. And this is to be done under the auspices of CTLGH and the different programs, different partners, institutions and it will guide the bio banking program to really identify the key players and the species or bridge of interest to be able to design effective regional crowd conservation for cattle, pig and poultry genetic resources in the regions using the stem cell technologies. So for this webinar we have a speaker today, John Bocha from F.A.O. and Tham from Cambodia. I think Prof Cook from Vietnam may contribute by giving a few talk on the status of poultry genetic resources in Vietnam. Then we have also John Hu from Rosling Institute, Tham Borden from Rosling Institute as well, so that we have a global approach on the conservations of animal genetic resources in our region. So Tham, Paul Bocha from F.A.O. is an animal production officer and has been working with F.A.O. from around 14 years where he's supporting conservations of animal genetic resources and he has also worked with IAEA, Divisions of Nuclear Techniques and Food and Agriculture at the headquarter of the International Atomic Energy and the primary activity of his work is to support country to implement a global plan of action for animal genetic resources with particular emphasis on conservations and applications of biotechnologies. And this is the reason why Tham was to join us. Unfortunately, she shared the presentation because there has been another emergency this afternoon, but we are going to share the screen and we listen all together what Tham has to discuss with us before we move to the next presenter. So allow me to move to the presentation just a minute. Can you see Tham's presentation? Hello. Sorry, Christian, now we're talking about now. We are supposed to, no, this is supposed to be Paul, Paul. Yeah, you keep on saying, Tham. Oh, sorry, Paul. The two names are so close. I'm trying to load his presentation just a minute for us to see. Sorry, one day, can you, do you have that presentation? Can you, are you able to load it? Did you share with me the presentation? I think Paul shared with us. Okay, let me check maybe if Tham. No, it's not in my inbox. I don't know. Let me just try to fix it. Christian, do you want Paul to share their own screen so that they have control of the presentation? Yes, he will be able to share. Yeah, I think just let them have access to and then... Yeah, Paul has had an emergency just few minutes ago. That's why he shared the presentation, but that's why I'm trying to load for us to have a look at that. You have it? Yes, now it's physical. Yeah. Good day, everyone. I am Paul Petruy from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in Rome. I'd like to thank the organizers for inviting me to speak on the new FAO guidance for the management and engineering resources. Why are animal genetic resources important? Well, livestock for an essential part is the biological basis for world food security. In addition, around one billion people rely directly on livestock for a major proportion of their livelihoods. A diverse resource base is critical to eradicate world hunger. Livestock genetic diversity allows for adaptation of populations to current and future environmental constraints, including both proposed by climate and changes in the production environment of markets. Genetic diversity also provides the raw material for breeders to make genetic improvements. Therefore, this collection of livestock genetic diversity is internationally good, and there is a logical role for the UN in the form of to support global coordination. As far as the roles and responsibilities of FAO, in general, they can be described as collaborating with member countries to support country-driven efforts to implement the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources. The Global Plan of Action is a policy donkey. It is the only internationally developed and adopted plan to improve the management of the world's animal genetic resources. It was endorsed by FAO members at their conference in 2007 and then reaffirmed in 2017. The Global Plan of Action contains 23 different strategic priorities for action, which aim to address current and future challenges to the livestock. These 23 priorities are assigned to four strategic priority areas, characterization between monitoring, sustainable use and development, and conservation. These are all under umbrella of actions on policies, institutions, and the past. For additional responsibilities, FAO oversees the monitoring of the status of the GPA implementation, reporting on this every five years. FAO also monitors the state of the animal genetic resources itself based on data provided to countries. FAO also raises awareness and promotes animal genetic resources issues internationally. FAO also works to establish or strengthen international information sharing, research, and education. I'll give a more detailed example of information sharing through our tool, DATAS, the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. DATAS serves as an interface for the global database of livestock breeds, as you can see the URL above. It contains information on nearly 9,000 different breeds from 37 different species groups of traditional livestock and poultry, as well as information of man and women. DATAS allows countries to document the presence of livestock breeds and species and their wild relatives, and to describe their characteristics. It serves as the Convention of Biological Diversity's clearinghouse mechanism for animal genetic resources, and it is also the source of data for a sustainable development goal in the case of 2.5.1 breed and 2.5.2, which address X-C2 and N-C2 conservation inspector. This slide shows three different screenshots of DATAS, including the homepage, an example of a breed data sheet, and a demonstration that DATAS can be used to generate graphs and tables. FA also promotes international cooperation and developed partnerships among countries and non-state accrues. We also help to build capacity within countries through training workshops organized either by file or by other stakeholders, such as the workshops that we are attending today. FA provides technical support to country in a matter of different ways, including implementing and backstopping projects, development of international technical standards and protocols, and the preparation of technical guidance. Among the strategic priorities of the Global Plan of Action is to develop international technical standards and protocols. This is important because some countries may lack the knowledge or familiarity with the most effective and up-to-date methods and protocols for the management of animal genetic resources. Also, the application of standardized approaches facilitates information sharing, comparison, and evaluation implementation across countries. Therefore, FAO has collaborated with experts from around the world to develop a collection of technical guidance. This slide here shows an example of 10 guidelines that we have developed in the past. They are split across the different strategic priority areas, as well as one guideline of national action plans, which covers all four. Most of these guidelines were developed soon after the adoption of the Global Plan of Action in 2007, but they remain fully applicable. However, in other instances, technology advance rapidly, so that updating the guidelines has been warned. For example, in cryoconservation of gene-banking of livestock, genomics reproductive ziology and cryobiology are more important, and there have been major advancements over the last 10 years or so. Also, more and more we see a trend towards the utilization of gene-banking material for management of in-situ populations, rather than the past trend of having gene-banking mainly to support the constitution of the distinct agreements. There have also been great advances in molecular genetic characterization, once again in genomics, as well as the analog methods to the diet of the day. Therefore, FAO has recently developed new guidelines on these topics. This slide shows the cover pages of these two new guidelines, which have been available online since mid-January. We are currently not intending to prepare hard-copy pages. For some background on the Innovations in Cryoconservation guideline in 2016 to 2020, FAO was a partner in the European Union Horizon 2020 Research Project called IMAGE. IMAGE is a short version for Innovative Management Animal Genetic Resources. IMAGE generated numerous research results for improving quantum cryoconservation programs. One of the deliverables of IMAGE was an assessment of the previous FAO guidelines on cryoconservation and the proposal of contents for an updated version. Scientists from IMAGE partner institutions served as co-authors of the new guidelines with authors from each chapter being matched with authors from IMAGE scientists to ensure a global perspective. Then scientists from the Nordic Genetic Resources Center, also known as NORDGEN, served with me as co-authors of the document. Regarding its contents, it first started this chapter on developing a gene bank strategy, which is based on considering a cryoconservation goal, matching it in the context of the overall program for management of genetic resources within the country, and also considering emphasizing the need to interact with stakeholders. Section two is on implementation organization, and in particular emphasizes quality management and adoption quality management systems, who improve the efficiency of gene banking between satisfied clientele. Chapter three is on the choice of biological material, and talks about the choice of using semen, embryos, oocytes, and other types of cells for the different species. Section four is on economics of gene banking, and looks at doing cost-benefit analysis to prepare gene bank collection strategies. Section five is only developing in use of collections, but looks at the numbers needed as well as the utilization of genomic approaches for management of gene bank collections. Section six gives details on procedures for cryoconservation of germ-clasin tissue for different tissues in different species. Section seven is on sanitary issues, because it's very important to ensure that we're not cryopreserving pathogens along with our genetic resources. Section eight is on databases and documentation. The information describing samples in the gene bank are nearly as important as the samples themselves. Section nine is on legal issues, because gene banking involves exchange of genetic material among different owners, and in the case where these materials would cross country lines, the goya protocol may also be important to us. In section 10 is on capacity building and training of the gene. With regard to genomic characterization, FAO has a long history of cooperation with international society genetic resources, to international society for animal genetics, better known as ISA. In fact, there is an ISAG FAO advisory group on animal genetic diversity, which is the standing committee of ISA. Members of this advisory group have led the development of previous FAO guidelines. This started nearly 30 years ago with guidelines on the measurement of domestic animal diversity. In 2004, this group recommended standardized sets of micro-satellite markers for several different species. And in 2011, members of the group served as editors of the FAO guideline on molecular characterization of animal genetic resources. Following this trend, current and past members of the advisory group also served as