 Thank you Trisha for so beautifully explaining about the different types of radio now moving on there is another type of radio that is educational radio. We have already you know discussed about the community radio stations which are very important at the community level or the local level that we can see and in the same way educational radio is a very important part to impart different forms of information and education to specific communities so as we have already discussed that radio is the very you know one of the cheapest and most easily accessible form of mass media it has several other advantages as well especially for developing countries like India where its potential audience is quite large in comparison to the audiences of other media. What I mean to say is that radio has a very large audience as compared to television or print media forms the advantages of radio are that it caters to the people of different age groups and different maturity level we find you know even primary school children listening to radio as well as the the aged generation of the society they are also very much hooked to radio programs so hence it is radio is very popular because of the cost factor and its wide-ranging appeal so radio's use in education is noteworthy because of its versatility it is particularly significant as it provides the learners the people with new joys of learning and you know the people listening to radio they can learn without even realizing that they are you know learning so it is a kind of joy that is being imparted while learning and it can develop their you know it can help in developing their command over their vocabulary it can promote concentration and critical listening and improve fluency and confidence in speech and discussion so a community radio can be used for both formal and non-formal education if we look at the kind of programs that are broadcast through radio station at a local level or a regional level we can see that the the community or the local people of that area are very much involved in production and distribution of any particular program hence you know the formal and as well as non-formal kind of education can be imparted through this this sort of radio stations the broadcasts under a non-formal form of education may comprise different programs such as children's programs or women related programs programs related to adult education or you know rural development programs which are mostly related to farming or animal husbandry or such kind of related areas as well as different social action programs so radio can help in a vast way in bridging the literacy gap that can be seen you know in the society so the programs of all India radio they are for the general listeners as well as for the specific groups like farmers as I have already said or women or children or students or teachers there are different kind of programs which are specifically made for these kind of targeted audiences and through them different types of information or educational information of educational values can be shared so when we are talking about a different kind of you know educational programs of radio or educational radio we can talk about the different kind of projects like the school broadcasts which were you know started from Calcutta in November 1937 and it was a bi-weekly program of 30 minutes okay and different universities you know the Calcutta University and other departments of education of Bengali showed interest and contributed in carrying forward these programs so the development of educational radio can be seen from two aspects the first is the establishment of a broadcast network and secondly the preparation and production of the specific educational programs so this is how our educational radio can operate now let us see at the different projects that have been you know have been in India have been started in India targeting education or for the purpose of imparting education the one is the school broadcast project of 1937 in and it specifically targeted the school students then there was the adult education and community development program in 1956 the project itself the title itself says it was targeted towards the you know the towards adult education the university broadcast program project language learning program there were different kind of programs like this and the language learning program was very you know popular and it was known as also known as radio pilot project and it started in 1979 and 80 in by the you know department of education of government of Rajasthan and they were trying to teach Hindi to school going children as their first language in a large number of primary schools of Jaipur and Ajmer areas and it was done on an experimental basis and while talking about educational radio we have to talk about we have to mention about the you know initiatives taken by Indira Gandhi national open university in the field of educational radio various projects were launched by the Ignu like the Ignu AIR broadcast Ignu AIR interactive radio counseling IRC and it was started in 1998 especially for the students of open and distance learning and as well as the conventional universities and we have to mention here about Gyanvani that is the educational FM radio channel of India and this project was launched in the year 2001 and again the target group were both the open learners as well as the learners the students of the conventional education system now we have talked about the the different kind of projects or different types of radios that are in our country or around the world which are broadcasting different kind of programs for the benefit of the society and we also know that the radio or the audio medium has undergone a lot of changes in the recent years and a lot of significant you know developments can be seen in the field of radio broadcasting many modern developments have been seen as radio has embraced the technological changes that is happening around the world and it has you know radio has succeeded in adapting this new technologies and in bringing about changes in itself so that it remains interesting for all the even the younger generations of the society Dr. Trisha has already mentioned about digital radio broadcasting when we are talking about the recent developments in the field of radio we have to mention about that and it originally