 This study compares celiac disease, CD, and gluten-sensitive individuals, GS, to understand their similarities and differences. CD is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten, while GS cannot tolerate gluten, but has a less severe clinical picture. The study found that GS had significantly reduced intestinal permeability compared to controls, with increased expression of Claudin, ClDN, IV. Adaptive immunity markers such as IL-6 and IL-21 were expressed at higher levels in CD, but not in GS, while TLR-2 was increased in GS, but not in CD. Finally, the study found that FOXP-3, a T-regulatory cell marker, was significantly reduced in GS relative to controls and CD patients. These findings suggest that CD and GS are different clinical entities, with CD being associated with adaptive immune responses, and GS being associated with gluten-induced activation of innate immune responses without detectable changes in mucosal barrier function. This article was authored by Esposito Pascuala, Russo Maria, Toloni Carlo, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.