editors for these new guidelines, and the authors were also generally members of ISA. As for the contents, these guidelines start with an introduction, which gives a justification for genomic characterization, and looks at the history and future process for formality characterization of genetic resources. The next chapter is the basics, which goes over the upstream planning that is required for genomic characterization study. Chapter three is on genomic tools and methods, and looks at aspects such as using SNP chips, genotyping by sequencing, whole genome sequencing, and imputation of genomic data. It also gives a step-by-step approaches for developing data analysis. Section four is on the applications of genomics, and gives an overview of the various methods and software for looking for estimating genetic diversity within population, and then comparing genetic diversity across populations. It also reviews applications such as searching for selection signatures, and genome-wide association studies. In addition to these chapters, there is also some main conclusions and recommendations, as well as appendices on specific topics. So in conclusion, animal genetic resources are important, global public good for food security. FAO members have an intergovernmental process for assessing the management of global animal genetic resources, which is guided by the global plan of action for animal genetic resources. FAO provides technical assistance to countries and monitors the status of animal genetic resources. FAO has recently produced two new guidelines one on cryoconservation and another on genomic characterization, and they have been made available online since the journey. The URL for these two guidelines are shown here, and this presentation will be shared among participants. With that, I'd like once again to thank the organizers and thank the participants for their attention. Okay, thank you. Thank you very much, Paul, for this wonderful presentation and producing to us the different guidelines that are newly produced by the FAO on cryoconservations of animal genetic resources, molecular crystallizations. And this is a good support also for us and to ensure that what we'll be doing on the field is really the writing and also to contribute building the capacities of staff, technical staff on the field. And we really hope that with Paul's current position as a Secretary of the Governmental Technical Working Group for animal genetic resources, this is within the Commission of Genetic Resource of the FAO, we should be able to really accelerate and support countries and regions to ensure that we have sustainable conservations of animal genetic resources. So our next presenter is from Cambodia. This is Femme from NAFRI, and Femme is currently Vice Chief of the Animal Breeding and Genetic Lab. And with his experience working on the genomics, he has been working for a good time in Thailand also when he was focusing on gene expression profile, codifying for his stress and growth in different Thai-native chicken. And he's also, he has been with NAFRI since 2017 where he's supporting bull frozen cement production and establishing a genomic lab unit and developing the equipment and facilities and training. And he's now working on also on the PhD program to ensure to study genetic structure of growth fitness and resilient trade in local animal genetic resources in Cambodia. And today he will be sharing with us what he captured as local and animal genetic resources in Southeast Asia. Please, Femme, you have the floor. Okay, so good afternoon everyone and may I say good evening from Cambodia because now, yes, half past 17 in Cambodia. Okay, so today it's my pleasure to be a panelist for the online veneer bear on regional strategies for bio banking of animal genetic resources in Asia. And it's also my pleasure to share about animal genetic resources in Southeast Asia case of poetry, Carol and pigs. So, and I'm here today on behalf of my director, Dr. Tom Stira, as he has his important task regarding animal health topics. So here today of my presentation, so I will describe about mainly on external characteristic of Cambodian native animal genetic resources. And before I go to the detail of the main part of the presentation, let me tell you a brief about the description of Southeast Asia regions. So here is Southeast Asia that the land area is 4.5 million kilometers square. And the population is 675 million. The Battle of Southeast Asia, the North by East Asia, West by South Asia and Bay of Bengal is of Ossena and the Pacific Ocean and South by Australia and the Indian Ocean. And here is Cambodia maps that really located on a very good landscape of Southeast Asia. And Southeast Asia climate is mainly a tropical climate with plenty of rainfall except north turn of Vietnam that has a short term of cold weather. And in Southeast Asia, some of the country used to be under colonization of China, Europe's countries, Japan, India and Africa. And why I mentioned about colonization because some because the colonization may really affect the local animal genetic resources. And the main religious of Southeast Asia mostly is Islam and following by Buddhism, Christianity and other religious. According to the data from FBO, around 60% of the local or world biodiversity is unknown, mainly in developing countries. And according to this, some of the species also under critical and also already extinct. Just to capture you about the importance of livestock production in Southeast Asia or mainly for our smallholder in Cambodia. The importance of local livestock mainly cattle, pig and chicken, really important for our daily life because in Southeast Asia we still use the cattle as a drug power, transportation. And all pig, cattle and egg is a good source of protein that provides meat, meal and eggs. And it's especially for the poor family to get protein consumption. More than as an organic fertilizer from the manuals, livestock production really maintain the soy's quality and it contribute to recover the soy erosion for agricultural production, all types of crops. And livestock production is the source of capital income generations. And mainly it raise the value of the women's because the women can raise livestock and the activity during livestock production does not affect the gender's capacities. Livestock provides the material for daily life like clothes and other materials. And in Southeast Asia it's really important because livestock represents our culture and social activity and especially in Cambodia the people always connect our daily life to the livestock like catalyzing, cockfighting and we also please the pig and chicken to our ancestor or our god. And it's really important to keep livestock to be important and to keep it until until now. So today as I mentioned earlier I will say I use the information of native animal resources in Cambodia that is mainly in chicken, pig and cattle. So according to the references, according to the references, so there are eight referencing that name by the existing information. So here's the description of the breed and the meaning of each breed it's referred to our I think I do believe that around the world especially in developing countries the people the local people name their animal breed based on the external characteristic. So likely in Cambodia so each meaning of the breed here's the meaning that they're really based on the external characteristic like here's really referred to rectangle fold and here's a large body size so it's named after ceiling seat and here it has bear fitter so the name based on the fitter and here also based on the fitter type and here also the based on the fitter type except for the last one it referred to fighting cock. And here the special characteristic of our native chickens that we have yellow skin and we have the dominant one is yellow same color and white colors and but now we are like we are in the amateur population level due to improper conservation of the breed of establishment of a proper breeding program and here I mean like about the black plumage fitter that our local people always need it for to please our the deity of God because black fitter represents the evil god so that's why this black fitter is main one it's really important for our local people according to the research by FAO so regardless of the name of the breed the characteristic of quantitative trait mainly in body weight and strangling our local populations were different in different agroecology call zone like here you see that the body weight and the strangling significantly different between costals central plain and highland area so according to my synthetic article there is a connection between genetic and phenotypic characteristics not likely the name of the chickens and most phenotypic and genetic characteristic illustrated different rank in different agroecological zones so even though we have a reference breeds but they are just different based on the external characteristic but maybe and another quantitative traits they are the same group of genetic resources but they are really important interesting study by Nishiburi ar-226 that our Cambodian native chicken resources they are the similar frequency of internal characteristic to those in Southeast Asia namely mainly Thai Thailand Vietnam Myanmar and Malaysia except the black plumage color that we slightly higher than and also the heterocyclic gold of a wild type and black plumage color also high to those in Southeast Asia and this confirmed by the recent study by renair ar-222 that Cambodian chicken population has very high diversity and we have highest numbers of earlier comparing to our neighboring country in Southeast Asia so let me move to the external characteristic of our genetic peaks so according to the reference breeds from the existing information from our previous researchers and also from the local knowledge there are five main breeds of our local peaks like here's the name and here's the the meaning of the name similar to chickens the name of the local breed referred to the external characteristic and the body size and the characteristic of the face and the ear and here is the important characteristic of our local peak so we have a red type that's small size and a small ear and straight face and here's the breed and here is our local breed as well the name similar to this one but it has a coat color similar to the wild pig but the researcher mentioned that it's not a wild pig it already a local pig already and here is the characteristic that's similar to Hainan's breed that we also found in Cambodia with the why why belly why belly yes and here is another breed but now these breeds we could not see anymore it's called Dombray, Dombray means elephants it has a medium body size and a loop and also face resembled of the elephant but we could not see it anymore right now so here is the photo done by myself that because when I did my bachelor degree I did the experiment with the local pig in one region of Cambodia so here is the different external characteristic of our local pigs that it's not different from the previous one so most of them has a small body size a straight face and straight short ears and also the coat color black wild type, a white belly and we don't have a pendulance bag most of them has a straight back but it is confirmed by the group of researchers again in 2006 that this one is very special characteristic of our local pig country why because it is done country why so all of them has like in number two in number two it has a