emerged in the Europe in the late 90s and that it then it started in the United States and France and Holland and South Africa and other countries and when we are talking about the recent trends we have to talk about the internet radio the internet radio is known as also known as web radio net radio or streaming radio I'm sure many of you might have come across internet radio while surfing the internet so it is a audio broadcasting service which is transmitted through the internet so broadcasting on the internet is usually called webcasting the word webcasting is used while talking about internet radio because terrestrial transmission is does not happen in this in the case of internet radio and these radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world for example if an internet radio is established in Assam in a you know city of Assam then it can be also heard in different you know all around the world maybe in a part of in different parts of America or Australia it can be heard anywhere so internet radio remains popular among the expatriates or and the listeners whose interests you know local radio stations can adequately serve so some of these programs are the programs which are broadcast over or webcast over internet radio are you know different kind of progressive rock or ambient music folk music classical music stand-up comedy which is becoming very popular these days then internet radio services offer news post talks and different other programs which are usually available on the traditional radio stations as well the internet radio is through streaming technology over the internet and we have to mention here that internet radio was pioneered by Carl Malamud who in 1993 he launched the internet talk radio which is considered to be the first computer radio talk show so the first internet radio of the northeast India is E. Jantaranga which was basically launched which was launched on 5th of November 2012 so we in this part of the country can also boast of having a you know internet radio in the internet radio has changed the way you know information has been broadcast or how the information is accessible to the people around the world and as we look back at the year 2021 which has been one of the most difficult years you know of our lives with the pandemic all around us it was a year that had actually affected the different businesses lives to markets as well as the world in general and obviously it had also massive impact on the media as well as the entertainment industry let me talk about media it had a very you know big impact on you know especially on the electronic media and some of the important you know traditional mediums like print OOH which is one out of home advertising or maybe outdoor advertising or experiential radio it bore the brunt of the massive impact and with advertisers there they actually stopped most of the marketing activities especially in the first few months and there were other few important you know advertising agencies like edX they actually witnessed a major deep into the in this particular business and when we talk about radio as a medium it's largely dependent on retail advertising and talk about different sources of revenue and when retail actually saw a complete shutdown in the past two years even in the current year also this particular medium actually suffered a lot as advertisers really pulled back on the different advertisements and many radio players also had to cut down the salaries and rationalize the manpower so overall it had a massive impact on the function of the different electoral media you know platforms more specifically radio and then for the year 2022 also we have actually seen this medium seamlessly integrating digitization say age of digital media so you know the digital platforms have been integrated into the electronic media platform into individual media scenario and this digitization has further and has have been taking massive strides as the emergence of audio will take precedence across all the innovations and this year to the different advancements of digitalization has enabled the different radio networks to build a holistic audio entertainment experience for listeners as well as for the different brands to leverage and for the coming year also we are very much positive about the fact that we are very much certain about the fact that there will be an expansion in the audio space with radio further venturing into the avenues that harnesses the power of this particular medium and another trend which we actually noticed last year and the focus for the present year also it would be the growth in radio in terms of listenership as well as business from the tire 2 and tire 3 markets 2 tire and 3 tire markets and with the increase in 5g penetration and as well as consumption shipped by brands to advertise more in tire 2 and tire 3 cities and markets and the different categories like e-commerce, oddity platforms, FMCJ as a retail actually also like to leverage this markets and because of radio has a very in a big reach as an accessibility so these brands will definitely try to look into the advertising aspect and like to leverage a wider audience now talking about the recent developments like judicious very well explained we talked about basic features of education radio as well as internet radio which has really taken the role by strong and along with internet radio we also have the hg radio as well as satellite radio so when we talk about hg radio stations basically these are plethora of radio stations it broadcasts a digital signal over traditional radio frequencies thus allowing for up to three additional stations of new local content and hg radio or hdr it is a basically a term which is in meant for an in band on channel digital radio broadcast technology and it generally simulcast an existing analog radio station in digital format with less noise and with additional text information then there is another very you know upcoming we can say way of you know distributing information over broadcast there is a satellite radio and the ITU that is international telecommunication union they have defined satellite radio as a broadcasting satellite service whereby the satellites the signals are basically broadcast nationwide across a much wider geographical area than the terrestrial radio stations and the service is