it called a black pig with white belly it's a high nans breed type and number three and number four the black local pig looks called pigs with y legs and horizontal ears sorry not car ears and number five the y short ear pig with black spots because we have black spot on the coat colors and number one and number six it is the black short ear pig number one and number six it's similar to the previous one that I already saw on the previous slide and number seven it is a wild type local pig that it has an acuity short ear pig with black spots and let me move to the external characteristic of the locality cat tolls so according to the existing information and also the document that I can found also the local knowledge so there are one there are two types of really like local they are you can say that sure an interpret if one is called go gondola I mean a coconut and coconut and this one is really our specific specific local type and we can see the picture here here is the characteristic of the picture of the first one it is called the gondola of coconut it means red or crab it refers to the small body size like red and short straight here and crab it refers to the color of the crab that it's similar to our local cat tolls and we still can find here at the roof wall areas country wise but I will show you later with the next slide what is the important of this bit what is the special point of this bit and another type is called gopnum it means a mountainous cat toll this type is really a sure local pig as well but we could not find it anymore because mountainous cat toll it has medium size or big size around 300 to 500 kilograms most big cat toll can be found at the mountainous area and mostly our local farmer use it for ploughing and ploughing for transportation due to the modernization of the agricultural machinery so that's why this bit could not react now in Cambodia another type is cross bridge so there are two types of cross bridge it called a cross bridge and vice cross bridge cat toll so around in 19th century Cambodian bring the Indian bridge to Cambodian with the segments, artificial insemination with segment from India that namely Brahman and Harijana so most of our local bridge has this type of color cross bridge and white cross bridge and we can see country by as well mainly in the central plain and lower Mekong regions but our local people also name it like we call for color cross bridge we call that refer to the large or medium size of the cat toll with gray, white, yellow and pale yellow or black colors and we have another type of cross bridge it is white cross bridge and we name it Koh Thun Le it means river cat toll that we can find along the river of Thun Le Saab and Mekong rivers this one is specifically white colors and until now we have Brahman and Harijana as well and it really 100% similar to the original bridge of Brahman and Harijana so here is the different of our local bridge so here is as I mentioned earlier that we have this type of cat toll country wide but from my study or from my research like we have different coat color like the cat toll in the mountainous area the coat color is a bit fly red but in lower Mekong regions the color of the cat toll is quite red yes the red color is stronger than in mountainous area and here is the picture of a cross bridge cat toll and here's is the picture of we could not say a pure Brahman but they are really like a pure Brahman in Cambodia and it's very interesting by my personal study it just is not 100% standard analysis but I done it at IAAFBO in Austria so it found that this cat toll really high diversity because it's very high in heterozygote allele and also number of allele also high but the genetic distance between the bridge is they are not so different except for Brahman comparing to local reds and local whites they also the study by the group of research in 2006 that they are quite characteristic of our local cat toll here is the mountainous cat toll that bring to Swat Tahao in Phnom Penh the capital of Cambodia and let it be either a typical native cat toll yellow with the color yellow brown and it represent in north eastern Cambodia and here's the bull of Indian bridge and here also the specific characteristic of our local cat toll that it's resemble the hybrid of band tanks and local cat toll that we also found in north eastern of Cambodians and here is a male hybrid between band tanks and cat and local cat toll at Phnom Tamalsu of Cambodians of Cambodians national zoo so as you mentioned as you know that the foundation of genetics it affected by genetic factor and environment and environmental factor so our local genetic resources really affected by the animal migration factor because every day the commercial breed imported to Cambodia both are all type of live cat or live chickens or live pig on beyond with the commercial business and it really important that with the crossbreed as well a lot of insumination a lot of artificial insemination done by bringing the commercial breed segment to insuminate with our local animal especially the cat toll and another factor is about a pre-selection that the not only cat toll or all type of our local livestock pig cat toll and chicken that can be survived until now due to the human preference the breed that has got market demands has may have a large percent in the country like example the yellow skin or the yellow shang of the native chickens the consumer really distinctly identify the native breed when they see the yellow shang or yellow skin of the chickens and for the pig as well they really want the local pig for roasted pork because roasted pork has very good market in Cambodia now so they really want the local type because the local type has tasty meat and the cat toll as well the local cat toll really easy to manage because they are resistant to internal parasites and infectious disease and also the small body size of the local cat toll also good for our menu as well because in Cambodia people also consume a roasted roasted calf so local cat toll really fit to this type of business that's why our local resources really affected or can be maintained until now due to the pre-selection that based on the preference of the markets it doesn't mean like we have the pre-selection program yet in Cambodia so another factor is the genetic factor like in Cambodia as we can see like we have a lot of bad events regarding infectious diseases like avian influenza outbreak and african swine fever especially african fever really affected our local pig populations because it really happened with the major impacts in the country wise but until now we can now we can manage already but when it happened it really affected our the local populations another factor regarding genetic drift it it referred to the land okay I think I would not say about it it really interesting about the local genetic resources in Cambodia because in these regions in this region northeastern of Cambodia and we can see the local genetic resources of chicken, pig and cat holes because most of them are local they are minor electricity groups so they raise a bit far from the capital city and then they can keep or they can maintain the local genetic resources better than the area that close to the development zones so challenges to conservation of our local genetic resources in Cambodia are similar to another developing Southeast Asia countries so we lack of 62 conservation station and breeding station we lack of skill and facility in institute conservation we have the policy to support the local genetic or to improve the local genetics of animals but we really need a fully support fund and to see the action that Cambodian can conserve those types of original pigs we really need our local people or other related stakeholders to understand to care about this matter so we need ongoing program ongoing training and extension programs we need to establish conservation and breeding programs in countries and to be done this we really need the international agency support because international agency support like every old gallery or Rosalind City would really like have done a lot of good work with another country and we do believe that international agency can move us to achieve the exit to or institute conservation of our genetic resources we could not say about the climate change factor because climate change really affects the biodiversity especially the livestock so climate change also the challenge is to conserve our local genetic resources so here the friends for my today presentation and thank you for your attention and I'm happy for any questions from all the participants yeah thank you thank you so much friend for that very informative presentations on the different breed of poultry pig and cattle and you know with a tropical poultry genetic solution which is already having some activities in Cambodia Vietnam and Myanmar this is a very good resource to ensure that we are really targeting what is key on the ground the same will happen with the African and Asian originate again for the breeds of cattle that we have presented and on which populations rely mostly for their daily nutrition etc and also for the whole CG seeing what is coming from the pig and pig diversity and where we can how we can conserve them so this is really very important and we hope in collaboration with iris rosaline and FAO applying the different tools we should be able to support the country in the cloud conservations and sustainable development of these animal genetic resources thank you very much our next presenter we have a professor cook who accepted graciously to give us a talk on the state of conservation of poultry genetic resources in Vietnam both are you there christian so we have a few question in the question answer box so can we answer now or we wait to the question answer sessions we can go to the question answer sessions before we we take all the question at once to manage our time efficiently yes so i i still have i still have time yeah good afternoon everyone good evening everyone can i share the man the screen please yes please you can share your screen can you see the screen now yes we see it now you can put it on presentation mode yeah yes thank you thank you uh thank you prof cook for accepting to make this presentation on very short notice and we are sure we learn a lot from you prof is vice director general of national institute of animal science in vietnam and she is responsible for international corporation animal biotechnologies national breeding and genetic program and biosecurity for food safety and she has also been working with as a national coordinator for the domestic animal resources in vietnam and in collaborating with a lot of institutions as consultants so prof thank you very much and you have the floor yeah okay thank you very much for the introduction so um good afternoon good evening every year participants uh so have you can you put your presentation mode okay yeah i think that was better so if you can if you already know us that we have uh now we have a total population is 90 almost 99 million people and uh and in vietnam we as uh intro in we are of the cultural country so with uh a direct agriculture uh consists of 18 percent in with the 70 percent population is based on agriculture and agriculture contributes about 18 percent GDP uh in which animal production consists about uh 26.5 percent in agriculture production and in which the contribution of animal productions was about uh five percent of GDP and now we talk very briefly on state of conservation of poultry sanitary resources in vietnam so if you you can see here uh that we are very diversifies in animal sanitary resources including big chickens the buffalo and all of the animal distributed through vietnam and you can see that vietnam is a very long country and in with chickens at all also located most of the chicken located in the north of vietnam and very few chicken is located in the south of vietnam and um or they all also located in the center of vietnam so now if you look at the total total populations total breeds of vietnamese local breeds you can see here that the the chicken we have about 30 breeds following by um following by duck with the nine breeds and uh here and also if we look at the pig we also have 24 big breeds so in vietnam most of the animal we keep that is a chickens and pig so now if we look at the livestock populations that we can see here for the poultry we have 525 million uh chickens and the total population population trend now is increasing so it means that that most people they keep the chickens during the day and for the pig we have only 20 23 um millions the pigs and uh very very little buffalo and cattle compared to poultry and pig so now what is the status of the vietnamese local breeds so you can see here that we have about 21 breeds is in the critical status and nine breeds and eight breeds now is in in dangers and we also have one breed already extinction and um with the normal breed we have about 60 breeds with now they uh increase things they are uh uh developing a lot and many uh breeds this breed keep in the farm so now if we look at the conservation program so from 1990 vietnamese government they will also focus on the conservation program as the national level and um that they call the national program for animal scientific resources conservation with the one supported by the ministry of agricultural and rural development and the second one also but a big program uh it started for a long time ago i think that it's already 12 years already that is a national program on explorations and use of animal scientific resources this one is funded by ministry of science and technology and uh besides it's uh two big programs uh at the proven level they also have a local program for animal scientific resources conservation so uh in total we have three programs to conserve the animal also poultry's and thickly sources at the different level and with a different funding so now for the conservation program what what we do that if we do institutes conservation in this one we start to keep the life animal in separate where it's come from and we also bring it to the station uh to record the productivity to keep the scientific resources and for the x2 conservation for the chicken we have not yet done in vietnam most of the x2 conservation we are doing mainly focused on pig and on pig we conserve the somatic cell this one is funded by f.a.l project two years ago and we keep the dna pig this one is we also funded by the japanese government through the zika projects zika projects and we also keep semen we also keep the osis incorporation with the zapan's government and now now we also but it's so sad for in pig cloning this technology we can manage very well so um i think that for the conservations if we look at the x2 conservations the chicken we have not yet done but the pig conservation videos a lot of activities so now if we look at the zenithic diversity of vietnamese local chickens uh in the context of global uh context so we uh this result is done in germany and when i do my psd and we include the 13 vietnamese local chickens and more than 50 um chicken breeds come from the different productions and also uh production and uh different continents so if we can see here that if vietnamese local chicken have cluster very close to the rest jungle fowl uh this result is so meaning that it could be the vietnamese have a high diversity compared to another chicken breed come from the different continent and different production system so if you can see here you can see uh that's the africans this one is the africans that in breed chicken breed is in between and this one is european breed it's really um classed with the different branches and this one is a chinese breed and which is very close to vietnamese chicken breeds and also for red rung fowl so from this result we can see that we can see that the vietnamese local chicken it could be uh um uh we can see the result that the vietnamese could be the domestic caisson blade areas of the chicken so therefore we will also continue to research on another marker to see the original um to see the original from the vietnamese chicken compared to another breed so we can see with mtdna chicken uh analysis and we we also see that vietnamese local chicken is classed into the different class which is assumed that um come that assumes that the domestic caisson blade so it means that the vietnamese it means that vietnam is also one of the condom medications of the chicken over the world so so then we look at the conservation potential and extinction property based on semina uh at all two thousand and two thousand so we can see uh in this one that we estimate the conservation potential and extinction property based on the the genetic diversity and based on the uh uh social and the economic factors so we we also can found that um the vietnamese local chicken have a high genetic diversity and we also find out that the uh two breed uh have a higher extinction and when we come by the um extinction property together with expected diversity to estimate the conservation potential and we can see that um uh two chicken one is this one uh that is their chicken and this one is chickens and um the other three uh the third one that don't tell chickens this one they have a high conservation potential so from this result we assume that if the national policy we have a very low or very few the budget to conserve the chicken which one it should be put in concert um to keep maximize genetic diversity of the uh national total genetic diversity of the chicken in vietnam so if we can see here uh that's it the third chicken this one is uh very low leg and uh don't tell chicken and actually can three chicken breed is it should be concert and so therefore that is the result we already um we already dance together with the german partner uh in 2010 uh and here is some pictures of vietnamese local chicken breeds uh and also have a duck breed so so mainly i think that for the poultry conservation in vietnam if we look at the institute conservation we can do a lot of things from 1990 until now we all away continue to conserve the chicken population if they have limitations of the number um but uh for the cryo conservations of vietnamese poultry chicken we have not vietnamese news tool i think that due to the budget is very limited uh and um of course the the osis of the embryo uh conservation is made very high technology and we uh we support to to apply this method uh to conserve the uh poultry chicken's integrity sausage in vietnam uh we can do also in the past we can conserve the the steam cell as we can conserve the semen we can conserve the embryo or also osis uh from thick that one is supported by everywhere or supported from japan uh from jaika project in japanese government on uh but for the chicken we have not yet get the support so i hope that in this project we can support vietnam to apply the technology to conserve uh to cryo conserv for the other poultry anything uh the resources in vietnam so that is uh also my uh presentation for today and thank you very much for your attention oh thank you thank you very much proof and that is wonderful trying telling us exactly where we need to go in terms of prioritizations and of genetic resources poultry as we mentioned is still to start for the cryo preservation and this is what i think uh rosling institute illy city h and the tpgs together with you should be putting in some effort to make sure that uh we also advance with this poultry conservation of this poultry genetic uh resources thank you proof thank you very much uh i don't know wonder this level of the presentation is it possible to take one or two questions before we move to the next presenter um yes uh christian but i think the presenter especially fame is answering his questions i don't know if those people who are uh raising the question have already seen them but he's already doing it okay good thanks yeah good thank you and thank you very much uh uh pro for that presentations and i think the query we are raising on the conservations of poultry genetic resources using the stem cells is what is going to be shared by uh june from rosling institute june are you there yeah can you hear me okay yeah if you can hear you thank you very much so while june is sharing his claim uh let me introduce him he's a researcher he's a scientist at the rosling institute an invention of edambo where he obtained his PhD and he has brought knowledge on research experience in research experience in avian immunology and virology and he specialized in bio banking of avian species using primordial germ cells and this dialogue which has efficiently established bio banking system which involved phrasing cultural pgc and embryonic reproductive tissue and transferring the crowd preserve primordial germ cells to the genetically engineered sterile surrogate host with uh mic micro in the mic micro steam so the ingenious pgc in this ecospasinal surrogate host can be ablated uh it means through injections we can obtain 100 percent for donor primordial germ cell transmission and this system can either be male or female birth and surrogate host and cut the time a number of birth required for generic to degenerate pure progeny when restoring the crowd conserved material so thank you very much June for accepting to make these presentations and to bring more light and more guidance to where we need to go in the southeast asia regarding poultry bio banking using the stem cell technology please June you have the floor oh thank you very much yeah i'm getting from uh rosling my sound is okay yeah so i'm basically talking about the bio banking pgc species so crowd preservation pgc species has been very highly developed in several uh aspects including the commercial breeding company and also i've mentioned earlier uh for uh in partnering and also the research one and also before this uh we only do uh skills except for the wild animals so typically typically uh county maintain avian species just like so we call uh crop is that the eggs are difficult and freezing demon for a short time is okay for long term is possible you can see here this picture is before the freezing uh the demon samples we see a few uh dead sperms showing red after freezing more red cells dead appearing in the same example in one of our experiment we've freeze down the thousands of the amber line uh after freezing chat fertility of the female you can see some for each we get some good fertility which 50 percent but for some for each for some line you can see variable fertility gets zero percent bring back the pure he can bring from the uh semen a pretty similar sample that take a 10 generation breeding doesn't need uh almost five years to do that so that's the time consuming task so conservation of the primordial germ cells the class is a captive new semester so here's show what is the promotion pgc pgc present in the uh blossom when the delay so and then the market when the animal developed here so there's a picture of the uh pgc they labeled