primarily intended for the occupants of motor vehicles and it is widely available by the subscription mostly you have to pay a commercial fee for that and it offers the subscribers more stations there is a wide variety of stations applicable and the the subscribers can choose from any of the stations for their own you know entertainment purpose maybe for according to their own convenience so far we have learned the different types of you know radio broadcasting the different you know recent trends that that are coming in with the technological developments and and we know that radio is very dear to our all of our hearts we have been listening to radio since our childhood and we know the kind of impact that radio can have on one's life so we have also already said that radio is a very pervasive medium it is there all along our lives since getting up in the morning till going to the bed at night radio is there with us we keep on listening to the radio in different forms and it is still there especially in the rural areas people are still dependent on radio on the audio medium mostly because of you know the the kind of cost that is that can be incurred in different other forms of media or the lack of electricity or the frequent power cuts that happen in different areas of the country radio still remains to be one of the important you know communication medium so we can understand how what kind of impact that it can have and how it can affect the people and their day-to-day lives we know that radio was at the very beginning radio was used in the first world war to transmit important messages you know to and fro specific points and after the world was over you know radio started to be used for the non-military purposes for the civilians to to transmit different kind of messages of social importance or you know socio-political and other purposes and radio has always proved it proved its worth and utility both as an informational channel as well as as a catalyst for different socio-economic development so radio plays a very important role in building the favorable climate for social change or transformation to take place because as we already know that people are so involved in a at a deeper level with the radio the radio messages can actually create a lot of impact on people and can help in bringing about a social change in with you know with time the the ability or the work that radio can do to overcome you know different literacy and economic barriers and the portable its portable nature that it can be carried about and the the kind of direct nature of communication that the audience can have with the radio presenter through the words the music the the voice the kind of impact that it can have on the people it makes the radio a very unique and a very effective tool which is also very affordable so radio has a very long history of broadcasting different programs which are related to social and civic problems if we look at the history if we look back at the history of radio in the world or in India we can see that you know the radio broadcasting started with the broadcast of different social messages or related to farming agriculture health and family welfare or family planning so the kind of experiments that were done to see how radio can impact people or impact the society and it has seen it has been seen that radio has always succeeded in bringing about different kind of changes for you know for the betterment of the society again listening to the radio can provide companionship and it can it can in the long run create a sense of community you know the radio the presenter they I've already said they can impact people's engagement towards the radio programs hence radio can be perceived as a tool for development since it's very emergence as it possesses the immense potential to reach the unreached corners of the world as I have already said where other media like the print and television might not be able to penetrate many a times and again the audio medium is much loved as we know and much trusted by the people I think jury has very well you know elaborated in a very proper way about the impact radio has on a society as a whole on the people as a whole first of all it's the audio medium no doubt but within that audio medium it has been able to you know connect with the mass audience because of the maybe of the content that is being broadcast or maybe the way it has been able to touch the lives of the people as we all have grown up definitely listening to radio you know even even these days also everyone every single of us have a radio set at home but having said that even though you know electronic media as far as electronic media is concerned even the television have had a massive impact on radio but radio has managed to you know stay afloat it has managed to create a niche for itself into the uh in the field of media market now in addition to serving as a live blood of emergency communication it also provides jobs also play the role in the lives of the communities and it's it's all about companionship you know and the emotion connection that we have the listener because radio broadcasts provide real-time information and some that broadcasts when files that they can actually provide the most recent updates to the listeners and it's not just important for reception of emergency announcements and communications in disasters but it is also a very powerful medium you know for celebrating a different occasion so they'll celebrate humanity as a whole in all its diversity and constitutes a platform for different democratic discourses and not only at the global level but at the national level even at the local level it actually remains the most widely consumed medium and then this unique ability to reach out to the widest audience it means that we they can actually shape a society's experience of diversity it also stands out as an arena for all the voices to speak out and be represented and heard on this particular occasion of whole radio day let us all unite together and raise the public awareness of the importance of radio and also to encourage decision makers to use it to provide access to information and to improve the international cooperation among the broadcasts with this we have come to the end of today's very special discussion marking this special occasion thank you all so much thank you