with the chlp label so they come from uh uh jeff uh reporter so one of the uh vessels long and then the pgc algorithm along the blood vessel so here the movie show the ring the month along the blood vessel and then actually the reach to their destination gona so you can see their side side gona well here and then the numbers it value i can see for sale in the umbrook brain and then sales uh at the uh semen so how to result you can just download the pgc the typical master the uh frozen uh pgc from the plastic all from the separating part you take one more and then this is uh pgc this material is not so we have to can you adjust a bit your microphone it seems as the quality of audio is reducing a bit okay okay let's i don't know what's going on maybe i should turn down by you don't stop sharing anything maybe you can thank you yeah you can share again now yeah we can see your screen but we can't hear you june we cannot hear you can someone hear june i lost the voice from my ring no i could not hear i can't hear him as well he he and mutates or he and he he mutates so please unmute him or maybe he has internet connection problems because he could not hear our voice talks as well let me unmute him now okay is that okay now you can hear me yes really good thank you sorry sorry so look like you missed a lot of the information oh sorry so i don't know where you miss it so there's a new technology we the new hypothesis we just seem to freeze down the latest stage of the ember gonad because this gonad have the 10 000 pgc's already if it frees down this uh material directly that will bring down the post and also because that's easy to handle so that will be easy to use and also because that is not cultured so that will bring uh will be a low risk for the genetic mutation and when we freeze down the tissues we can put multiple genotypes in one vials and then we want to bring uh bring back the freezing bridge and then we can introduce uh gonad germ cells into the sterile surrogate host and then we can bring back the new bridge so that's our hypothesis and then we want to prove it and then we use uh rossmann's uh pathogenic uh jfp and rfp embryos and then we use uh d9 embryos because d9 embryos will because we can uh differentiate the sex by the gonad morphology so based on this information we can mix make the individual sex into the separate well uh separate tubes and then we mix the five gfp five pairs of the gfp gonads with one pair of the rfp we just want to see the low abundance of the germ cells whether or not they can transmit uh evenly transmit in their offspring and this this is our freezing strategy and then when we uh once we want to bring back the chicken and then when you saw the tissues and then we dissociate the cells from the gonad for the male cells we just dissociate cells and direct inject the cells into the uh surrogate host however for the female cell before injection we use the max sorting to purify the germ cells and then do the injection once we done the injection and then we incubate the eggs for several days and then we afterward we check the the donor cells uh colonization is the host once we happy with all the condition and then we actually inject the eggs and then we uh close the hatching until the sex material and then we breathe the surrogate host between the male and female that will produce the pure offspring and then based on you know their genotype phenotype either red or green we can see the the the germ line transmission so here I show the video this is our technique for the micro ejection because this is very important good micro inject techniques will uh increase uh uh injected availability of the injected embryos and also will be good for the hatchability so we put the dye into the cell suspension and then through the dorsal eota we inject the cells into the surrogate host and then we seal the windows and then put them until hatch so another important thing is the surrogate host as I mentioned earlier because you you have a surrogate host that will be much more efficient bring back your freezing uh she can breathe uh for the surrogate host we we generate uh uh the pathogenic nine called the icaspin nine so here's show for this for this transgenic nine if we put the bb a chemical inducers so the the endogenous uh pgcs will be induced apoptosis will kill the endogenous pgc so you can see this picture shows without bb chemicals we can see the ggc showing uh green balls it's here when we post the bb uh can cause into the uh embryos you can see all the uh endogenous pgcs are disappeared and then we want to check uh the frozen uh gonadal adjunct the weather on north you can colonize into the surrogate host very well here it shows the the uh male cells in the male uh surrogate host and here shows the female cells in the female surrogate host we inject we inject gfp and rfp cells so we can see the green cells and red cell colonize very well and also we you we inject low number of the rfp cells so you can see the low number of the donor cells through the host very well as well so one uh next we need to check this uh uh proven uh germ cell weather on north it transmitted to the offspring and then we did the four injections four eject including two male tissues and two separate female tissues as i mentioned earlier uh for the female cells we didn't do the purification just a mix of uh cells for the female cells we use the max salted cells so we use the higher number of the uh unsalted cells and uh thousand cells for the salted cells all the tissues in the post storage over uh either almost three months or over three months so we can see the good uh inject techniques you know we can uh get the uh good uh availability of the injected embryos and also the hatchability because the first time the first injection the hatchability was low and then we improved the incubate incubation condition and then the the hatchability was increased dramatically dramatically and then we get enough numbers of the surrogate host so that is uh we did the injection and when we did the hatch and then we uh grow the hatchling to the sex material and then we breathe the surrogate surrogate male with the surrogate females and this uh this tibals shows that there's an egg productivity from the surrogate host we can say uh in two a cohort of the hens one cohort of the hens gets a 6.3 uh eggs per hand per week the maximum is seven so another is five eggs per hand per week so all these the eggs uh fertility are good over 80 percent we didn't as we expected we didn't see any uh inductionism uh offspring from the surrogate host and then we also check the hatchability and we did one hatching and see as we can see here the hatching was very good the hatchability is over 90 percent we didn't see again we didn't see any transmission from uh the endogenous uh PGC so here's show all the offspring we can differentiate the we can see the the uh transmission from their phenotype either green or red or here shows the yellow because it can that demonstrates that genes come from both parents so the chicks are very healthy you can see here and also we demonstrate our uh uh corruption the vision method in in the different uh breeding uh different chicken lines here so we here shows the uh in barline line n and also large suspects so you can see the surrogate parents they are the brown uh feather color they are often as a pure offspring they are the white feather color so they are similar to their control that is from a natural appearance and also you can see large suspects they have a unique uh feather pattern as their neck so it's the same to the control first so we have that two copies of the rosin research chicken line uh including a yin bar line and and also we have some research like like like uh large suspect brown island and g line and also we have a loss of the research transgenic transgenic line so we start to use our method to pursue this search again so our stories has has reported in the poultry poultry world website if you're interested you can take a look at this report and uh i would love to uh send all the people listed here and also the founders especially the cgl gh and the nc3 rs thank you for your time thank you thank you very much uh june for the wonderful presentations and i'm sure he's bringing more light and uh to the query that provko was already raising on conservation of poultry in the vietnam and sardis asia in general or asia in general so thank you very much and uh we will really be counting on your support from rosling and from mike magro team for the activities and of course uh tropical poultry genetic solution to support the sardis asia team in the conservations of the local genetic resources that we saw earlier thank you thank you june and now we are moving to the next presenter tom dumb bottom hi okay so yes start video yes right so i'll share screen yeah you can share your screen tom yes so tom is uh group leader can you see my screen yes you can see your screen okay perfect very well yeah just a minute to introduce tom to the team tom is group leader at the in the division of functional genetics at the rosling institute where he established his lab since 2002 if i'm true and they're investigating the control of growth and differentiation of embryo derives themselves and his lab research interest center on the regulations of growth and differentiation of pre-reportance themselves and also elucidating new mechanism that control cell renewals and pre-reportancy and currently his team is continue this busy work and extend the award to developing novel cell system for directed differentiation and functional analysis of genetic variations in livestock and wildlife storm is having very good interest in the local big genetic resources and wild pig as well and on cattle tropical cattle etc so tom will share with us uh his skills and expertise and how we can use that to support conservations in the tropical areas in general please tom you have the floor okay thank you um let me know if there's any problem uh with hearing me or uh my slides okay so far so good very okay so far so good good um so um i can move my slide possibly so you can see the next slide okay yes so um yeah so thank you for the invitation to talk here um what i'm going to talk about today is really uh give an overview of what we've been doing in the lab um and how it might relate to the ideas of conservation of uh wild animals in particular but our projects in our lab has really started with the notion or i would say in the last five six years we've concentrated on trying to uh establish cell culture systems for studying livestock biology basically in a dish what we call livestock and dish and what this slide illustrates is really how we've started off with domesticated species but more recently have been also extending this to developing cell culture systems for wild animals as well and so the whole idea behind this is that we can basically establish cells culture systems as surrogates for studying the biology of of these animals and look at particular cell types and an array of those types of cells are shown there down below the the fictional tissue culture dishes so why would we want to do this well the reason for doing this really is that we're interested in two aspects or really one is doing interesting and new science because we think that livestock and also wild animals are really a very interesting resource not only just looking at the genetics but also the actual physiology or molecular biology or biochemistry of these animals but also ultimately we would like to also have a way of impacting on the conservation of particularly wild animals and indigenous domesticated species but so far the work that we've done in the lab is really concentrated on the science rather than conservation i should say so the science that we're interested in is really whether this cell culture systems and comparing across species whether we can gain insights into animal health to look at disease for example whether we can use these comparisons to improve livestock productivity whether understanding the genetics might give us insights to some of the important things that are changing in our environment in terms of climate change for example or the kind of pressures that have been put on domesticated species through domestication and ultimately although this is slightly further down the line for us compared with the chicken work that you've just heard about we would like to think about using these kind of system as a way of conservation of species ultimately generate a living archive of genetic diversity okay so our system really is based on trying to get access to live cells so although the genetics of course is fascinating and comparing the genetics of very species is interesting having the live cells gives you a great deal more power because you can actually ask questions about what the gene function might be so the typical way we would work is we get a live tissue biopsy we grow out some primary cells usually they're fibroblasts but the problem with these live cultures is that although we can bank them we can freeze them down as shown here this culture here we can archive them the trouble is that these primary cultures have limited lifespan they also exhibit limited functions because they're only from one cell type for example fibroblast and genetic manipulation of them is quite difficult because they don't have extended lifespan so the way we've approached this is really using our background in pluripotent stem cells and we've engaged the power of pluripotency essentially so this is sort of an old-fashioned slide I would guess basically this is work that was established about 30 40 years ago where essentially you could take a mouse or a rat potentially you can get the embryo from those animals and then you can outgrow this little cluster of cells here which is called the epiblast out in culture and create stable cell lines of these cells and these cells are essentially the founder pluripotent stem cells of the embryo they give rise to every other cell type in the fetus and the power of these cells is that they grow indefinitely and they grow indefinitely without transformation you don't need to they have no constitutive oncogene activation they are conditionally immortal essentially and when they lose their immortality is when they differentiate so basically if you put them in the right conditions you can differentiate them into almost any cell type you like so basically you have this power of unlimited expansion of the stem cells combined with differentiation of the cells okay so for mouse and lab animals this is um and even for humans to some extent this is a relatively easy thing for livestock you can still get all access to embryos but this process of generating pluripotent cells was revolutionized in 2006 when Yamanaka discovered a way of directly reprogramming adult cells back to a pluripotent embryonic state in a process called IPS reprogramming so basically we've adopted this as many people have you can take a tissue biopsy establish a primary culture and then using this IPS reprogramming technology can generate pluripotent cell lines that are called IPS cell lines and they behave essentially very similar to stem cells pluripotent embryonic derives pluripotent stem cells in that they grow unendingly unlimited are immortal and then they differentiate into a whole variety of differentiated cell types so basically this is the system that we've been applying to a number of livestock and wild cells wild animal cells I should say focusing primarily on pigs and I'll describe a bit more now so this is just an example of a real-world example of what we've done so we got some skin cells or skin fibroblast cells from this animal here called Red River Hog which is normally found in sub-Saharan Africa well actually yes in the forests and we established fibroblast cultures from these cells from this animal now I should say this is a biopsy the animal was still alive and running around it you can still find this animal in brazil actually so the fibroblast cultures were generated in the lab and then we reprogrammed into stem cells into an IPS cell like state and then we can we could basically demonstrate that these cells were pluripotent I had differentiation potential because we could convert them into a whole variety of different types of cells so these are just representative of the type of cells that we've been able to generate and the one that might be interested for conservation although we haven't done it very efficiently so far is germ cell like cells which we can generate from these types of cells okay so just to give you some example of the functionality of these cells so those little videos just show you there some heart cell that's spontaneously formed in the differentiations that we've done in the culture and also this video on the right here is actually some macrophages that we generate routinely in the lab which are just going turning red because they're gobbling up fluorescent beads these beads showing that these cells can generate very functional fairly normal somatic cell types okay so how have we applied this so we've got a sort of main project at the moment in the lab where we're interested in seeing whether we can use this technology to understand something about an important commercially important and I guess ethically important disease and that's African swine fever virus so as most of you probably know that African swine fever virus is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and it's tolerated infects these war dogs and other bush pigs and other wild African pigs but is when when it infects a domesticated pig or domestic pig or wild boar it kills them within a week so we're interested in why it is that the war dog can tolerate this whereas the domestic pig is killed by the ASF and so the approach that we're taking and I'm just summarizing where we are going really with this work is that we take in IPS cells from susceptible hosts such as pig we've taken we're making IPS cells from war dog so we can generate these cells in the in the lab we can freeze them down they're basically we can send them across the world can do anything we like with them because they're basically immortal now and basically with a 14 to 21 day protocol we can generate macrophages with them and then we can send them to sapo for containment labs where they can be infected by ASF and that's what we've done and we're interested in how well the cells are infected so cell responses and how how the basically the genetics of those animals confers disease resistance okay so just in summary then really we are I guess pursuing some aspects of understanding the science the biology of these different animals basically doing doing it by creating in vitro systems we're using the stem cells really as a bankable resource which we can basically dip into at will and generate a variety of different cell types and ultimately I guess in the future as has been demonstrated by a number of labs more recently in terms of looking at things like the white I think the southern white rhino people have got indications of germ cell differentiation from IPS cells so we think there is also potential for developing strategies for generating germ cells from these stem cells in vitro and potentially using them as a conservation tool okay that's the end of my talk thank you very much thank you thank you very much and yes wonderful seeing what is being done and what can be done support conservations in this part of the world and something wonderful on hearing about these immortal cells and how we can manipulate them to support not only conservation but also development of animal healthy animals to boost the production in Africa in general or in Asia where this Africa is one fever is a very little dangerous disease and now also spreading around the world so it is very important to ensure that we have this sustainable genetic resources please moosa and one day any question I can see June has raised the hand June or moosa one day any questions from your end no not from my side at the moment Christian if there is anybody with a question from the other members they can just put up the arms and turn on their speakers you want to turn June's microphone on yeah June microphone is it yeah it's on now I think June are you getting us yeah yeah yeah I'm here yeah okay I can see your hands up no no no I no I didn't oh okay okay sorry I didn't know any questions from the from the participants I guess I I see some question asked for my presentation but I already answered with writing but if some point not yet uh clarify so please raise it again yeah maybe can I can I add on that one Christian yes please yeah well part of it the question was was also mine of course chai tea or also raised the question you know with this Asian chicken genetic games project we have also worked in Cambodia and what we found was only eight ecotypes which you know fame raised earlier so we had this question within our among our team members that we still couldn't I mean totally take it or understand how come that you know Cambodia considering the location in Southeast Asia would only have eight ecotypes of course fame said there are 28 ecotypes maybe it would be good for him to shed you know light on that issue a bit in detail would be good you know for for our understanding over to you thank you uh fame let me share the screen for two easier questions so I guess actually something can choose I mentioned about 28 populations for the current study so it doesn't mean 28 ecotype so the eight ecotype that I presented it mean like the name that named by our local people named by the existing references so the question if they are present until now or if they are more than that exactly because there is no the exact study so I hope that the project of HGC Kent from Ilri maybe can understand this because the DNA of the chicken can reveal that how many appetite that the current population um uh separated each other so the current study done by one of our colleagues so Dr. Renso Thierry maybe you know her already so uh but uh regarding the methodology of sample collection but according to her study so there are seven clades of the uh chicken Cambodian chicken population so until uh A B C D E and she so uh so one two three four five six and seven clades so they separated to be seven clades and it really admit your population level you can see so yes we don't have a breeding program so that provide the the bridge twice at a mature level so it is the answer that we could not say that how many are there now in Cambodian chicken population okay I hope I hope you got the point or if it's not clear we can discuss there's a question from Mike I don't know if Mike wants to ask it himself or we can go with the type one okay please yes friend there is a question does the usefulness of the fibroblast or in this particular sense as biobanking ultimately depends on being able to clone animal from these cells or learning to differentiate into gametes um I think the questions will also be addressed to to Tom very mostly yeah yeah I mean should we maybe do that at the end it seems to be a bit rude doing in the middle of somebody else's presentation or I mean what do you think Chris yeah I mean I can I can talk I can answer that question if you want but yeah please oh you want me to answer the question yeah yeah I mean I don't know is that from Mike McGrew yes it's coming from Mike okay yeah of course the quality of the IPS cells is critical um for for anything involving germline so either or cloning so that's absolutely correct and that is one of the big challenges I mean of course this technology has been applied in mouse so you can make a single you can make you can take a single IPS cell and create a whole mouse out of it so that tells you that the quality is very high and people have now made quite significant progress in generating gametes in from mice and getting further and they get basing live-born pups from uh in vitro derived gametes um so all this is possible the trouble is it's a lot harder in in bigger animals and it's also a lot harder in animals where the access to the reproductive biology is a lot more complicated so it's it's possible but it will probably take some time in the future I imagine yeah and we hope with time and uh continuous exploration the different techniques in science we should be able to reach that level of to facilitate at least the differentiations into gamete that will still be supporting restoring uh livestock and wildlife wherever we are wherever we are we have another question please uh Musa can you take that can you read that for the panelist yeah so this is I think it's from Olivia and I don't know whether it's okay so very recent no cattle before the repeating I think this is a follow-up to a question Olivia had asked before oh yeah and it was about the origin of the cattle's income of the touring in Cambodia and I think there was an answer and I think it's just trying to confirm that so there is no recent cattle before the european introduction I don't know if that can be just a yes or a no answer to that question I'm trying to find what the original question was yeah so Olivia had asked uh Femme I think with has his hands up so maybe I just let him talk Femme you can go ahead I will so I have just I have two questions for either June or Tom regarding stem cell technology for point three of our memoirs so do you want sorry Femme do you want to comment on Olivia's follow-up to your answer about the origin of the cattle in Cambodia okay I think it was just confirming that the samples are not from can you hear me yeah sorry Olivia I'll just let you go on with that yes yeah yeah no sorry no thank you very much for the presentation I really enjoy your presentation now I indeed asked the question what was the origin of the Cambodian Toran cattle and you kindly answer that they basically come from importation from Europe's uh both life animal and semen so my follow-up question was that but it sounds strange but obviously I'm not uh I might not be aware of the situation that there were no cattle before the European so maybe they were just banting cattle or were there already some both Torus cattle at the time before European introduced the animal or simply there were no cattle thank you okay a very interesting question I just confirm what I understand from the Toran I referred to the uh male cattle right they have a cattle are you asking generals yeah I was thinking about your indigenous cattle that you were mentioning you know you you mentioned the mountain cattle and I think if I'm quite one of them was the mountain cattle and there was some another one which I forgot the name no and then you obviously mentioned the crossbred and then you mentioned the indica so it just I was just curious uh okay I got the point I got the point so I what I understand I confused with the dairy cattle so for our indigenous cattle it in type of both Anglicus so the look the indigenous one really uh uh evolved in our land of kingdom of Cambodia and it really uh related to the ban tanks and uh the go pray because in Cambodia it really uh importance um uh topics regarding uh cattle because we have go pray species that it doesn't have a veil on it uh on the world over the world so did you know go pray did you hear about go pray yeah go pray yeah go pray ban tanks and indigenous cattle okay and then I have another question if you allow me you know that I have the floor and that will be very brief but I was curious about your presentation on chicken you have obviously a very large diversity on the matak on the al dainies but you also have uh uh uh you also present some data that there was some phenotypic difference uh between actually uh uh three population of chicken in the three different agroecology uh and uh so my question is is that if you have to prioritize uh uh the exit to conservation approach for your chicken taking simply uh chicken from these three agroecology uh will that also uh represent uh uh the matakonyal diversity uh of the uh local uh Cambodian cattle or oh sorry Cambodian chicken or do you have to do more than just taking sample from these three population over uh to me um I think we have to collect country by to be uh uh xuraxi more xuraxi and then we will group we will pool uh the population based on the acroecology ecologic zone or be on the regionals regions or based on again pool the data based on the external characteristic and pool the data based on the uh name of the local people that it already uh everyone understand it or everyone know it as agreed and it should be applied to all chicken cattle and pigs okay thank you very much thank you so it was very interesting thank you yeah thank you Olivier and thank you often for that wonderful contribution um any other question Moussa no uh no I think Femme had a question so if you can continue this question now okay okay I have question for our regarding a stem cell so to us as a developing country we uh we really concerned about conserve the stem cell in uh nitrogen or even in refrigerator minus 80 I'm not sure so regarding it we will spend a lot of money to uh preserve them preserve the stem cell and also uh it really stem cell is uh last technology to develop the livestock production but it going to spend more and to support the technology and for us we really hesitate to adopt the technology so how do you suggest us or how do you uh what is what your lesson learned experience in another countries yeah I guess that's you June uh do you take that question yeah uh well I only can answer the questions for the PGC yeah so the for the PGC actually like I talked about uh culture the method is slightly uh difficult for some developing countries because this isn't even long-term chilling and so that's why we developed a very uh simple method just try to dissect and also freeze down the embryonic gonad because that's the tissue has enough PGC's you can you know crop reserves uh chicken breed and the the rest the method yeah well it exactly needs you know need the training uh you know practical training so that's why you know for our NC3R at moment we got the extra funding that's a small amount of funding and then that encourages us to uh you know go to like Africa or China to training the people they have this demand for the crop reserve the chicken species so if you have this demand maybe yeah well if you have yeah so probably we can either can go to Africa or somewhere we you can get the practical training so that I think this method is easy to adapt it if you see the the minus 80 freezer so that's it difficult for long-term storage so at the moment we use either 100 minus 150 freezer or use the liquid nitrogen for long-term storage so I think probably this is the need you know government funding or sometimes funding to get to set up you know the basic facility to storage long-term storage actually this storage based on our calculation is cheaper than your livestock actually so that's much cheaper than your livestock that was I understand for this question is that did I answer your question yeah thank you thank you June and allow me just to add to that that in fact that is the essence of having these regional webinars to also ensure that we can pull all the effort together we may not be having uh individual platform for bio-banking in each of the ten Asin countries and having uh individual facilities everywhere we need but how do we pull our effort all together to ensure that if China or Cambodia or Vietnam is having the facilities we can bring all the scientists interested in conservation in one location have them train have them have effective uh on scale on bio-banking and make sure that at the regional level we have that conservation happening and as June mentioned it is in fact cheaper if you go if you go through the recent paper uh June published and the others on the local cloud conservation you will really see that it is affordable with the government it is much more easier and with minimal training we should be able to buy a bank within the regions of course we were supposed to have uh one of our last presenter we also have an issue on the movement of genetic material and compliance to the access and benefit sharing we'll have that later but with facilities let's say we have facility in Vietnam we can bring people from Myanmar from Cambodia from uh Lyos and Philippines etc to have effective training on cloud preserving what is priority in each of the countries we pull it we have it done and gradually well we are upgrading the equipment in the countries we can restore the population so then there is no uh what not too much worry about that and this is the essence of having these webinars to make sure that we bring all the expertise and the knowledge discussion our heads together to have it done okay thanks you Christian for more elaborations thank you um we have already any other questions i don't think so and probably uh Musa would like to just say one minute uh what he's having us idea and regarding uh the cattle stem cells platform that this regional uh webinars and contact with people from Southeast Asia can allow us to build and really have access to that material that will support the developments of locally local and locally adapted animal genetic resources Musa is it possible for you just to share a few ideas on what the stem cells platform can help to do well i i think uh uh Tom would be most directly uh linked to this uh scenario but i think one of the things we are trying to develop within the uh particularly within the CTLGH is to find animals that are resistant to although at the moment it's currently based on previous CTLGH projects such as ECF tolerance but we the hope is to include other phenotypes that are relevant to tropical livestock health and one of the things is some of these animal resources or or breeds are not necessarily restricted to the regions where CTLGH is currently actively operating in and if i say this is mainly within what we have for example the resources available in Illry or in Roslyn so one of the things i think that and this is a platform that Tom is trying to generate to generate all this IPCD rat cell line through which we can then try to probe some of the biological processes and understand some of the things you are finding from either genetic studies or epidemiological assays now one of the things that would be useful is if some of these materials can be sourced also now i know that will involve a lot of things but until we identify them and we know they exist then you can start thinking about the processes of whether it's possible or not and and i think uh and i will let Tom comment on this if he will the the ability to kind of for example give you a good example there of working on ASF tolerant tolerance in pigs i think if we can get that pig breeds or resources from Asia that they can use to generate cell lines from those kind of pigs rather than say for example using wild pigs you know that might be of use to to to a platform like that so Tom if you will if you have anything to add on that it will be appreciated yeah thanks Musa yeah i um i'm still stinging from Mike McGrew's comment um yeah i think access to these different pigs is really interesting and sorry i don't know if i'm going to really answer your question Musa or follow on sensibly but um i mean i think that being able to test the cells in the in the case of ASF against macrophages generating vitro from local breeds of pigs in Cambodia or whatever or wild pigs such as the the warty pigs and others that are potentially going to be at risk from ASF the um i think this is really actually quite interesting and could have some important direct um impact on conservation uh understanding what the resilience or resistance is yeah if that's what if that's what you were after that's what that's certainly something the main problem for us is two two things one is getting access to the the samples and collaborating uh and this is not trivial because of Nagoya yeah because the technology that we're developing and we don't think it's perfect by any means um but we're keen on making it much better so that we can more reliably generate these stem cell lines because one of the issues with generating IPS cells is actually the quality of the cells that we start with is rather important so of course sometimes you don't have control over that so having a more robust protocol uh is extremely useful but that is actually something very useful that we're developing ourselves as well as the actual primary cells that we need to then reprogram so i think it must be more more seen as a collaboration between the technology that we're developing and access to the primary cultures i think once we can get that working in sorts of synchrony things will take off and move much faster but at the moment the difficulty is getting access to the cells yeah i i guess you're right as i said the first thing is to do what the resources are available and the next question is how to get if you you want them i guess back to to to mike if he's still only i think the other point from this is can you use actually those resources either starting from my ps and i know he asked that question can you biobank those as as part of his biobanking uh process if if i don't know whether that needs to come from a specific cell type uh mike probably want to chip in on that what what he had in mind when he asked that question well no i think i think what he was saying was um quite right which is that you know in terms of conservation yeah you know ultimately you want to generate gametes really that's what or animals cloned animals and that's absolutely right the question is you know there are two things really one is can we learn some can we actually archive the material that we get straight away and that is that you can do just as jun described you can freeze down mashed up bits of tissue so it means that you have that animal or at least in live cells archiving live cells is critical because then we can do something with them freezing them um and killing the cells is no good to anybody so it's being able to freeze live cells means you've got something in the freezer even if it's a primary cell or a bit tissue something can be done with that in terms of generating stem cell the other thing which is of course critical for all of this conservation work is the environment saving the environment is the most critical thing in all of this for the animals yeah uh christian i don't know if uh the other members who have presented can either see how some of this for example the the IPSE platform can be overused to them yeah we really want to hear also from proof cook how you see it supporting bio banking and revival or restorations of genetic resources in the vietnam okay prof is mute okay okay there is maybe this heavy an issue with his mic or whatever but we have someone raising the hand from the attendants we have uh hattie cannot allow him to talk yes thanks for for giving me the flow i don't know if you are yelling me yeah we have we have volume is can you improve welcome closer to your mic i was saying thank you pro for giving me the flow i had uh submitted a question in the chat there was an answer so i would like to have some insights on it and the question goes to us in light of the limited resources and competing priorities how could regional ball banking strategies most effectively balance the often divergent needs and interests of different stakeholders including national governments local communities and private sectors so in summary is how can how can ball banking be implemented more efficiently in uh in countries where it has not really been having a efficient output for example my country come run which is not really a case for asia as we've mostly been talking about asia thank you yeah thank you uh let me say something before we want to take priority for whoever to take the flow so one of the thing and is our capacity to pull the effort together in countries with low resources small or little limited resources and i think that is one of the reason why we are taking the regional approach of these kind of webinars and discussions to see exactly what we have at within the regions who is there to support and how can it be done and the second thing is also being able to establish uh our to determine our priorities from what we so we may not have all the resources to crowd preserve whatever we want but we can start work from somewhere by prioritizing and we see from a google presentation how they identify what they thought was where to start so we can start with that and pulling all the resources we should be able at least to contribute and taking into consideration what we call uh farmers prefer breed or community prefers breed for example so another aspect is what is community preferred may not be scientifically always relevant so we should need also to discuss within the regions with scientists to see is that a trait uh is that trait that we want to crop preserve or the which is in a brief one to crop preserve is it really important to support the regional poultry value chain developments or what so we need to adjust our priorities and see exactly what is standing at the right middle and start with it because we will never have facilities to develop everything but we need to start from somewhere within a regions take into considerations availability of human resources of infrastructures and who we want to collaborate with and uh i think uh tom and musa mentioned the issue of access it will be very important for us also at the regional levels out at the country levels to facilitate access to genetic resources that will really help us to determine what is priority what is relevant for the countries and for the value chain that we want to develop so that is important and that's why in the next presentation the future presentations may be in the regions we should also be putting emphasis on the collaboration for compliance to access and benefit sharing of the nagua protocol within the countries so uh that is what i wanted to to contribute to the question you asked i don't know if there is any other thing coming okay prof thank you very much i think we are already yes please sorry i don't know if you are getting to that but there was a question i think still pending on the queue and i don't know if it was answered or let me just find the rules i can't see it now i don't know if you can go to the queue and there there is a question there that uh oh yeah so i i found it so someone is asking it's anonymous so i can't tell them to turn on and so they're asking in vietnam how can in situ and exceed to means be compared to be compared in regards to their conservations for both livestock and poultry um i'm not sure i understand this maybe the i don't know if the person who asked the question can clarify yeah i think what they're asking is whether in situ not yeah probably need to clarify if they can clarify the question but i think it's about using the i don't think it's it's for for conservation purposes i don't know who that question will be live and for but they can clarify what the question is first of all yeah otherwise we'll just continue with the sorry okay no go ahead please or i think the person wanted to ask how we can compare the in situ in situ and exit to for conservation i think the approaches may be different and the advantages also are different so now it depends on what we want to do and where we want to go with our poultry or cattle livestock genetic resources in general but we know that for exit to of course in the very small space we can conserve large number of animal genetic resource for very long time so and we should be able to revive it anytime you want provided we have the resources to keep the facility running for that time while we know that in the in situ of course we can cross braid but we have the risk of any emergency happening at any time and wiping all all the genetic material we are having or we can be creating wild conserving moving toward let's say kind of inbreeding which at the ends we are losing some genes because we are really not moving toward what may be needed in the future generations so the advantage of exit to conservation is that at any time we can screen the material again and identify what may be needed to progress in the current poultry or the livestock breeding programs and revive the trade or revive the the breed that we want so I don't know if I'm bringing more light to what or if I'm even asking responding to the question but this was just to try to compare with few words exit to and in situ in terms of advantages of course none is to be discarded but we need to look at the advantage of technologies being developed so as we said from the beginning this webinar is preparatory to the regional well-lapped training that we'll be having in the regions and this we are starting now with the South East Asia Asia in general and the next webinar will be in the East Africa with the people from the livestock and the genetic groups in the regions so from here we should be able to get back to all of the attendants and those who registered to be able to ensure that we are well prepared in collaboration with TPGS or with ADDG to have the regional well-lapped trainings so I'm sure that from the Prof Tadele Olivier one day and others who really support us and Prof Cook here Prof Cook will continue supporting us to ensure that we have those trainings in the regions and we'll get back to you later for the practical modalities so I think we are already 30 minutes after five from here in Nairobi thank you very much to everyone who attended and we will still be relying on your support to make sure that the stem cell platform will be supporting livestock developments and that the national partners will be really giving access also through compliance to the ABS to genetic material that term that Musa that June and Mike and everybody will need to really effectively to effectively efficiently support the countries in developing their conservations and livestock agendas thank you very much to all